Plant Plant Structures, Structures, ReproductionReproduction, and , and ResponsesResponses

Levels of Levels of OrganizatioOrganizatio

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What are the 2 Types of What are the 2 Types of Plants?Plants?

BRYOPHYTESMosses,

liverworts, hornworts

NO tissue to transport water and nutrients

NON Vascular

TRACHEOPHYTESVascular plantsHave tissue for

transporting water and nutrients

What is Vascular What is Vascular Tissue?Tissue?

Function: to transport water and nutrients between roots, stems, and leaves

2 Types:Xylem: transports water

from roots to shootsPhloem: transports sugar

from leaves to roots (and the rest of the plant)

Like our circulatory system

Stem Cross-Section

What are the organs of the What are the organs of the plant?plant?

• Roots• Stems• Leaves

What kinds of roots are What kinds of roots are there?there?

STRUCTURE:

•Taproot – long, thick root that is the main root of the plant

•Fibrous roots – many, smaller branching roots

What are the functions of What are the functions of Roots?Roots?

Anchor the plant to the ground

Absorb water and minerals

Store sugars or starches

What are the functions of What are the functions of the Stem?the Stem?

Growth of the plant, including production of leaves, branches, and flowers

Support – stems hold leaves up to the light

Transport of water and sugars between the roots and leaves

What are the functions What are the functions of the leaf?of the leaf?

Photosynthesis – plant cells use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Transpiration – water is pulled from the roots and stems of the plant as it evaporates from the surface of the leaves

Gas exchange – leaves take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapor into the air

What are the Parts of a What are the Parts of a Leaf?Leaf?

blade: the flat part of the leaf that catches sun

Petiole: the thin stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem

Important Leaf structuresImportant Leaf structures

StomataStomata / Stoma / StomaPores on the undersides of Pores on the undersides of

leavesleavesControl Control transpirationtranspiration rate rate

and allow and allow gas exchangegas exchange

Guard cellsGuard cells are specialized are specialized cells that control the opening cells that control the opening and closing of the stomataand closing of the stomataNo line

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What are some What are some examples of Modified examples of Modified

Leaves?Leaves?Tendrils for climbing

Succulent Leaves for water storage

Spines to reduce transpiration rate

Bracts to attract pollinators

What is Transpiration? What is Transpiration?

Loss of water from a Loss of water from a plant through its leaves.plant through its leaves.

The force that pulls The force that pulls water from the roots up water from the roots up to the leaves.to the leaves.

What is a Conifer What is a Conifer (Gymnosperm)?(Gymnosperm)?

Plants that produce seeds in cones

No fruit = “Naked seed”

What are Angiosperms?What are Angiosperms?

Flowering plants Flowering plants

Produce seeds inside fruitProduce seeds inside fruit

                                                                                     

                      

What are the 2 types of What are the 2 types of Flowering Plants?Flowering Plants?

MonocotsContain

ONE seed leaf

DicotsContain TWO

seed leaves

What is a Cotyledon?What is a Cotyledon?The seed leaf (inside the seed)The seed leaf (inside the seed)

One cotyledon (seed leaf)

Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

What are flowers?What are flowers?

Modified leaves that are for sexual Modified leaves that are for sexual reproductionreproduction

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What is the Pistil ?What is the Pistil ? FemaleFemale Reproductive Structure Reproductive Structure

stigma receives the pollen from the anther

pollen grows a tube down through the style

ovary produces females gamete and protects developing seed

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What is the Stamen?What is the Stamen?MaleMale Reproductive Reproductive

StructureStructureanther produces

pollen

pollen - male gamete, powder

filament is a stalk that supports the anther

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What is Pollination?What is Pollination?

The transfer of pollen from a stamen The transfer of pollen from a stamen to a pistilto a pistil

What are some What are some Methods of Pollination?Methods of Pollination?

WindWind

WaterWater

GravityGravity

Insects/animalsInsects/animals

What is What is Fertilization? Fertilization?

1.1. Pollen lands on Pollen lands on stigmastigma

2.2. Travels down Travels down stylestyle

3.3. Joins with ovuleJoins with ovule4.4. Ovary becomes Ovary becomes

fruitfruit5.5. Seeds develop Seeds develop

inside fruitinside fruit

The union of the The union of the pollenpollen and and ovuleovule

What are the steps of What are the steps of fertilization?fertilization?

1.1. Pollen lands on Pollen lands on stigmastigma

2.2. Travels down styleTravels down style

3.3. Joins with ovuleJoins with ovule

4.4. Ovary becomes Ovary becomes fruitfruit

5.5. Seeds develop Seeds develop inside fruitinside fruit

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What is Germination?What is Germination?

When the baby plant When the baby plant sprouts from the seed sprouts from the seed and begins to growand begins to grow

What are Tropisms?What are Tropisms?

A plants’ growth in a certain direction in response to a stimuli

What are the types of What are the types of tropisms?tropisms?

Phototropism - growth towards light Geotropism – response to gravity

Roots toward gravity (+)Stems and leaves away from gravity (-)

Hydrotropism – growth towards water

Thigmotropism – response to TOUCH!!

What are some Plant What are some Plant Hormones?Hormones?

Auxins – controls growth and cell elongation, inhibits lateral (side) growth, stimulates root growth

Cytokinins – stimulates cell division, opposite of auxins

Gibberellins – stimulates growth and stimulates seed germination

Abscisic Acid – slows or stops cell division (growth), promotes seed dormancy

Ethylene – stimulates fruits to ripen, causes leaves to fall in autumn