PHYTOPLANKTONDiversity of Algae
in the Plankton
• All are free-floating• All capture light energy by oxygenic photosynthesis • All use a suite of photosynthetic pigments that
includes Chlorophyll a.
Major Groups of Freshwater Phytoplankters
1. Blue-Green Algae- Cyanobacteria2. Green Algae- Chlorophyta3. Yellow-Green Algae- Xanthophyta4. Golden-Brown Algae- Chrysophyta5. Diatoms- Bacillariophyta6. Haptomonads- Haptophyta7. Cryptomonads- Cryptophyta8. Dinoflagellates- Pyrrhophyta9. Euglenoids- Euglenophyta
1. Blue-Green Algae=CYANOBACTERIA
• Chlorophyll a• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls• Billiproteins• No flagella• Photosynthate stored as cyanophycin
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
• Heterocystic Filaments– Anabaena
– Aphanizomenon
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
• No Cellular Differentiation– Oscillatoria
– Planktothrix
Colonial Cyanobacteria
• Microcystis
• Gloeocapsa
2. Green Algae=CHLOROPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and b• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls• Paired, anteriorly-directed flagella• Photosynthate stored as starch
Volvocines
• Volvox
• Pandorina
• Chlamydomonas
Chlorococcalian Greens
• Scenedesmus
• Pediastrum
• Ankistrodesmus
• Oocystis
Desmids
Micrasterias
Cosmarium
Closterium
3. Yellow-Green Algae=XANTHOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Anteriorly-directed tinsel and posteriorly-
directed whiplash flagella• Photosynthate stored as oil• Eyespot within the chloroplast
Xanthophytes
• Ophiocytium
• Tribonema
4. Golden-Brown Algae=CHRYSOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Anteriorly-directed tinsel and posteriorly-
directed whiplash flagella• Photosynthate stored as chrysolaminarin and fat• Eyespot (if present) within the chloroplast• Walls often made of silica scales
Chrysophytes
• Dinobryon
• Synura
• Mallomonas
5. Diatoms=BACILLARIOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Flagella only in sperm of centrics• Photosynthate stored as oil or chrysolaminarin• Walls (called frustules) made of silica
Centric Diatoms
• Cyclotella
• Melosira
Radial symmetryFace usually with concentric regions
Araphid Pennates
• These are pennate but have no raphe. Common taxa include Diatoma and Fragilaria
Monoraphid Pennates
• Only one valve has a raphe (RV). The other is rapheless (RLV). Ex: Cocconeis
RV RLV
Other Monoraphid Taxa
• Planothidium• Achnanthidium
RV RLV
Symmetrical Biraphids
• Taxa are symmetrical in all three planes. Both valves have a raphe.
• Common genera include:– Navicula– Eolimna– Brachysira– Frustulia
Navicula
Eolimna
Brachysira
Frustulia
Assymetrical Biraphids
• Biraphids but are symmetrical in only one plane, often with a terminal pore field
• Common genera include– Amphora– Cymbella– Encyonema– Gomphoneis– Gomphonema
Amphora
CymbellaEncyonema
Gomphoneis
Gomphonema
Nitzichiods
• Raphe on marginal struts called fibulae. Striae across the valve without a break
Eunotids and Others
• Eunotids have raphes on the terminal ends of the valve
Pennate Plankters• Fragilaria
• Synedra
• Navicula
• Asterionella
6. Haptomonads=HAPTOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Paired anteriorly-directed flagella and a
haptonema• Photosynthate stored as starch
Chrysochromulina
7. Cryptomonads=CRYPTOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Paired anteriorly-directed flagella• Billiproteins• Photosynthate stored as starch
Cryptomonas
8. Dinoflagellates=PYRRHOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls (dominant pigments)• Posteriorly-directed whiplash and ribbon
flagellum around middle of cell.• Photosynthate stored as starch and oil
Dinoflagellates
• Gymnodinium
• Cystodinium
• Peridinium
• Ceratium
9. Euglenoids=EUGLENOPHYTA
• Chlorophylls a and c• Β Carotene• Xanthophylls• Anteriorly-directed tinsel flagellum with
paraflagellar rod (some with emergent recurrent flagellum)
• Photosynthate stored as leucosin
Euglenoids
• Euglena
• Phacus
• Trachelomonas