Plant Systematics-Embryophytes (land plants) Division Bryophyta Mosses -Non-vascular -Homosporous -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, leafy, multicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, many produce gemmae, protonema stage (filamentous) in Sphagnum, some species have leptoids (food-conducting cells) and nonlignified hydroids (water- conducting cells) -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte; unbranched; consists of foot, long seta, sporangium; phenolic materials in epidermal cell walls, has stomata -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Examples: Polytrichum (haircaps), Sphagnum (peat moss) D. Marchantiophyta Liverworts -Non-vascular -Homosporous -Water required for sperm to swim to egg -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, thalloid and leafy genera, pores in some thalloid types, unicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, protonema stage in some, gametangia can be elevated on tree-shaped gametophores, in some gemmae for vegetative reproduction -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte, unbranched, lacks stomata, little more than sporangium in some and foot, short seta, sporangium in others -Examples: Marchantia (common thalloid liverwort)
-Non-vascular -Homosporous -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, leafy, multicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, many produce gemmae, protonema stage (filamentous) in Sphagnum, some species have leptoids (food-conducting cells) and nonlignified hydroids (water-conducting cells) -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte; unbranched; consists of foot, long seta, sporangium; phenolic materials in epidermal cell walls, has stomata -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Examples: Polytrichum (haircaps), Sphagnum (peat moss)
D. Marchantiophyta Liverworts
-Non-vascular -Homosporous -Water required for sperm to swim to egg -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, thalloid and leafy genera, pores in some thalloid types, unicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, protonema stage in some, gametangia can be elevated on tree-shaped gametophores, in some gemmae for vegetative reproduction -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte, unbranched, lacks stomata, little more than sporangium in some and foot, short seta, sporangium in others -Examples: Marchantia (common thalloid liverwort)
D. Lycopodiopsida Lycophytes-spike moss, quillworts, club moss -Seedless, vascular plant, differentiated into roots, stems, leaves -Homosporous or heterosporous: Lycopodiaceae (club moss)-homosporous, Selaginellaceae (resurrection plant) and Isoetaceae (quillworts)-heterosporous -Highly characteristic microphyll leaves -Protostele -Sporangia-on or in axils of sporophylls--arranged in strobili -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Sporophyte is dominant generation but gametophyte is free-living -Examples: Lycopodium
D. Polypodiopsida Horsetails and Ferns -Seedless, vascular plants differentiated into roots, stems, leaves
Horsetails -Homosporous -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Eustele-like siphonostele—vascular tissue between bundles
-Sporangia on sporangiophores (umbrella-shaped) in strobili at apex of stem (fertile stem for those species with distinct fertile and vegetative stems) -Arthrophytes (jointed plants)-jointed stems: small, scale-like, microphyll (by reduction) leaves whorled at nodes; internodes ribbed and strengthened with siliceous deposits in epidermal cells (“scouring rushes”) -Sporophyte is dominant generation but gametophyte is green and free-living -Examples: Equisetum (only living genus)
Lycopodium
Equisetum
Ferns -Generally homosporous -Megaphyll leaves -Protostele or siphonostele -Water required for sperm to swim to egg -Sporophyte: dominant generation; horizontal stems (rhizome) with large, compound leaves (fronds) divided into leaflets and adventitious roots; fiddlehead: curved young leaves = circinate vernation; sporangia on sporophylls, some clustered in sori -Gametophyte (prothallus): flat, heart-shaped, membranous structure with rhizoids on lower surface, dies after sporophyte detaches itself -Examples: Pteridium
D. Spermatopsida (Seed Plants)
?C. Ginkgophyta Ginkgo -Gymnosperm -Deciduous -Fan-shaped leaves with dichotomous pattern of veins -Ovules and microsporangia in strobili on different individuals -Male gametophyte forms extensively branched system that develops from initially unbranched pollen tube, basal end develops into saclike structure that ruptures, releasing 2 large, multi-flagellated sperm that swim to eggs -Fleshy-coated seeds -Example: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba is only extant species)
?C. Cycadophyta Cycads -Gymnosperm -Palmlike leaves; functional leaves cluster at top of stem -True secondary growth from vascular cambium; large pith in central portion of trunk -Often highly toxic (neurotoxins, carcinogens) -Insects are important pollinators -Reproductive units: reduced leaves with loosely attached sporangia, large pollen and ovulate cones on different plants, male gametophyte forms unbranched pollen tube-basal end ruptures and 2 multiflagellated sperm swim to eggs -Examples: Cycas
?C. Pinophyta Conifers
-Gymnosperm -Vascular tissue: xylem-tracheids with torus in bordered pit pairs; phloem-sieve cells -Woody-secondary growth from vascular cambium (xylem to inside, phloem to outside); periderm replaces epidermis -Microsporangia and megasporangia in separate cones but on same plant - Wind-pollinated; pollen tube conveys non-motile sperm directly to eggs -needlelike leaves: thick cuticle, sunken stomata, 1-2 vascular bundles, resin ducts in mesophyll -Pines: specific number of leaves in bundles (fascicles, determinate growth); ovulate cones on upper branches above microsporangiate cones; two year life cycle; female gametophyte provides food for embryo; winged pollen grains -Other conifers: lack needle clusters, one year life cycle, yew-solitary ovules surrounded by fleshy aril -Examples: Pinus (pine), yew, fir, redwood, cypress, sequoia, juniper
Arose before monocots and dicots. Pollen with single aperture. Magnolia, laurel, pepper, spicebush families.
F. Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family -Woody trees and shrubs -Leaves: simple, alternate -Flowers: perfect, actinomorphic, large, distinct parts attached to elongated receptacle, 3 sepals, 6 petals in 2 whorls, many helically arranged stamens, many helically arranged simple pistils -Examples: Magnolia, tulip tree
Yew
?C. Eudicotyledons Dicots
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, triaperturate pollen, two cotyledons, netlike leaf venation, stem primary vascular bundle in ring, secondary growth (w/vascular cambium) common, taproot
F. Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family -Herbs -Leaves: alternate compound -Flowers: actinomorphic, perfect, hypogynous, distinct parts, 5 sepals, 5 petals each with gland at base, many helically arranged stamens and simple pistils on an elongated receptacle -Fruit: follicles or berries -Examples: Ranunculus (buttercup)
F. Rosaceae Rose Family -Trees, shrubs, herbs -Leaves: alternate, simple or compound -Flowers: perfect, actinomorphic, perigynous, contains a hypanthium, 5 sepals, 5 petals, infinite stamens, 1 to many carpels that can be joined -Fruit: akenes, follicles, pome, drupe -Examples: Rosa (Rose), Prunus (plums, cherries, peaches, apricots)
F. Fabaceae Pea Family -Herbs, shrubs, trees -Leaves: alternate, compound -Flowers: papilionaceous, zygomorphic, 10 stamens (grouped 9 + 1diadelphous), 1 carpel -Fruit: legume -Examples: Pisum (Pea), snapdragon, legumes
F. Malvaceae Mallow Family -Herbs (shrubs and trees in tropical regions) -Leaves: alternate, simple, palmately veined
-Flowers: 5 sepals, 5 petals (overlapping, attached to stamens), numerous monadelphous stamens, one pistil with 3 to many carpels. Often conspicuous bracts
-Fruit: capsule (cotton, seeds covered with fibers) or schizocarp -Examples: Gossypium (cotton), Hibiscus (not in IBO)
F. Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family -Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with milky juice and sometimes succulent -Leaves: usually simple and alternate, sometimes reduced to spines -Flowers: Imperfect, usually monoecious, commonly in cymes. Staminate flowers variable, often reduced to a single stamen. Pistillate flowers: single pistil with 3 carpels. -Euphorbia flowers: inflorescence may resemble a single flower (cyathium), has glands with nectar and sometimes petal-like appendages -Fruit: capsule or schizocarp -Often poisonous -Examples: Euphorbia (includes poinsettias), spurge
F. Moraceae Mulberry Family -Trees or shrubs, with milky sap
-Leaves: alternate, simple, stipulate -Flowers: imperfect, small, no petals, may have 4-5 tepals. Female flower: pistil of 2 carpels, one usually abortive. Male flower: often four stamens. -Fruit: akene or drupe, surrounded by fleshy perianth, often as a multiple fruit -Examples: Ficus (figs), mulberry, breadfruit,
F. Cactaceae Cactus Family -Succulent, fleshy, photosynthetic stems -Leaves: spines -Flowers: solitary, perfect, actinomorphic, epigynous, infinite and not clearly differentiated sepals and petals (tepals), infinite stamens, 1 compound pistil of many carpels -Fruit: berry -Examples: Opuntia (prickly pears)
F. Brassicaceae Mustard Family
-Herb -Leaves: alternate -Flowers: hypogynous, actinomorphic, distinct parts, 4 sepals; 4 petals; 1 compound pistil of 2 carpels; 2 short stamens, 4 long stamens (tetradynamous) -Fruit: silique or silicle -Examples: Brassica (cabbage, mustards, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip), Arabidopsis
F. Myrtaceae Myrtle Family -Trees and shrubs, all woody, found in tropics/subtropics/temperate Australia -Leaves: evergreen, often have oil glands, mostly opposite, simple with entire margin -Phloem located on both sides of xylem, not just outside -Flowers: actinomorphic, 4-5 sepals, 4-5 petals, many prominent stamens, single compound pistil of 2-5 carpels. Inferior ovary. Fruit: berry or loculicidal capsule Examples: Eucalyptus (Bark may exude sap when broken, sepals and petals fused to form operculum cap, copious oil from glands), guava, allspice, clove
F. Lamiaceae Mint Family -Aromatic herbs -Square stems -Leaves: opposite, simple -Flowers: zygomorphic, bilabiate, fused calyx of 5 sepals; corolla-fused 2 lobed upper, 3 lobed lower; 2 or 4 (2 long and 2 short) stamens attached to corolla; 1 compound pistil of 2 carpels -Fruit: 4 1-seeded nutlets -Examples: Lamium (Dead nettle), lavender, peppermint, spearmint, sage, thyme
F. Solanaceae Nightshade/Potato Family -Herbs, occasionally woody -Stems with bicollateral bundles (phloem is both outside and inside the xylem) -Flowers: hypogynous, perfect, trumpet-shaped, calyx of 5 fused sepals, corolla of 5 fused petals, 1 compound pistil of 2 carpels, 5 stamens (attached to corolla alternate w/lobes; can be fused to each other by anthers) -Fruit: berry or septicidal capsule -Examples: Solanum (nightshades, potato), tomato, peppers, tobacco, petunia
F. Rubiaceae Madder Family -Trees or shrubs
-Leaves: opposite, simple. Stipules can resemble leaves and give whorled appearance -Flowers: Usually in cymes or panicles. Epigynous nectary disk, perfect and regular. Calyx: 4-5, somewhat reduced. Corolla: sympetalous, usually 4-5. Androecium: 4-5, alternates with corolla lobes. Gynoecium: one pistil of 2 carpels. -Fruit: capsule, berry, or drupe -Examples: Coffea (Coffee), Gardenia, quinine
F. Asteraceae Sunflower Family -Herbs -Flowers: compound (head), sterile ray flower (“petals”), disk flowers in centermatures over period of days -Fruit: akene; in some species, feathery pappus is enlarged for wind dispersal -Examples: Helianthus (sunflower), goldenrod, daisy, dandelion, lettuce
?C. Monocotyledons Monocots Flower parts in multiples of 3, monoaperturate pollen, one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, complex/scattered arrangement of primary vascular bundles in stem (closed bundle), secondary growth (w/vascular cambium) rare, fibrous root system
F. Liliaceae Lily Family -Perennial herbs from rhizomes, bulbs, or fleshy roots -bulbils at top of plant fall off, sprout—vegetative reproduction -Flowers: hypogynous; actinomorphic; perfect; tepals-sepal and petal alike (3 of each); 6 stamens; 1 compound pistil of 3 carpels -Fruit: capsule or berry -Examples: Lilium (Lily)
F. Amaryllidaceae Amaryllis Family -Perennial herbs or woody plants from bulbs, rhizomes -Form bulbils -Flowers: epigynous, often in umbelloid cymes. 3 petals/sepals (tepals), may have fused appendages forming a corona (think daffodil). Stamens, 6. 1 Pistil with 3 carpels, 3 stigmas. Epigynous tubular hypanthium. -Fruit: capsule or berry -Differentiated from Liliaceae by epigynous flowers, umbellate inflorescence -Examples: Allium (onion), daffodils, Agave (century plant)
F. Orchidaceae Orchid Family -Terrestrial, epiphytic, or saprophytic herbs -Flowers: zygomorphic, 1 or 2 stamens attached to style (forms column) with pollen as in package (pollinium), 1 compound pistil (3 carpels), 3 petals (lower 1 is different, called labellum/lip), 3 sepals -Fruit: capsule -Examples: Vanilla, orchids
F. Poaceae Grass Family -Stem: round, often hollow stem, jointed -Leaves: sheath (wraps around stem), ligule (junction of sheath and blade), and blade -Flowers: small, wind-pollinated spikelets with 2 bracts (glumes) at base followed by 1 or more florets-each floret surrounded by 2 bracts (lemma-external, palea-internal), perianth reduced to 2/3 scales (lodicules) that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea, 3 or 6 stamens, 1 compound pistil with feathery stigma -Fruit-caryopsis (grain) -Examples: Zea (maize), Triticum (wheat), Bambusa (bamboo), oat, rye, barley
F. Cyperaceae Sedge Family - grass-like herbs, usually solid pith, triangular cross section -Leaves: 3-ranked, closed sheath. -Flower: small, perfect, arranged in spikelets. Each flower solitary within a bract (aka glume or scale) Bracts in 2-ranked or spiral arrangement in spikelet. Inflorescence with one or more spikelets, often subtended by more bracts. Perianth reduced, hypogynous, may be absent. Stamens 3 or fewer, basifixed. Ovary superior, style branched. -Fruit: akene. -Examples: Cyperus
F. Arecaceae Palm Family -Woody, unbranched shrubs, vines, trees -Leaves: pinnate in terminal tuft -Flowers: small, actinomorphic, often unisexual, 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens in 2 whorls, 3 carpels -Fruit: drupe -Examples: Cocos (coconut)
F. Araceae Arum Family -Herbs -Leaves: splotchy, large, sheathing petioles -Flowers: hypogynous, tiny, unisexual or perfect, borne on spadix, subtended by bract called a spathe -Fruit: berry -Examples: Monstera (monster flowers)
F. Bromeliaceae Pineapple Family -Often epiphytic, tropical/subtropical, xerophytic -Leaves: densely clustered, linear, spiny-toothed -Flowers: Inflorescence terminal, spine-like, often colored bracts. Calyx: usually green, 3 distinct or basally fused. Corolla: 3 distinct or basally fused, brightly colored, often with basal scales (may be nectariferous). Stamens, 6, may be basally fused, attach to receptacle or base of corolla. 1 compound pistil of 3 carpels, style with 3 stigmas. -Fruit: berry or capsule -Examples: Ananas (pineapple), Spanish moss
