Pluralism

Pluralism

Growing awareness of the complexity of organization

Refinement of interests and preoccupations of organization theorists

Theoretical Jungle

Is, There, can There be, a track way Through this Jungle?

Yes; But,

Motion study cultural anthropology

Can are arrange this knowledge in a kind of pattern?.

Yes;

Definition of management; getting things done for, with and through people.

1. Knowledge about the things to be done, The work.

2. Knowledge about the people who do the work.

1. Knowledge about the work

1-1. Knowledge about the Tasks we ask people to perform.

2-1. Knowledge about the relationships between the tasks we ask member of a group to perform.

2. Knowledge about the

people

1-2. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person.

2-2. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person as influenced by their membership in a social groups of all kinds.

Work processes

Behavioral Processes

Change Processes

•Sequences of activities that transform inputs into outputs

•Accomplish the work of the organization

•Operational and administrative

•New – Product development, order fulfillment, strategic planning

•Widely shared patterns of behavior and ways of acting/interacting

•Infuse and shape the way work is conducted by influencing how individuals and groups behave

•Individual and interpersonal

•Decision making, communication, organizational learning

•Sequences of events over time

•Alter the scale, character, and identity of the organization

•Autonomous and induced, incremental and revolutionary

•Creation, growth, transformation, decline

Definition

Role

Major categories

Examples

Knowledge about the tasks we ask people to perform

This knowledge about the tasks of individuals was developed from the engineering sciences-mathematics, physics, mechanics, mineralogy, etc. That is, F. W. Taylor started analyzing and

measuring exactly what was involved in the task of an operator on a lathe. From these first

studies, the applied science we call industrial or management engineering has developed.

Knowledge about the relationships between the tasks

This Knowledge developed out of the economic sciences-geography, statistics, law, and the

subject which used to be described as commerce. From these studies have developed

a whole range of applied techniques-organization and methods, cost accounting,

management accounting, budgetary control, and a whole range of new techniques centering

around the use of computers.

Knowledge about the behavior of individual person

This Knowledge about the behavior of individuals was developed out of the psychological sciences. But, these

are comparatively modern studies. It was only in the last quartile of the 20th century that Freud and Adler in Austria and Jung in Switzerland began to develop

psychology out of physiology, initially out of psychopathology, the study of the abnormal mind. The

first book known to the writer on the application of modern psychology to industrial problems was the late

Hugo Munsterberg's Psychology and Industrial Efficiency.

It was closely followed by Lillian B. Gilbreth's The Psychology of Management.

Pending the development of an adequate science of individual psychology, managers filled in with a series of

empirical techniques described as industrial relations and personnel management

Knowledge about the behavior of individual person as influenced by their membership in a social groups of all kinds.

It was not till some 25 years later, following on the Hawthorne Experiments, that attention really began to concentrate on human

behavior in groups. These studies depended on a series of so-called "behavioral sciences"-anthropology, social psychology, sociology, and political theory, leading up to political science. Accompanying

the development of these sciences was a whole body of empirical techniques described broadly as

employee relations, customer relations, trade union relations, and public relations.

Therefore knowledge about managing break down in four categories. Management, therefore, considered as a body of knowledge, rests on four groups of underlying sciences-the engineering sciences, the economic sciences, the sciences dealing with individual physiology and

psychology, and the so-called "behavioural" or social sciences