Plastic & Container Glossary

8/22/2019 Plastic & Container Glossary

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Plastics glossary. (English)

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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Select the first letter of the word from the list above to jump to appropriate section of the glossary.

- A -ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) -

A polymer produced from acrylonitrile and styrene liquids, and butadiene gas, which arepolymerized together in a variety of ratios to produce the family of ABS resins.

Abrasion Resistance -The ability of a material to withstand mechanical action (friction) such as rubbing, scraping,etc.

Absolute Pressure -A quantity of pressure with respect to total vacuum; equal to the sum of a pressure

gauge reading and atmospheric pressure (14.69 psia at sea level).

Absolute Zero -The minimum point in the thermodynamic temperature scale (-273.16C or -

459.69F).

Absorption -The penetration into the mass of one substance by another.

Acetal -A rigid thermoplastic with properties similar to zinc, aluminum, and other metals.

The molecular structure of the polymer is of a linear acetal consisting of unbranchedpolyoxymethylene chains.

Acid Resistant anti-cidoThe ability of a material to withstand the corrosive action of acids.

Additive - aditivoA substance compounded into a resin to enhance certain characteristics such as

plasticizers (for flexibility), light stabilizers, flame retardants, etc.

Aging -envelhecimento

The chemical and/or physical changes which occur in a material after exposure toenvironmental conditions over a period of time.

Alloy (polyblend) - liga

A composite material made by blending polymers or copolymers with other polymers

or elastomers.

Annealing - recozimentoA process of heating a material to a temperature just below its melting point and then

gradually cooling it. This will relax stress caused during the molding process without

distortion of the shape.

Antioxidant -Substances which prevent or slow down oxidation of a polymeric material exposed to
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air.

Antistatic Agent -Additives put in a resin or substance or applied to the surface of the finished part for

the purpose of eliminating or lessening static electricity; acts to permit the surface to

be slightly conductive, preventing the formulation of static charges.

ASTM -

American Society of Testing Materials

Autoclave -A closed vessel for conducting chemical reactions under high pressure and

temperature.Back to Top

- B -Bleed -

To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent; undesirable movement of

certain materials in a plastic (ex: plasticizers in vinyl) to the surface of the finished

article or into an adjacent material.

Bloom -A cloudy, greasy film on the surface of a plastic part or film usually caused by the

extraction of an additive, such as a lubricant, stabilizer, etc.

Brittle Temperature -The threshold temperature at which the material will fracture due to cold induced loss

of flexibility.

Burning Rate -A term describing the tendency of plastics to burn at a given temperature. Certain

plastics will burn readily at comparatively low temperatures. Others will melt ordisintegrate without actually burning, or will burn only if exposed to a direct flame.

The latter are referred to as self-extinguishing.

Burst Pressure -The pressure point at which the tube/hose will suddenly and violently rupture.

Butt Fusion (welding) -

A process of joining the ends of thermoplastic parts by heating the surfaces to be

joined to their molten state and then pressing them together to form a homogenous

bond.Back to Top

- C -Carbon Black -

A multi-functional additive produced by the incomplete burning of natural gas or oil

and used in plastics as a conductor of electricity, a pigment, a filler-extender, and a

stabilizer.

Catalyst -A substance which speeds up the polymerization or cure of a compound when added

in minor quantity as compared to the primary reactants.

Cellulose -A naturally occurring polysaccharide consisting solely of glucose units and found in
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most plants. It is the main constituent of dried woods, jute, flax, hemp, etc.

Cellulosics -A family of resins derived from cellulose. The three most common types are:

cellulose-acetate (CA), cellulose-acetate-butyrate (CAB), and cellulose-acetate-

propionate (CAP).

Coefficient of Friction -

Resistance to sliding or rolling of surfaces of solid bodies in contact with each other;stated as k=F/W in which F is the force required to move one surface over another

and W is the weight pressing the surfaces together.

Co-Extrusion -

The technique of extruding two or more materials through a single die being fed by

separate extruders.

Compounding -

The process of mixing the polymer with all the materials necessary for the finished

resin to be used by the processor.

Compressed Gas -

Any material or mixture having in the container either an absolute pressure exceeding

40 psia at 70F or an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psia at 130F.

Compressive Strength -

Maximum load at which compression failure occurs in a specimen divided by the

original area of the specimen.

Conductivity -

The property of transmitting electricity, heat, etc.

Copolymer -A compound resulting from the chemical reaction of two chemically different

monomers with each other.

Core -

The inner-most layer of a multi-layered product.

Corona Resistance -

The time that a material will withstand a specified level of field-intensified ionization

that does not result in the immediate complete breakdown of the material.

Corrosive -

Any substance which chemically attacks materials with which it comes in contact,

such as metals or human tissue.

Crazing -

Minute cracks near the surface of plastic materials.

Creep (cold flow) -

The dimensional change with time of a material under physical load. Creep at room

temperature is called cold flow.

Cross-Linking -The establishing of chemical links between the molecular chains in polymers. Cross-

linking can be accomplished by chemical reaction, vulcanization, and/or irradiation.


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Crystallinity -

A state of molecular structure in some resins denoting uniformity and compactness of

the molecular chains. This characteristic is attributable to the existence of solid

crystals with definite geometric form.

Cuff -

A smooth end on an irregularly surfaced tube or hose enabling the secure and leak-

free fitment of the tube or hose to its termination point.

Cure -

The changing of the physical properties of a material by chemical reaction; usually

by the action of heat and catalysts, alone or in combination, with or without pressure.Back to Top

- D -Decay Rate -

The speed in which a material will drain a static electrical charge.

Deflection Temperature -

The temperature at which a standard test bar deflects 0.010 under a load of 66 or

264 psi.

Deformation -

The result when an object does not return to its original form or shape after pressure

or stress is removed.

Degradation -

Deleterious change in the chemical structure of a plastic reflected in the appearance

or physical properties.

Delamination -The separation of layers in a laminate through failure of the resin binder or adhesive.

Density -

The mass per unit volume of a substance expressed in pounds per cubic foot, grams

per cubic centimeter, etc.

Denier -

a unit of weight for measuring the fitness of threads of silk, rayon, nylon, etc., equal

to .05 gram per 450 meters.

Die, Extrusion -Placed at the exit of an extruder barrel through which the resin emerges and is

formed into film, rods, pipe, profiles, sheet, tubing, etc.

Dielectric -

1) any insulating medium which intervenes between two conductors; 2) a material

having the property that energy required to establish an electric field is recoverable in

whole or in part, as electric energy.

Dielectric Strength -

The electric voltage gradient at which an insulating material is broken down or

arced through, usually expressed in volts per mil of thickness.

Dimensional Stability -

The ability of a part to retain its shape when exposed to external forces.
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D.O.P. (Dioctyl Phthalate) -

An ester plasticizer derived from natural fats and oils; can be modified to meet

specific end use requirements.

Ductility -

Amount of plastic strain a material can withstand before it fractures.

Durometer -A trade name of the Shore Instrument Company for an instrument that measures the

hardness of a material. A lower Shore scale number indicates a softer, more flexible

material.Back to Top

- E -Elastic Deformation -

The portion of deformation of an object under load which can be recovered after the

load is removed.

Elasticity -

The property of a material of which it tends to recover its original size and shape

after deformation.

Elongation -

The fractional increase in length of a material stressed in tension.

Embossing -

Technique using pressure with or without heat to make a permanent marking in a

material's surface.

Encapsulating -

Encasing an article in a closed envelope of plastic by immersing the object in acasting resin and allowing the resin to polymerize, or, if hot, to cool.

End Thrust -

The total force generated at the far end of a conduit by the sudden release of a fluid

under pressure (spike pressure) into that conduit; measured in psi and calculated: ( x

radius [in.]) x spike pressure [psi].

EPDM -

Ethylene Propylene Diene terpolymer

Ester -The reaction product of an alcohol and an acid.

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) -A copolymer member of the polyolefin family derived from random

copolymerization of vinyl acetate and ethylene resulting in a resin with similar

properties to that of polyethylene but with greater flexibility and resistance to impact

and elongation.

EVA -

Ethylene vinyl acetate

Extender -

A substance added to a plastic compound to reduce the amount of resin required per

unit volume.


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Extrusion -

The process of compacting and melting a plastic material and forcing it through an

orifice (die) in a continuous fashion.Back to Top

- F -FDA -

Food and Drug Administration

FEP -

Fluorinated ethylene propylene

FRP -

Fiberglass reinforced plastic.

Filament -

Fiber of extreme length used in yarns and other compositions with little or no twist

and usually without the spinning operations required for fibers.

Filler -

A very inexpensive material which is typically added to a plastic to make it less

costly. They can be inert or can alter various properties of the plastic, particularly

hardness, stiffness, and impact strength.

Fish Eye (Gels) -

A small globular mass in a transparent or translucent plastic material caused by the

incomplete blending of the mass into the surrounding material.

Flame Retardant Resin -The result of reactive compounds that become an integral part of the polymer

structure and/or additive chemicals that are physically dispersed in a polymer toretard or eliminate the polymer's tendency to burn.

Flammability -

The measure of the extent to which a material will support combustion.

Flaring -

The enlargement of a tube/hose diameter by mechanical pressure from the inside.

Flash -

Excess plastic around the area of the parting line on a molded part.

Flexural Modulus -

Ratio of applied stress to strain in outer fibers of plastic specimen during flexure.

Flexural Strength -

The resistance of a plastic material to cracking or breaking during bending expressed

as the tensile strength of the outermost fibers at the moment of failure.

Fluorescent Pigments -

Colorants which absorb radiation of a given frequency and then emit radiation of a

different frequency, creating a glowing effect.

Fluoroplastics -

Polyolefin polymers in which fluorine, fluorinated alkyl groups, or other halogens

replace hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain resulting in a material with outstanding


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electrical properties, excellent resistance to chemical attack, low coefficient of

friction, excellent fire resistance, exceptionally good performance at high and low

temperatures, low moisture absorption, and outstanding weatherability.Back to Top

- G -Gamma Radiation -

An electromagnetic radiation of great penetrating power emitted by the nucleus of a

radioactive substance.

Gauge -

Thickness of plastic film measured in decimal inches or mils.

GMP -

Good Manufacturing Process

Gummy -

Having the nature of gum; viscid; sticky.Back to Top

- H -Haze -

Cloudiness in a plastic material.

HDPE -High density polyethylene

Heat Distortion Point -

See: Deflection Temperature.

Heat Gun -

An electrically controlled gun for softening, curing, drying, preheating, and weldingplastics, as well as shrinking of thermally reducible tubing.

Heat Resistance -

The ability to withstand the effects of exposure to high temperature.

Heat Sealing -

A method of joining plastic films by simultaneously applying heat and pressure to

areas in contact.

Homopolymer -

A polymer consisting of only one monomeric species.

Hydrolysis -

The chemical decomposition of a substance by reaction with water.Back to Top

- I -Impact Strength -

The ability to withstand shock loading.

Impregnation -

The process of thoroughly soaking a material such as wood, paper, or fabric with a

synthetic resin.

Impulse Sealing -
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A sealing process in which intense thermal energy is instantaneously applied to the

sealing area, immediately followed by rapid cooling.

Inert -

Substances which do not react with other materials under normal temperature and

pressure.

Inhibitor -

Substances that slow or halt a chemical reaction; sometimes used in certain types ofmonomers and resins to prolong product life.

Injection Molding -

A process in which melted plastic is forced into a relatively cool mold cavity which

forms the plastic into the desired shape.

IR -

Isoprene rubber

Irradiation -

Subjecting plastics or other compounds to radiant energy to cure or produce a changein the material.

Izod Impact Test -

A test for shock loading wherein a notched sample bar is held at one end and broken

by striking.Back to Top

- J -Jerk -

The sharp, quick motion used to remove tubing or hose from a bulkhead or other

connection point.Also see Yank.Back to Top

- K -K factor -

The coefficient of thermal conductivity; the amount of heat that passes through a unit

cube of material in a given time when difference in temperature of 2 faces is 1.Back to Top

- L -LDPE -

Low density polyethylene

Light-Resistance -

The resistance of a plastic to change color or other characteristics during exposure to

sun or ultraviolet light.

LLDPE -

Linear low density polyethylene

Luminescent Pigments -

Special colorants added to a compound to produce eye-catching effects in the dark.

Basically there are two types: one is activated by U.V. radiation producing very

strong luminescence, and the other is a phosphorescent which does not require a

separate source of radiation.Back to Top
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- M -Mandrel -

A core around which material is wound as in filament winding, which when

removed, forms a hollow center in a tube.

Manifold -

Configuration of piping in a block of metal or plastic that takes a single channel flow

and divides it into various flow channels to feed more than one outlet.

MDPE -

Medium density polyethylene

Melt Index -

The amount, in grams, of a thermoplastic resin which can be forced through an

0.0825 orifice when subjected to 2160 gms force in 10 minutes at 190C.

Memory -

The tendency of a thermoplastic material which has been stretched while hot to

return to its unstretched shape upon being reheated.

Mer -

The repeating structural unit of any high polymer.

Migration -

The extraction of an ingredient from a material by another material, such as the

migration of a plasticizer from one material to an adjacent material with a lower

plasticizer content.

Modulus of Elasticity -

The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit of the material.

Moisture Vapor Transmission -

The rate at which water vapor permeates through a plastic at a specified temperature

and relative humidity.

Mold -

A hollow form or cavity into which molten plastic material is placed to produce the

shape of the required component.

Molecular Weight -

The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule.

Monomer -A single molecule which can join with another monomer or molecule to form a

polymer or molecular chain.Back to Top

- N -Natural Rubber (NR)-

An elastic substance produced by coagulating and drying the milky sap (latex) of

various tropical plants, especially a tree (Heva brasiliensis) of the spurge family.

Neoprene -

A synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization of chloroprene providing a high

resistance to oil, light, heat, and oxidation.

Nitrile Resin -


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Polymers of which the principal monomer is acrylonitrile. This provides the

functionality of good chemical resistance and gas barrier properties.

Notch Sensitivity -

Extent to which the sensitivity of a material to fracture is increased by the presence

of a surface inhomogeneity, such as a notch.

NSF -

National Sanitation Foundation

Nylon -

The generic name for all synthetic fiber-forming polyamides; characterized by great

strength, toughness, and abrasion resistance, good fatigue resistance and lubricity,

and low coefficient of friction. They can be formed into a monofilament and yarn.

Current types include 6, 6-6, 6-10, 11, & 12.Back to Top

- O -Oil Resistance -

Ability to withstand the deteriorating effects of an article by the absorption of oil;

usually causing volumetric swell and/or hardening.

Outgassing -

The release of a volatile substance from a compound during curing.

Oxidant -

A gas which supports combustion.

Ozone Resistance -

Ability to withstand the deteriorating effect of Ozone (which generally causes

cracking).Back to Top

- P -Parting Line -

The line formed by the mating surfaces of the molded part.

Peristaltic Pump -

A type of pump in which the forward movement of material inside a tube is

performed in a wave-like fashion caused by the contraction and dilation of the tube in

a longitudinal direction.

Permeability -The rate at which a liquid or gas under pressure passes through a solid material by

diffusion and solution.

PFA -

Perfluoroalkoxy

Plasticize -

To impart softness and flexibility in a plastic through the addition of a plasticizer

additive or the application of heat.

Plasticizer -

A chemical agent added to a resin to increase its workability during processing, andto impart flexibility and other desired properties to the finished product; usually of an

organic ester having a high boiling point.


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Polyamides (PA)-

A polymer in which the structural units are lined by amide groupings. Many

polyamides are fiber-forming.

Polycarbonate (PC)-

Polymers derived from the direct reaction between aromatic and aliphatic dihydroxy

compounds with phosgene or by the ester exchange reaction with appropriate

phosgene derived precursors. Structural units are linked by carbonate groups.

Polyester -

A family of resins produced by reaction of dibasic acids with dihydric alcohols or by

the polymerization of of a hydroxy carboxylic acid.

Polyethylene (PE)-

A thermoplastic composed by polymers of ethylene; normally a translucent, tough,

waxy solid which is unaffected by water and a large range of chemicals.

Polymer -

A high molecular-weight organic compound, natural or synthetic, whose structurecan usually be represented by a repeated small unit, the MER. Synthetic polymers are

formed by addition or condensation polymerization of monomers. Some polymers

are elastomers, some plastics, and some are fibers.

Polymerization -

The chemical reaction in which the molecules of monomers are linked together to

form polymers.

Polypropylene -

A tough, lightweight, rigid plastic made by the polymerization of high-purity

propylene gas in the presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively lowpressures and temperatures.

Polystyrene -A water-white thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of styrene (vinyl

benzene) offering outstanding electrical properties; relatively unaffected by moisture.

Polysulfone -

An amorphous structure; this engineering thermoplastic has inherent resistance to

heat, hydrolysis, oxidation, and radiation; self-extinguishing.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -

Member of the fluorocarbon family of plastics created by the polymerization of

tetrafluoroethylene and characterized by extreme chemical inertness, very high

thermal stability and low frictional properties.

Polyurethane (thermoplastic) -

Polymers which have properties combining the advantages of elastomers and

plastics; formed by the reaction of bifunctional polyols with diisocyanates.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) -

Thermoplastic compounds formed by polymerization or copolymerization of vinyl or

vinylidene halides and vinyl esters. They are strong, with good abrasion resistance

and superior aging properties than that of rubber.

Porosity -


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The ratio of the volume of a material's pores (voids) to its total volume; usually

expressed as a percentage.

Post-Cure -

The operation on a thermoset part in which the part is subjected to elevated

temperatures for a period of time to effect full cure, stress relaxation, etc., and to

enhance property levels.

Postforming -The forming, bending, or shaping of fully cured thermoset laminate.

Pressure Drop -

The difference in pressure between any two points of a component or system.

PSI -

Pounds per square inch.

PVDF -

Polyvinylidene fluorideBack to Top

- Q -Nothing available at this time.Back to Top

- R -Radiopaque -

Not allowing the passage of X-rays, gamma rays, or other forms of radiant energy.

Random Copolymer -

A copolymer in which the molecules of each monomer are randomly arranged in the

polymer backbone.

Reinforced Plastics -

Molded, formed, filament wound, or shaped plastic parts consisting of resins to

which reinforcing fibers, mats, fabrics. etc., have been added before the forming

operation resulting in enhanced strength properties.

Reinforcement -

A material used to reinforce, strengthen, or give dimensional stability to another

material.

Resin - An organic substance of natural or synthetic origin characterized by being polymeric

in structure and predominantly amorphous. Most resins, though not all, are of high

molecular weight and consist of long chain or network molecular structure. Usually

resins are more soluble in their lower molecular weight forms.

Resistivity -

The ability of a material to resist passage of electrical current either through its bulk

or on a surface. The unit volume resistivity is the ohm-cm, or surface resistivity, the

ohm.

Retractable -

The ability to draw back to an original form once tension is relieved.

Rockwell Hardness -


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A common method of testing for resistance to indentation in which a diamond or

steel ball, under pressure, is used to to pierce the test specimen. The load used is

expressed in kilograms (kg) and a 10 kg pre-load is first applied and the degree of

penetration noted. The major load (60 to 150 kg) is next applied and a second reading

obtained. The hardness is then calculated from the difference between the two loads

and expressed with nine different prefix letters to denote the type of penetrator used

and the weight of the major load.Back to Top

- S -SAE -

Society of Automotive Engineers

Santoprene -

A thermoplastic rubber with good fluid and flex fatique resistance. Commonly used

in peristaltic pumps for both medical and general industry.

SBR -

Styrene butadiene rubber

Self-Extinguishing -

A loosely-used term describing a material's ability to stop burning once the source of

the flame is removed.

Shear Strength -

The stress at which a material fails in shear or the ability of a material to withstand

shear stress.

Shelf Life -

The period of time during which a material or product may be stored at ambient

temperature and humidity without measurable degradation of its physical properties.

Shore Hardness -

A common method of determining the hardness of a plastic material as developed by

the Shore Instrument Company. The device used, called a durometer, consists of a

small conical hammer fitted with a diamond point and acting in a glass tube. The

hammer is made to strike the material under test and the degree of rebound is noted

on a graduated scale. Generally, the harder the material, the greater the rebound.

Silicone -

One of the family of polymeric materials in which the recurring chemical group

contains silicon and oxygen atoms as links in the main chain. These compounds are

derived from silica (sand) and methyl chloride. Silicones are characterized by theirresistance to heat and low thermal expansion.

Sintering -

The process of holding a fusible pressed-powder article at a temperature just below

its melting point for a period of time to fuse (sinter) the particles together.

Slitting -

The process of making a long, straight, lengthwise cut in an article.

Solvent Bonding -

A process of joining articles made of thermoplastic resins by applying a solvent tosoften the surfaces to be joined, and then the surfaces are pressed together. Adhesion

comes from evaporation of the solvent, absorption of solvent into the material


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surfaces, and/or polymerization of the solvent.

Specific Gravity -

The ratio of the mass of any volume to the mass of an equal volume of another

substance taken as a standard. The standard for solids and liquids is usually water,

and for gases the standard is air.

Specific Heat -

The amount of heat required to raise a specified mass by one unit of a specifiedtemperature at constant pressure.

Stabilizer -

An ingredient included in the compounding of some polymers to assist in

maintaining desirable physical and chemical properties of the compounded material

throughout the life of the material; ex: heat or U.V. stabilizers.

Sterilization -

The process of applying great heat or chemical action to an article in order to clean it

of all living microorganisms.

Strain -

Elastic deformation due to stress; measured as the change in length per unit of length

in a given direction, and expressed in percentage or inches per inch, etc.

Stress -

The unit force or component of force at a point in a body acting on a plane through

the point; expressed in psi.

Stress Crack -

External or internal cracks in a plastic caused by tensile stresses; often appear as a

network of fine cracks known as crazing.

Stress Relaxation -

Time dependent decreases in stress for a specimen constrained in a constant strain

condition.

Synthetic Resin -

Any complex organic liquid or solid formed from simpler molecules by

polymerization or condensation; any of various chemically modified natural resins.Back to Top

- T -

Tack -Stickiness of a material, measurable as the force required to separate an adherend.

Talc -

An inert refined mineral product (hydrated magnesium silicate) that is a reinforcing

filler extender. Because of its platy configuration, it tends to add stiffness to the resin,

while its low cost categorizes it as an extender. Talc is also commonly applied to

reduce the tackiness of some plastic materials.

Tear Resistance -

The resistance of a material to a force acting to initiate and then propagate a failure at

the edge of a test specimen.

Tensile Strength -


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The maximum tensile stress sustained by the specimen before failure in a tension

(pull) test; usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).

Thermal Conductivity -

Ability of a material to conduct heat.

Thermoforming -

Any process in which thermoplastic material is heated to its softened point and then

drawn and/or forced against an open mold. Depending on the technique, the mold caneither be male or female, and the method of forming either vacuum and/or pressure.

Thermoplastic -

A material which has a linear macromolecular structure that will repeatedly soften

when heated and harden when cooled.

Thermoset -A material that will undergo or has undergone a chemical reaction by the action of

heat, ultraviolet light, catalysts, etc., leading to a relatively infusible and cross-linked

state.

Torsion -

The stress produced by twisting one end of an object along its longitudinal axis while

the other end is held firm or twisted in the opposite direction.

Toxic -

Substances which chemically produce injurious or lethal effects to humans; poisons.

TPE -

Thermoplastic Elastomer

TPR -

Thermoplastic RubberBack to Top

- U -UHMWPE -

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

U.L. -

Underwriters' Laboratories

Ultrasonic Welding -

A method of joining plastics using ultrasonic vibrations which are produced by themechanical motion of a converter expanding some 20,000 times per second. The

vibratory energy creates frictional heat which is channeled through a horn and

applied to thermoplastic materials to produce a molecular interaction that welds the

materials.

USDA -

United States Department of Agriculture

U.S.P. -

United States Pharmacopoeia

U.V. (Ultraviolet Light) -

The radiation from sunlight or artificial light having wavelengths shorter than those

of visible light and longer than those of x-rays (250-400 millimicrons).


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Back to Top

- V -Vicat Softening Point -

The temperature at which a flat-ended needle of 1 mm2 circular cross section will

penetrate a thermoplastic specimen to a depth of 1 mm under a specified load using a

selected uniform rate of temperature rise.

Viscosity -The measure of the resistance of a fluid flow (either through a specific orifice or in a

rotational viscometer). The absolute unit of viscosity measurement is the poise (or

centipoise). Kinematic viscosity is expressed in stokes.

Vulcanization -

The chemical reaction which induces extensive changes in the physical properties of

a rubber or plastic and which is brought about by the reaction of the material with

sulphur and/or other suitable agents. The changes typically include decreased plastic

flow, solubility, and surface tackiness, along with increased elasticity and much

greater tensile strength.Back to Top

- W -Weld Lines -

The marks visible on a finished part made by the meeting of two flow fronts of resin

during molding.

Welding -

Joining pieces by one of several heat-softening processes.

Working Life -

The period of time during which a material or product retains the physical properties

for which it was created.

Working Pressure -

The maximum recommended pressure at ambient temperature for continuous

operation.Back to Top

- X -X-Ray Specs -

Used to obtain visual contact with flow.Back to Top

- Y -Yield Strength -

The lowest stress at which a material undergoes plastic deformation. Below this

stress the plastic is elastic; above it , viscous.

Yank -The sharp, quick motion used to remove tubing or hose from a bulkhead or other

connection point.Also see Jerk.Back to Top

- Z -Zero -

The number of terms we have for this letter.Back to Top
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A

Aesthetics - The sum total of the visual response to the beauty of an object. Elements of

aesthetics may include: color, shape or particular features of the object.

Aging - The physical and/ or chemical changes of a material with respect to time, under

defined environmental conditions, leading to improvement or deterioration of properties.

Amber - A chromatic (brown) color of glass or plastic containers. It is used principally to

protect the contents of the container from exposure to light. For an example of amber

plastic check out ourPET BottlesorPlastic jars pages.

AntioxidantsA chemical substance added to a plastic resin to minimize or prevent the

effects of oxygen attack on the plastic, e.g., yellowing or degradation. Chemical attacks

by oxygen can render a plastic brittle or cause it to lose desired mechanical properties.

Antistatic AgentA chemical substance applied to the surface of a plastic article or

incorporated in the plastic from which the article is made. The antistatic agent renders thesurface of the plastic article less susceptible to the accumulation of electrostatic charges,

which attract and hold fine dirt or dust on the surface of the plastic article.

B

Barrier Resins- A group of resins specially formulated to resist the transmission of

oxygen, water, solvents essential oils, etc.

Blow Mold - Cavity that receives the Preform, which will be blown into the desired

shape.

Blow Pin - Used in Extrusion Blow Molding. Hollow tube that pierces Preform and

introduces air to blow Preform into shape of Blow Mold.

Buttress Thread - A design of thread profile (cross section), which take the form of a

truncated triangle or slight modification of that for. It is usually positioned so the right

angle is at the bottle of the thread cross section and adjacent to the neck of the bottle

finish. The horizontal leg of the right triangle is the bearing surface for a matching cap

thread. It is designed to withstand maximum force in one direction only.

C

Capacity(1) The amount of space provide inside a container for a given amount of

product. (2) The total amount of volume inside the container. The latter is more correctly

called the overflow capacity.

Cavity - That part of the mold, which contains the reverse image of the product being

formed.

ClarityFreedom of haze or cloudiness in a plastic material. PET bottles offer great

clarity for examples check out ourPET section.

ClosureA devise used to seal off the opening of the bottle to prevent the loss of its

contents. SKS offers a wide selection of closure options. Check out ourcap/closure
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index.

Cobalt - A blue colored plastic. Examples ofcobalt plastic.

Color Concentrate - A measured amount of dye or pigment incorporated into a

predetermined about of plastic. This pigmented or colored plastic is then mixed into larger

quantities or plastic material used for molding. The concentrate is added to the bulk of

plastic in measured quantity in order to produce a precise, predetermined color of the

molded bottles

Cold Runner - Flow channel for heat-softened polymer, which goes from the Plastifier to

the mold cavities. Polymer in the flow channel is cooled with shaped parts in cavities and

is later removed, reground, and reused.

Continuous Thread - an uninterrupted protruding helix on the neck of a container used to

hold screw-type closures.

CopolymerA material whose chemical structure is made of long chins of two

differently structured chemical units (Monomers) which repeat a more or less regularpatter in the chain.

Core - That part of a mold that allows the internal shaping of a product such as the

internal threads of a cap.

Core Rod - Used in Injection Blow and Injection Stretch Blow Molding. Used in

conjunction with a Preform Mold to manufacture a Preform. The Preform is formed

around the Core Rod creating a hollow tube, which will then be transferred to a Blow

Mold where air will be introduced forcing the Preform to take the shape of the Blow Mold

cavity.

D

DeflashingAny technique or method removing excess unwanted material from a

molded article. Specifically, the excess material is removed from places on the article

where parting lines of the mold that formed the article may have caused the excess

material to be formed.

DensityWeight per unit volume of a substance. Density is expressed in grams per cubic

centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, etc.

Drop TestAny test method in which the article being tested is dropped in a specifiedmanner for a specified number of times or until the article fails from impact.

Discoloration - any change from the original color. Discoloration is often caused by

overheating, light exposure, irritation, or chemical attack.

E

E Dimension - The outside diameter of neck on a threaded bottle neck (finish) is

measured across the root of the threads. For a visual example check out ourneck finish

page.

Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)The susceptibility of a thermoplastic article to
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cracking under the influence of certain chemicals and stress.

Extrusion Blow Molding - A molding process whereby heat-softened polymer is forced

into the shape of a hollow tube. While still soft, a mold closes around the tube, pinching

the top and bottom of the tube closed. A Blow Pin is introduced, and air is forced through

the pin forcing the tube to take the shape of the Blow Mold cavity.

F

Fill Point - The level to which a container must be filled to furnish a designated quantity

of the contents.

FinishThe plastic forming the opening of a container and shaped to accommodate a

specific closure. For more information on neck finishes check out theneck finish page.

FitmentA device used as part of a closure assembly to accomplish a certain purpose

such as, dropper, sprinkler, powder shakers, etc.

Flame Treating - A method of rendering inert thermoplastic objects receptive to inks,lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc. in which the object is bathed in an open flame to promote

oxidation of the surface of the article.

Flash- Extra plastic attached to molded ware along the parting line, which must be

removed before the part can be considered finished.

FluorinationIs an extra process in which a thermoplastic article (container or closures)

is exposed to fluorine gas. The fluorine substitutes with some hydrogen atoms in the

polymer chain creating a barrier and surface enhancement. Benefits include improved

barrier properties and reduced solvent absorption and permeation.

G

Gate - Used in Injection. Injection Blow, and Injection Stretch Blow Molding. The orifice

through which the heat-softened polymer enters the cavity.

H

H Dimension The height of the bottle finish measured from the sealing surface, in a

line parallel to the axis of the finish and tangent to the threads on the finish, down to a

point where the line intersects the body (shoulder) of the container. The inside height of

the closure measured from the bottom of the closure, in a line tangent to the threads of theclosure and terminating at the inside, top of closure. For more information check out the

neck finish page.

HDPEAn abbreviation for High Density Polyethylene

Head Space - The space between the fill level of a container and the sealing surface.

HeelThe part of a bottle between the bottle bearing surface and the side wall.

Hot Runner- Flow channel for heat-softened polymer, which goes from the Plastifier to

the mold cavities. Polymer in the flow channel is kept softened so there is no runner

material to grind up and reuse.
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Hopper- Conical feed reservoir into which polymer pellets are loaded. These pellets then

fall into a heated barrel (Plastifier), sometimes through a metering device.

Hygroscopic - Tending to absorb moisture.

I

I Dimension - A specified minimum diameter inside the bottleneck. Am minimum

diameter is specified to allow sufficient clearance for filling tubes to enter the bottle neck

easily. For more information check out theneck finish page.

I.D. - An abbreviation for inside diameter

Impact resistanceRelative susceptibility of plastic to fracture by shock. Impact

resistance is indicated by the energy expended by a standard pendulum type impact

machine in breaking a standard specimen in one blow.

Injection Blow Molding - A molding process in which heat-softened polymer is injected

from a Plastifier into a mold cavity creating a Preform, which is then transferred to a BlowMold where air is blown into the Preform, forcing it to take the shape of the Blow Mold

cavity.

Injection Molding - A molding process whereby a heat-softened polymer is injected from

a Plastifier into a relatively cool cavity, which gives the article the desired shape.

Injection Molds- A mold into which a plasticated material is introduced from an exterior

heating cylinder.

Injection Stretch Blow Molding - A molding process whereby Preforms are introduced

into a cavity, stretched axially by a Stretch Rod, and then blown circumferentially to theshape of the Blow Mold cavity.

L

L Dimension The vertical distance from the sealing surface to the top part of neck

bead, i.e. where the uppermost part of the bead intersects the container neck. For a visual

example of this check out theneck finish page.

L Style Thread- A type of thread contour (cross section) roughly trapezoidal in

outline. The outermost part is radius a general purpose thread contour designed for use

with metal or plastic closures.

Light ResistanceThe ability of a plastic material to withstand exposure to light, usually

sunlight or the ultraviolet part of the light spectrum, without change of color or loss of

physical and/or chemical properties.

Lug - (1) A type of thread configuration designed so the thread segments are disposed

equidistantly around a bottle neck (finish). The closure has matching proportions that

engage each of the thread segments. (2) A small indentation or raised portion on the

surface of a container. The lug provides a means of indexing the container for operation

such as multi-color decoration or labeling.

M
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Melt Index - The amount, in grams, of a thermoplastic resin, which can be forced through

a 0.0825-inch orifice when subjected to 2160 gms. force in 10 minutes at 190 C.

MilA unit of measurement equal to .001 inch.

Minimum WallA term designating the minimum thickness of the wall of a bottle.

Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR)- The rate at which water vapor permeates

through a plastic film or bottle wall at a specified temperature and at relative humidity.

Mold - Contains the cavity or cavities of a desired part in which a heat-softened polymer

is shaped.

Mold Seam - A line formed at the point of contact of the Mold halves.

Multi-layer Bottle - A bottle that is co-extruded with two or more layers to container

oxygen sensitive foods or industrial chemicals.

N

Narrow Mouth- A finish of a plastic container in which the diameter is small relative to

the diameter of the body.

Neck- The part of a container where the shoulder cross section area decreases to form the

finish.

Neck Ring - Part of the mold assembly, which forms the neck and finish of a container.

Nozzle - Hollow cored orifice that is screwed into the extrusion end of the Plastifier. The

nozzle is designed to form a seal under pressure between the Plastifier and the Mold orRunner System. The front end of a nozzle may be either flat or spherical in shape.

O

Offset Printing - A printing technique in which ink is transferred from a reservoir to

printing plate. For the ink printing plate, the image is printed on a cylindrical rubber roll

(blanket) and then to the object to be printed.

OpaqueA term describing a material of substance, which will not transmit light.

OrientationThe alignment of the crystalline structure in polymeric materials so as toproduce a highly uniform structure. Orientation can be accomplished by cold drawing or

stretching during fabrication.

Overflow CapacityThe capacity of a container to the top of the finish or to the pont of

overflow.

P

Paneling- Distortion, sidewall collapse of a container occurring during aging or storage.

Paneling is cause by the development of a reduced pressure inside the bottle.

Parting LineA mark on a molding or casting where the halves of mold meet in closing.


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Permeability(1) The passage or diffusion of a gas, vapor, liquid or solid through a

barrier without physically or chemically affecting it. (2)The rate of such passage.

PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate ) known as thermoplastic polyester. PET has the

unusual ability to exist in either an amorphous or highly crystalline state. The crystalline

state is necessary for extruding the material. The amorphous state permits it to be

oriented. Examples of PET can be found on thePET plastic page.

PlasticizeTo soften a material and make it plastic or moldable by means of a plasticizer

or the application of heat.

Plastifier - Assembly whereby polymer pellets are fed from a Hopper into a barrel where

they drop onto a turning screw which forces the pellets forward. Heater bands wrapped

around the barrel melt the pellets as they are forced forward along the inside of the barrel.

The molten polymer is then forced out the end of the barrel through the Nozzle.

Polyolefins-(HDPE, LDPE, PP, etc.) are primarily those polymers that are flame treated.

PolyethyleneA thermoplastic material composed of polymer of ethylene. It is normallya translucent, tough, waxy solid unaffected by water and a large range of chemicals.

PolypropyleneA tough, lightweight rigid plastic made by the polymerization of high-

purity propylene gas in the presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low

pressure and temperatures.

PolystyreneA water-white thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of styrene

(vinyl benzene)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- A thermoplastic material composed of polymer of vinyl

chloride. PVC is a colorless solid with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, andconcentrated acids and alkalies.

Pour-Out Finish- A container finish having uniform undercut lips as a sealing surface.

The pour-out finish is designed to facilitate pouring with out dripping.

Preform - Used in Blow Molding processes. Heat-softened polymer is formed into a

shape similar to a thick test tube with neck threads. This tube is subsequently inflated

while inside a Blow Mold to create the shape of the desired article.

Programming- The extrusion of parison, which differs in thickness in the length direction

in order to equalize wall thickness of the blown container. It can be done with a pneumaticor hydraulic device, which activates the mandrel shaft and adjusts the mandrel position

during parison extrusion (parison programmer controller, or variator.) Varying extrusion

speed on accumilator type blow molding machines can also do it.

Push Up - The recessed area on the bottle of a bottle designed to allow an even bearing

surface on the outside edge to prevent the bottle from rocking.

R

Regrind- A thermoplastic from a processor's own production that has been reground or

re-pelletized after having been previously processed by molding.
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Release Agent - A lubricant that facilitates molding.

Resin - Any class of solid or semi-solid organic products of natural or synthetic origin,

generally of high molecular weight, with no definite melting point. Most resins are

polymers.

S

S Dimension- Locates the position of the bottle thread with respect to the sealing

surface. The S dimension is the vertical distance from the sealing surface to the

intersection of the finish wall and the top part of the first part of bottle thread where full

depth contour exists. A visual example of the S finish is located on the neck finish page.

Screen Printing (ACL)A printing technique involving the passage of printing medium,

such as ink through a web or fabric, which has been stretched on a frame, to which a

refined form of stencil has been applied. The stencil openings determine the form and

dimensions of the imprint thus produced.

Sealing SurfaceThe lip portion of the finish that make contact with the sealing gasketor liner to form a seal.

Shrinkage - The change in dimension (decrease) a molded article undergoes after being

molded. Shrinkage is cause by cooling and subsequent contraction of the plastic material.

Stretch Rod - Used in Injection Stretch Blow Molding. A rod that is introduced into the

Preform to stretch it in an axial direction prior to the Preform being blown into the shape

of the cavity.

Surface TreatingAny method of treating a plastic to alter the surface and render it

receptive to inks, paints, lacquers and adhesives. Examples of surface treating arechemical, flames or electronic treating.

T

T Dimensions The outside diameter of the thread helix on a bottle finish. For an

illustrated example of the "t:" dimension check out the neck finish page.

Thermoplastic - Material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when

cooled. Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened when cooled. Typical

of the thermoplastics family are the styrene polymers and copolymer, acrylics, celluloses,

polyethylene, vinyls, nylons, and the various fluorocarbon materials.

Top LoadThe amount of weight bearing on the top of a container. The term is

sometimes used to indicate the maximum load the container will bear without becoming

distorted.

U

UV Stabilizer - Any chemical compound which, when a thermoplastic resin, selectively

absorbs UV rays and minimizes chemical and/ or physical changes that may be

engendered by UV.

V
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VolumeReferred to as displacement and also as capacity. (1) The amount of water

displace by a model of a bottle. Volume is used to estimate its capacity. (2) The about of

product a bottle is designed to hold, i.e. up to the fill point of the bottle. (3) The over flow

capacity, i.e. the amount of product a bottle will hold when filled to overflowing.

Copyright 2005 SKS Bottle & Packaging, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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