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PIPING PROCESS EQUIPMENT

SUMMARY

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1. VESSEL

` 1.1 Horizontal Vessel / Accumulator

- a cylindrical-shape storage tank which long axis parallel to thehorizon.

- used as a receiving and collecting container for liquids.

- has no internal moving parts- a nozzle on top allows the liquid to enter, on the bottom allows theliquids to drawn out

- smaller nozzle for venting and instrumentation attachment

- large diameter nozzle (18 ID) called manway

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` 1.2 Vertical Vessel / Fractional Columns

- a cylindrical-shape which long axis isperpendicular to the horizontal

- can exceed 200 feet in height

- have internal parts called trays

- process of breaking down feed stockinto its molecular called fractionaldistillation

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2. LADDERS, CAGES AND PLATFORM

` 2.1 Ladders- allow workers to access the higher elevations of equipmentfor routine inspection and maintenance

` 2.2 Cages

- design to enclose a ladder and prevent a workers from fallingaway

` 2.3 Platform

- like a small elevated walkway around the outside

- usually 3 -0 wide

- can safely operate, inspect and maintain a vessel

- platform are spaced vertically not more than 30-0 and ascloser as 8-0

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3. EXCHANGERS

` 3.1 Shell and tube exchangers- Consist of a series of tubes.

- One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be eitherheated or cooled.

- The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or

cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb theheat required.

- A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made upof several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

- Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used for high-

pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar andtemperatures greater than 260C).

- This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robustdue to their shape.

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` 3.2 Double Pipe Exchangers` A double-pipe exchanger is made up of one pipe containing

the tube fluid concentric with another pipe, which serves asthe shell.

` The tube is often finned to give additional surface area.

` Double-pipe exchangers can be arranged as in Figure such thattwo shells are joined at one end through a return bonnet,which causes the shell-side fluid to flow in series through eachof the two shells.

` In this configuration, the central tube is bent or welded into a

U shape, with the U-bend inside the return bonnet.` The principal advantage to this configuration is that a morecompact exchanger can be designed, thus simplifyinginstallation.

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4. REBOILER

` Used to replenish thetemperature of a commodity

` Two types of reboilers kettle-type thermosyphon

` Used to keep fluids whichcirculating through a tower attheir boiling point

` Enter in liquid state, returned in

vaporous state

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5. AIR FANS

` Large fan-type coolers places above or below a pipe rackthat draw air across pipes to cool them

` As large as 20-0 wide and 30-0 long

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6. COOLING TOWER

A mechanical device that willlower the temperature of

cooling water

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6. HEATERS / BOILERS

` Also known as furnace used to raise the temperature of afeed stock to the point where it can be used in processfacility

` Crude oil must be heated up to 700 F

` Boilers can raise the temperature of water or condensateup to 1,000 F or more

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7. STORAGE TANKS

` Used in several phase of the refining process` Usually place within a common area known as tank farm

` Hugh ground supported vessel, 200 feet inc diameter and60 feet tall

` Spherical tank storing liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

` A conical, elliptical, open or a floating roof used forstoring liquids product

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