PLANNED CITIES ON THE INDUS.

Genesis Rodriguez

Lissy LainezJacobo CanoRitzy Espino

ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGES

The civilization that emerged along the Indus River faced many of the same challenges as the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations.

Yearly floods spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area.

The rivers sometimes changed course.

The cycle of wet and dry seasons brought by the monsoon winds was unpredictable.

CLIMATE

Monsoons.

Seasonal winds called mosoons dominate India’s climate. From October to February, winter monsoons from the northeast blow dry air. When the summer monsoons fail to develop, drought often causes crop disasters.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

They had a sophisticated city planning. The people of the Indus laid out their cities in a precise grid system. Buildings were constructed of oven-baked bricks cut in standard sizes. Early engineers also created sophisticated plumbing and sewage system. The city was partially built on mud brick platforms to protect it from flooding. In Mohenjo-Daro, almost every house had a private bathroom and toilet. No other civilization achieved this level of convenience.

LANGUAGE

Harappan culture developed a written language. In contrast to cuneiform and hieroglyphics, the Harappan language has been impossible to decipher. The Harappan language is found on stamps and seals. 400 symbols make up the language.

POWER AND AUTHORITY

The President of India is the head of state and is indirectly elected by an electoral college, for a term of five years. The prime minister is the head of government and exercises most the functions of the executive branch. Appointed by the President, the prime minister is generally sympathetic to the party or political alliance that has the most seats in the lower house of parliament. Executive branch consists of the president, vice president and Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the prime minister.

RELIGION

Archeologists think that culture was a theocracy. Priests likely prayed for God harvest and safety from floods. Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture. Figures show what may be early representation of shiva, a major Hindu God. Other related to a other Hindus goddess, fertility images and the workship fo the bull.

Sri Lakshmi: also called Sri or Sri Lakshmi is an important goddess . Lakshmi is the god of everything. She as the power behind Lord Vishnu, aids in the preservation of the world.

GOVERNMENT

India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice of India, twenty higher courts, and a large number of courts.

Legislative power in India is represented by the bicameral parliament, consisting of the upper house, called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

MAP

ASSESMENT.

2. What is one conclusion you can draw about the Indus Valley civilizations?

Indus ValleyCities: They did not built massive monuments like their

contemporaries.Language: It is found on stamps and seals made of carved

stone used for trading pottery and tools.Trade:

• The harappans conducted a thriving trade with peoples in the region.

• Gold and silver came from the north in Afghanistan.

3.What problems can Monsoon cause?

The problem it can cause is destroying houses, wind damage and flooding.

4.How were the planned cities of the Indus Valley different from other early cities?

The cities of the Harappan culture (around 2600 BC) were the first to be laid out on a grid pattern with extremely advanced sanitation and water supplies. Wells and drains were features of all the dwellings - this was far in advance of any other civilaisation at that time.

5. What reasons are suggested for the disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization?

It is theorized that there was a long term drought that made it impossible for people to maintain agricultural lands, domesticated animals, and personal water supplies. Thus, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley had to either migrate elsewhere or die.

6.What evidence suggests Indus Valley cities were run by a strong central government?

They had a well organized government that planned cities and towns with running water, sewer system, roads in a grid system.

7. What skills would the construction of planned cities require? Explain

The skills needed to construct a planned city are architectural design skills, an ability to manage several jobs and the ability to speak at planning meetings.

8. How was the people of Mesopotamia connected to the Indus?

By the way they think, the developed of their civilization and they also create a government system. Both believe in Gods, and they create there own writing.

VOCABULARY WORDS

Subcontinent: A large, relatively self-contained landmass forming a subdivision of a continent.

Monsoon: Is a seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction, that usually brings with a different kind of weather.

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