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Plant Kingdom

Nonvascular PlantsMosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

Seedless Vascular PlantsClub mosses & spike mosses

Whisk fernsHorsetails

Ferns

Groups of Living Plants

ConifersGnetophytesGinkgo

Flowering Plants

Whisk fernsHorsetails Ferns

Club mosses

MossesLiverwortsHornwortsNonvascular

Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed-bearing

VascularPlants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Vascular Plants

Nonvascular Land Plants

I. Phyla (25,000 species)1. Bryophyta …… mosses2. Hepaticophyta …… liverworts3. Anthocerotophyta…… hornworts

II. Unifying characteristics1. No vascular tissue2. No roots, stems and leaves3. Dominant gametophyte4. Sporophyte attached to gametophyte

Gametophyte

Phylum: BryophytaMosses

Capsule

Seta or stalk

Sporophyte

Moss Reproduction: Male Gametophytes

Antheridium

Mosses: Male gametophyte

Sterile jacket

Sperm

2

Female gametophyte

Archegonium

Venter

Neck

Egg

Sporophyte =Capsule & Seta

Moss Life Cycle

Gametophytes

AntheridiaSperm

Archegonia

Egg

Spores (n)Protonema

Moss Ecology & Importance

Pioneer organisms: Granite mossesVolcanic soil (55 C)

Antarctic and Arctic … dominant flora with lichens

Rare in cities (SO2 sensitivity)

Accumulators. Scopelophila ..copper mossOther mosses accum lead, strontium & zinc

Liverworts (8000 species)

1. Flattened Gametophytes

2. Thallose (20%)

3. Leafy (80%)

Asexual reproduction

Gemmae in Gemmae cups

Liverwort Life Cycle LiverwortAntheridialHead of MaleGametophyte

Antheridiophore

3

Liverwort Female GametophyteArchegoniophores

Archegonium

Liverwort Sporophyte Seta

Foot

CapsuleSporesElaters

End Mosses & LiverwortsEND

Mosses & Liverworts

Groups of Living Plants

ConifersGnetophytesGinkgo

Flowering Plants

Whisk fernsHorsetails Ferns

Club mosses

MossesLiverwortsHornwortsNonvascular

Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed-bearing

VascularPlants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Vascular Plants

Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants

Lycopodiophyta club mosses

Psilophyta whisk ferns

Equisetophyta horsetails

Pterophyta fernsClosely related

Living fossils

All form antheridia and archegonia

All have flagellated sperm

Water required for fertilization

1200 species: tropical & temperate

perennial,evergreen, branched

leaves microphylls

rhizomes & adventitious roots

Sporangia … strobilus

Homospory & heterospory

Gametophyte: free living

Fossil trees

Phylum: LycopodiohytaClub Mosses, Ground Pines & Spike mosses

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Lepidodendron

Fossil lycopods Phylum: LycopodiophytaSelaginella = spike moss

Phylum: Lycopodiophyta Club Mosses Heterospory - Spore production in Selaginella

Megasporangia

Microsporangia

CharacteristicsHerbaceous, EvergreenDichotomously branchedNo roots,No leavesHomosporousUnderground gametophyte

Psilotum gametophyte

Phylum: Psilophyta…whisk ferns Phylum: EquisetophytaHorsetails/ ScouringRushes/Snake grass/ Joint Grass

rhizomegametophyte

Equisetum …15 species

Moist, temperature areas

Stems: Upright -Herbaceous, evergreen, jointed, flutedRhizomes

Leaves: scalelike,whorls

Homosporous

Small gametophytes

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Fossil Horsetails

Calamites

Equisetum strobilus & sporangia

Sporangia in strobilus

Phylum: PterophytaFerns

365 genera, 12,000 species75% tropical

Free-living gametophytes

Stem = rhizome

Leaves = frondsOften compound

Homosporous mostly

Sporangia in a sorus (sori)

Pinnae

Frondor compound leaf

Fern Vegetative Sporophyte

sorus

Sporangium Fern gametophyte= prothallus

Archegonium

Antheridium Gametophyte

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Rhizome

SporophyteMaturefrond

n = haploid

2n = Diploid

Fern Life Cycle

Gametophyte

Fern Life Cycle

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n

Sorus (clusterof sporangia)

Maturesporangium

MEIOSIS

Spore

2n

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n

2nMEIOSIS

SporeMitosis

Gametophyte (Prothallus)

Fern Life Cycle

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n

2n

Sorus

SporangiumMEIOSIS

Spore

Gametophyte

Archegonium

Antheridium

Eggin archegonium

Sperm in antheridium

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Archegonium

AntheridiumEgg

SpermFERTILIZATION

Embryo

Gametophyte

SporangiumMEIOSIS

Gametophyten

Adult sporophyte

2n

Fern Life Cycle

Young sporophyte

Summary: Seedless Vascular PlantsDominant Sporophyte– Vascular Tissue in sporophyte– Usually evergreen and herbaceous– Most are homosporous… some heterosporous

Free-living gametophytes– All form antheridia & archegonia– Motile sperm in most

… External water for fertilization4 Phyla

• Lycopodiophyta – club mosses, ground pines & spike mosses• Psilophyta – whisk ferns• Equisetophyta - horsetails• Pterophyta – ferns

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ENDMosses, Liverworts & Seedless Vascular Plants