Table of Content

Subject Page noINTRODUCTION 01ASPECTS AND ACTIVITIES OF POHELA BOISHAKH: 08

THE VISION & OBJECTIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATION OF SONARGAON

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SECURITY 13RECOMMENDATION 22

FACILITIES 24

CONCLUSION 27

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INTRODUCTION:

Pohela Boishakh History - Bangla Noboborsho Celebration

Name: Pohela (Paw-hay-laa) Boishakh/Baish

Date of the Year: April 14

Culture: Bengali / Bangla

Location: India and Bangladesh

Definition & Description of Pohela Baishakh:

Bengali New Year (Bengali: নববর্ষ� Nôbobôrsho) or Poyela Boishakh (পহে�লা বৈবশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা বৈবশাখ Pôela Boishakh) is the first day of the Bengali calendar, celebrated in both Bangladesh and West Bengal, and in Bengali communities in Assam ,Tripura and Odisha and all over India as well where the Bengali community arises . It coincides with the New Year’s Days of numerous Southern Asian calendars.

In Bengali, Pohela stands for ‘first’ and Baisakh is first month of Bengali calendar

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Poila Boishakh connects all ethnic Bengalis irrespective of religious and regional differences. In India, in West Bengal and Assam, it is a public (state) holiday and is publicly celebrated in mid-April. In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday celebrated around 14 April according to the official amended calendar designed by the Bangla Academy.

Bengali New Year is referred to in Bengali as “New Year” (Bengali: নববর্ষ� Nôbobôrsho, from Sanskrit Nava(new)varṣa(year)) or “First of Boishakh” (Bengali: পহে�লা বৈবশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা বৈবশাখ Pôela Boishakh). Nobo means new and Borsho means year.

Poila Boishakh connects all ethnic Bengalis irrespective of religious and regional differences. In India, in West Bengal and Assam, it is a public (state) holiday and is publicly celebrated in mid-April. In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday celebrated around 14 April according to the official amended calendar designed by the Bangla Academy.

Boishakh/Baishakh is the first of the Bengali months where Pohela simply means “first”. The term “Pohela Boishakh” therefore, stands for the first day of the Bengali year and naturally refers to the festivity attached to this day as well. The celebration itself is called “Borsho Boron Utsab” or “Boishakhi Utsab” (the gala of Boishakh) which is held to welcome the Nobo Borsho (New Year).

It is one celebration that goes beyond geographical borders as the Bengali New Year is celebrated in the West Bengal of India as well as in Bangladesh, making it the biggest cultural festival that has survived the last few centuries where Bengalis of all walks of life come together to make it colorful, bright and joyous.

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Origin & History of Pohela Boishakh:

The story of the origin has a few versions, however, they all go back to one particular Mughal emperor, Akbar the Great and the tax colleting process under his reign (1556-1609). Several hundred years ago, the economy almost entirely depended on agricultural productions. In Bengal, the agriculture necessarily revolved around its six seasons. Under the Mughals, tax was collected on the basis of Arabic or Hijri year that did not exactly go hand in hand with the seasonal cycle of this region. For instance, when it was time for the landowners to collect taxes, the peasants would still be waiting to reap their products from the fields.

This way, following a lunar calendar that hijri year was based upon, proved inconvenient for all the parties involved. Realizing the urgency of reformation in the existing year system, the Baadshah (emperor) gave one of the many renowned scholars of his court, Fatelluah Shiraji the responsibility to make the necessary amendments. The new calendar was designed keeping the nature of all six seasons, their duration and contribution to the agriculture in mind. Some scholars argue that Pohela Boishakh was anything but a reason for festivity for the peasants who comprised the majority of the population when they had to pay off their taxes on the last day of Chaitra/ Choitro, the month before Boishakh.

Besides, the landlords, to collect the taxes, often subjected the grassroot people to physical force. Such circumstances were most unlikely to leave people in a mood for festivity by the time the Pohela Boishakh was knocking on their doors. Despite having enough reasons for it to be the contrary, Pohela Boishakh was a time for celebration. To avoid any serious rebellion, Baadshah Akbar introduced the masterfully crafted custom of the New Year celebration that took place right after the tax-paying day. The amusements and feasts that used to be arranged helped to smoothen the harshness of the tax paying and sow the hopes for a better year among all.

As mentioned earlier, the celebration of Bengali New Year, Pohela Boishakh, takes place both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. But, Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh did not receive a collective form until 1965. During the growing movement for an independent state from Pakistan that began by the end of the 1940s and continued until the independence in 1971, the former Pakistani Government implemented many policies that were somewhat modified versions of the British “Divide and Rule” principle.

In other words, those policies were meant to differentiate a Bengali Muslim from others and avoid a strong, joint movement for independence. As a continuation to such steps, the Pakistani government banned poems by the Noble winning Bengali author, Shree Rabindranath Tagore. Then, Chhayanaut, the only major Fine Arts institution of the time designed their cultural show for Pohela Boishakh to be a means of protest. The Pohela Boishakh that takes place under the Banyan tree of Ramna Park in Dhaka ever since was to open with Boishakhi songs by Tagore.

This way, Pohela Boishakh became one with the nationalist notions of the Bengali people who resided in the East Pakistan, known as Bangladesh today. The fine Arts Institute (CharuKala Institute) of Dhaka University enhanced the attraction of the day in the late 1980s by adding Boishakhi Parade (Shobha Jatra) so that a growing participation and acceptance is ensured. Soon,

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an attempt by a few hundred people to uphold the Bengali traditions and unify Bengalis while doing it, transformed into a national event.

In the West Bengal, Bengali New Year celebration has ties to religious values as well. The entire month of Boishakh is considered auspicious. Therefore, the first day by itself is reason enough for festivity. For the Hindu, the day begins with Puja (religious ritual) followed by cultural shows. Because of its being considered auspicious, Boishakh is the month when most Hindu weddings take place in both Bengals.    

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Pohela Boishakh in Dhaka

Students of Charukala (Fine Arts) Institute, Dhaka University preparing for Pohela Boishakh

Colorful celebration of Pohela Boishakh in Dhaka.

New Year’s festivities are closely linked with rural life in Bengal. Usually on Pohela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends and neighbours. Special foods are prepared to entertain guests. This is one rural festival that has become enormously big in the cities, especially in Dhaka.

Boishakhi fairs are arranged in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers staging jatra (traditional plays), pala gan, kobigan, jarigan, gambhira gan, gazir gan and alkap gan. They present folk songs as well as baul, marfati, murshidi and bhatiali songs. Narrative plays like Laila-Majnu, Yusuf-Zulekha and Radha-Krishna are staged. Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.

Many old festivals connected with New Year’s Day have disappeared, while new festivals have been added. With the abolition of the zamindari system, the punya connected with the closing of land revenue accounts has disappeared. Kite flying in Dhaka and bull racing in Munshiganj used to be very colourful events. Other popular village games and sports were horse races, bullfights,

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cockfights, flying pigeons, and boat racing. Some festivals, however, continue to be observed; for example, bali (wrestling) in Chittagong and gambhira in Rajshahi are still popular events.

Observance of Pohela Boishakh has become popular in the cities. Early in the morning, people gather under a big tree or on the bank of a lake to witness the sunrise. Artists present songs to usher in the new year. People from all walks of life wear traditional Bengali attire: young women wear white saris with red borders, and adorn themselves with churi bangles, ful flowers, and tip (bindis). Men wear white paejama (pants) or lungi(dhoti/dhuti) (long skirt) and kurta (tunic). Many townspeople start the day with the traditional breakfast of panta bhat (rice soaked in water), green chillies, onion, and fried hilsa fish.

Panta Ilish – a traditional platter of leftover rice soaked in water with fried Hilsa, supplemented with dried fish (Shutki), pickles (Achar), lentils (dal), green chillies and onion – a popular dish for the Pohela Boishakh festival.

The most colourful New Year’s Day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore’s famous song, এহে�, হে� বৈবশাখ, এহে� এহে� Esho, he Boishakh, Esho Esho (Come, O Boishakh, Come, Come). A similar ceremony welcoming the new year is also held at the Institute of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute take out a colourful procession and parade round the campus. Social and cultural organisations celebrate the day with cultural programmes. Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programmes on radio and television.

The historical importance of Pohela Boishakh in the Bangladeshi context may be dated from the observance of the day by Chhayanat in 1965. In an attempt to suppress Bengali culture, the Pakistani Government had banned poems written by Rabindranath Tagore, the most famous poet and writer in Bengali literature. Protesting this move, Chhayanat opened their Pohela Boishakh celebrations at Ramna Park with Tagore’s song welcoming the month. The day continued to be celebrated in East Pakistan as a symbol of Bengali culture. After 1972 it became a national festival, a symbol of the Bangladesh nationalist movement and an integral part of the people’s cultural heritage. Later, in the mid- 1980s the Institute of Fine Arts added colour to the day by initiating the Boishakhi parade, which is much like a carnival parade.

Today, Pohela Boishakh celebrations also mark a day of cultural unity without distinction between class or religious affiliations. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pohela Boishakh comes without any preexisting expectations (specific religious identity, culture of gift-giving, etc.). Unlike holidays like Eid ul-Fitr, where dressing up in lavish clothes has become a norm, or Christmas where exchanging gifts has become an integral part of the holiday, Pohela Boishakh is really about celebrating the simpler, rural roots of the Bengal. As a result, more people can participate in the festivities together without the burden of having to reveal one’s class, religion, or financial capacity.

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Pohela Boishakh in Kolkata

In Kolkata, Pohela Boishakh (and indeed the entire month of Boishakh) is considered to be an auspicious time for marriages. These days people wear new clothes and go about socialising. Choitro, the last month of the previous year, is the month of hectic activities and frantic purchases. Garment traders organise a Choitro sale and sell the garments with heavy discounts.

Pohela Boishakh is the day for cultural programmes. Prayers are offered for the well-being and prosperity of the family. Young ladies clad in white saris with red borders and men clad in dhuti and kurta take part in the Probhat Pheri processions early in the morning to welcome the first day of the year.

This day being auspicious, new businesses and new ventures are started. The Mahurat is performed, marking the beginning of new ventures.

Pohela Boishakh is the beginning of all business activities in Bengal. The Bengali Hindu traders purchase new accounting book. The accounting in the halkhata begins only after offering puja. Mantras are chanted and স্বস্তি�ক shostik (“Hindu swastika”) are drawn on the accounting book by the priests. Long queues of devotees are seen in front of the Kalighat temple from late night. Devotees offer puja to receive the blessings of the almighty.

On Pohela Boishakh various fairs are held in West Bengal. The most famous of these is Bangla Sangit Mela, held at Nandan-Rabindra Sadan ground. This fair is conducted by the Government of West Bengal.

In Chittagong Hill Tracts

In the Chittagong Hill Tracts three different ethnic minority groups come together to merge their observance with Pohela Baishakh. Boisuk of Tripura people, Sangrai of Marma people and Biju of Chakma people have come together as Boi-Sa-Bi, a day of a wide variety of festivities that is observed on the last day of Chaitra i.e. 13 April. The day is a public holiday in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

 

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Aspects and Activities of Pohela Boishakh:

In Bangladesh, the day begins before the break of dawn when crowd gathers in Ramna Park for the Cultural show held by Chhayanat every year. Women mainly wear white Shari with red border. Since Boishakh brings spring, women adorn their hair with flowers and wear colorful churi (bangles) that symbolizes the many colors and renewed life in nature. On the other hand, men mainly wear traditional Panjabi with Paayjama, Lungi or Dhuti/Dhoti.

Boishakhi Parade (Mongol Shova jatra): Boishakhi Mongol Shobha Jatra is one of the biggest attractions of the day. Very early in the morning, the rally starts from the CharuKala Institute of Dhaka University.

Boishakhi Fair (Mela): It is arranged all over the country and continues for at least a week. There are a wide range of products and activities that make the fair an attraction to all age groups. From home accessories to anything and everything that speaks Bengali authenticity, find their way to here. One of the fun aspects of the Boishakhi Mela is the joy ride like the Merry-Go-Round and Ferris wheel. The ones seen in this fair are different in that these are much smaller with a simpler structure made out of wood and bamboo and lacking engines to run them. In stead, two or more men stand beside these rides to push.

Aalpona: In the front yard and staircases, miniature Aalponas or Rangolies, traditional designs, are drawn using bright colors like red, green, blue and yellow as well as powdered rice. Drawing gigantic Aalponas in the main streets and walls all nightlong is one fun activity where both male and female participates.  

Haalkhata: It is the ritual of closing the old Ledger and opening a new one with new entries on Pohela Boishakh. Traders involved in gold, clothing or food business send out invitations to old customers and entertain them with sweets.

Sports:  Rural sports such as Nouka Baich (boat race), Kite flying, Bull Racing, and flying pigeons are among the more popular ones.

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Cultural Activities of Pohela Boishakh:

Folk songs such as Palagan, kavigan, Jarigan, Gambhira gan, Gazirgan, baul, marfati, murshidi and bhatiali songs are staged. So are Jatra (one kind of plays) and other form of Bengali performing arts.

Activities of Different Cultural Organization on Pohela Boishakh

Different cultural organization takes participation to celebrate Pahela Boishak , first day o f theBangla New Year .

The main program of the day begin with the sun rise at RamnaBatamul, where artistes of chhayanaut ,a cultural organization sing the traditional song of Robindranath Tagore—“ Esho Hey Baishak”

A Mangal Shobhajatra , a celebrateory procession on the occasion of Pohela Boishak, also the main festivals of different indigenous community, start from the Faculty Of Fine Arts of Dhaka University in the morning.

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The festivals goers flock to Boishakhi Mela ( Fair) , a major feature of the celebration , in different parts of the Dhaka city.

People enjoy food like Panta Bhat( rice soaked in water ) with hilsha fish and chili.

Bangladesh Betar and television channels air special programs while news paper published special supplements on the program.

Bangladesh Shishu Kalyan Parishad organized a two day program , including discussion and cultural function on its premises.

Songkranti Alliance organisde a concer on Kalabagan play ground, while Banani Society organized cultural programs at Banani Park.

Sargam Lalitokola Academy organized a competition for children at sector -3 in Dhanmondi.

Different public and private universities including Jahangirnagar University, North South University, Stamford universities etc also organized different cultural program.

Westin Hotel celebrated the occasion throurh holding traditional bioscope show, snakes and ladders(sap ludu) and horse ride.

Dhaka bashi(residents of Dhaka) brought out procession at 11:00 am from the premises of Bangladesh Shishu Academy, while “Chittagong Samity hold cultural programs.

Bangladesh Paribesh Andolan (Bapa) organized a kite flying festivals and kite exibitoin on Dhaka Univesity central play ground at 10:ooam.

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Bangladesh Group Theater Federation organized program at Bangladesh Shilpokola academy at the evening with the participation of leading artists of the country.

Other special Activities

Three day ‘Boisabi’ utsab (festival) celebrated by the indigenous people of tjree hill districts- Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari.through the different phase of the program they shed the sorrows of the past year and welcomed the new year. The first day of the festivals is called “Phulbiju” the second day is “Mulbiju” and the third day or the first day of the Bangla New Year is called “Gojya Pojya Din”Tripuras call the festival as Boishuk , the Marmas as Sangrai and Chakmas as Biju and the first2-3 words of all the three names form the word ‘Boisabi’.

Unoiversity students painted the worlds largest alpana( motif) in the world on the both sides of Manik Mia Avenue in the capital.Five eminentartists coordinate the 350000 square feet motif represtaning the flok culture of Bangladesh.

Souls reunion in on boarder.With the first sun of 1419 risining on the horizon a feeling of joy swept over them at the thought of meeting those form whom they were separated by man made boarder. It was at OmarKhana boarder in Panchagar sadar upazilla on Saturday, the first day of boishak thousands of Bangla speaking people had get together from two sides of the fence, though only for four hours from noon.

Mughal emperior Akbar introduced the tradition of celebrating the Bangla New Year in relation to closing of the annual tax collection .Traditionally, traders and shopkeepers open “Halkhata” ( new account register) on the day and serve sweetmeats to clients.

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Security

Around 14000 members of the law enforcing agencies were deployed on the occasion in the capital to ensure security of the festivals goers. Law enforcers had tightened security and issued traffic and necessary instruction on the celebration of Pohela Boishak smooth and pleasant for Dhaka city people. As a part of the security measures the law enforcers had introduced a security robot which were able to identify bomb and explosive and automatically dispose them.

About 50000 law enforcers were deployed at different points in and outside of the capital.

Law enforcers had installed surveillance cameras ( CCTVs ) , observation posts, outposts, and sub-post to ensure security.

DMP requested people to use Engineering Institute gate, TSC gate and the gate near Doel Chattar of DU to enter Sarwardy Uddan and use Shishu park gate and Kali Temple gate as exit .

Parents were requested to write down their phone number and address and keep it in the pocket of their children cloths in case it can help the law enforcers in case they got lost.

There were also vehicle instruction for the visitors who came to celebrate the function by the High Court.

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A Four-Tier Security in Place For Pahela Baishakh Celebration At Ramna Batamul

Aripl 12, Dhaka (Tazakhobor.com): A four-tier security will be in place with a combined force of nearly 12,500 police and Rapid Action Battalion members for Pahela Baishakh program in Dhaka On April 14th This year.

The law enforcement agencies insured that they have taken all steps to seal off all loopholes in the security measures, which they called “fullproof" security arrangement in and around the Ramna Park on the eve of Pahela Baishakh, the first day of the Bengali New Year on April 14. IGP Noor Mohammad has informed press that a total of 30 CCTVs will be especially set up at key spots, and another 8 CCTV at Rabindra Sorovor in Dhanmondi.

RAD officials have informed that  atleast 2,500 RAB members will be deployed in capital city on 1st day of Bengali New Year Day 1417. Around 1,000  RAB members will patrol around Ramna. RAB officials also informed press that they will take special security measure for Charukola, from where the Mongol Shovajatra, or special New Year parade will start.

With the growing concern of terrorist activities, DMP chief and other RAB officials have visited the Ramna Batamul yesterday and have expressed their confidence about the tighter security measure.

A. Crowd Actions

To have an effective plan, facility management must be aware of the characteristics of the audience attracted by a particular event. Once the facility operator, police commander and event promotor know their crowd they must plan accordingly. Sociologist Dr. Irving Goldaber has pointed out that the way patrons perceive the environment and the various "sociological signals" they receive at an event whether consciously or unconsciously can escalate or de-escalate patron emotion and influence their behavior. For example, the general attitude of the facility staff and of the interior and exterior security and law enforcement personnel, as well as the promulgation and enforcement of patron house rules combine to produce additional "signals" to influence patron behavior. Other "signals" include reliable door opening policy and truthfulness in communicating about alterations in event programming. When people are informed of changes and delays and the reasons for them, they can more readily accept those delays. While patrons are waiting, the provision of necessary comforts becomes crucial and can diminish discomfort and impatience.

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Hundreds of thousands of events are held nationally and few, if any, have problems. But unquestionably, new and unexpected difficulties have been arising. In major cities, for example, some police officers have informally estimated that at any one time anywhere from one half to two percent of the spectators at sporting events are carrying handguns. Dr. Goldaber speaks of four types of conditions that can create crowd management problems: 1) Problems created by a crowd from within; 2) Problems created for a crowd from outside; 3) Environmental catastrophe; and 4) Rumor. These threats must be considered by those responsible for managing crowds.

B. Public Education

Schools, governmental and social service agencies have prepared us to confront many situations which pose serious threats to our personal safety. Fire drills teach effective escape procedures; driver educations courses encourage safe driving; and first aid, saving lives. Yet, there is little to guide the public to anticipate and respond to danger signals in crowds. Education about crowd dynamics and the role of individuals in crowds is sorely needed on a national basis. The consequences of the various modes of individual and groups behavior should be afforded equal importance with other safety programs by governmental, educational, and public services agencies. It is time to include this safety concern with others taught to the public.

The media can also play a significant role in public education by promoting special features, programs, and public service announcements relating to crowd safety and personal and group responsibilities. They can help discourage present safety hazards at large events such as the use of open flames and firecrackers. They can also monitor the crowd management techniques of facilities at indoor and outdoor events for their audiences. Facilities, too, can educate the public by publicizing and enforcing their house rules and by setting a courteous, professional level of conduct for their staff.

3. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

Drug and alcohol abuse is a national crisis, not just a problem at rock concerts. That recognition does not, however, diminish the problem at rock concerts and at other events where patrons use illegal drugs or abuse alcohol. The complex and overwhelming task of enforcing drug and alcohol laws at major events without violating individuals rights has facilities and law enforcement agencies directing their attention to drug sellers rather than to users. This, in turn, has created a belief among patrons that the illegal use of drugs/alcohol is possible if not acceptable at major events. New and equitable methods of enforcing relevant laws are needed. This is an area where facility operators and law enforcement agencies must cooperate and patrons, regardless of age or social standing, must assume the consequences of breaking the law.

The sale of alcoholic beverages at rock concerts and other events where rowdy audiences are

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expected or where a high percentage of the audience will be under the legal age for consuming alcohol can have adverse effects. When these conditions exist - rowdiness, high level of excitability - the potential for and detrimental effects of alcohol abuse become very real. Even though a prohibition on alcohol sales may reduce concession profits, many facility operators by such action reflect their concern for the safety of their patrons.

4. Roles and Responsibilities

The role and responsibility of those parties involved in an event should be specified in writing and known to all prior to an event.

There must be a clear understanding by all involved of the chain of command and the duties that each person is to perform. An important aid in this endeavor is an event management plan produced by the facility or promoter with the cooperation of public agencies that specifies names, duties and location of the people at the event; lines of communication; contingency plans; door opening; method of plan implementation; a checklist of personnel, equipment and procedures; expected crowd size and characteristics; and normal and emergency egress/ingress procedures.

Those with a role in planning, organizing and controlling events cooperatively must find ways to: 1) anticipate potential sources of danger in public gatherings, 2) take steps to prevent trouble when and where possible, and 3) be prepared to respond to trouble quickly and effectively when, and if, necessary.

A. Local Government

Through laws and their enforcement, local government influences the character of event management by establishing building and safety codes and by determining facility capacity, seating configurations, and other related items. Government also influences an event by the manner by which it provides such services as police, waste collection and traffic control.

B. Police

In 1972, an American Bar Association report, The Urban Police Function, noted that police responsibilities are frequently the result of "design and default". Because it is often assumed that police can and will take on all manner of broad responsibilities, they sometimes carry out duties and functions for which there are no written policy directives. While the need for law enforcement remains the paramount duty of the police, there is an ever increasing demand in the other areas of policing. This is especially true where crowd management is required. Generally speaking, the role of police at events is to enforce laws and to manage crowds on or adjoining public property in cooperation and with the necessary support of the facility operator and/or event

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promoter.

C. Fire

The Fire Division is responsible for making unscheduled and routine inspections of facilities to enforce local fire and building codes. It also has the responsibility of citing a facility operator or patron for violation of safety laws. Their authority to require safe exiting conditions, as well as to enforce capacity and safety regulations, and their relationship to other personnel should be clearly defined in advance. Fire personnel, like other appropriate city personnel, should be involved in the advance planning of an event to assure an acceptable level of compliance with fire and life safety codes.

D. Facility Management

Next to local government, facility management has the most influence on crowd safety and on the activities of promoters and entertainers. No matter how a contract between a facility and promoter is written, local facility management must acknowledge and accept its obligation for the safety of the community that it serves. Facility management has primary responsibility for assuring safe conditions in compliance with applicable statutes and reasonable standards. That responsibility also requires cooperative efforts with law enforcement and other event managers. But that cooperation should not relieve facility management of its accountability for providing resources for safe and successful events. Of course law enforcement officials can take over direction and control in emergencies, but that should not dilute management responsibility for taking all reasonable steps to assure that emergencies don't happen.

The establishment of house rules and the strict enforcement of those rules and local laws determine how the patrons, promoters, and the entertainers will behave.

Many facilities train their crowd management personnel and provide orientation manuals for staff and security. These manuals describe audience characteristics, problem areas, staff functions, house rules, and emergency plans and facility layouts. They deal will types and levels of security and familiarize personnel with management objectives. The use of such manuals underscores the notion that the best crowd management results are obtained when there is active cooperation between facility management and personnel, promoters, and public agencies.

E. Promoter

The promoter is the broker between the entertainer and the facility and plays a critical role in preparation of contracts. The promoter obtains the use of the desired facility, prepares appropriate contracts between facility and entertainer, arranges for event promotion and ticket sales, and pays

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for security requirements. The promoter is also likely to pay the taxes on the entertainers' profits and may even arrange to provide the entertainers' meals and snacks. Promoters are paid by the performers to organize the event and most often work independently of facilities.

The promoter's responsibilities are to coordinate all aspects of an event with facility and government officials to assure that an event complies with local safety laws. Promoters often prepare their own event management plan for an event, listing personnel responsibilities and an event timetable, and usually share this material with the other parties in an event.

F. Entertainers

Entertainers have varying degrees of influence over the promotion and execution of their performances. The most popular can often demand a certain type of seating, determine the audience size, within the legal capacity of a facility, set ticket prices and promotional arrangements, and stipulate when the doors will be open prior to their show.

Most entertainers realize the influence they maintain over their audiences and do not exploit it. With their support, a facility is better able to discourage open flames, blocking aisles, use of fireworks, drug and alcohol abuse, etc. There are, however, those who will intentionally and irresponsibility incite their audiences to a level of behavior where fighting, vandalism, or rowdyism may occur. If this happens the performers must be held fully accountable for their actions.

G. Private Police

Some private police are commissioned in Cincinnati by the Police Chief and employed by private businesses or individuals. Some private police are hired to perform security functions but are not commissioned. Whether commissioned or not, their authority is limited to the premises of their employer. Although there are similarities between public law enforcement officers and private police, there is a fundamental difference: the law enforcement officer has more extensive authority, responsibility and training.

H. Ushers

In additional to seating patrons, an usher's duties include enforcing of house rules, maintaining order, reporting security problems to private police or others, keeping people out of the aisles, and enforcing open flame and smoking regulations. Ushers should remain at their posts until and event is completed.

I. Peer Security

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Peer, or Tee-Shirt security is a product of rock concerts. Hired by promoters to protect the stage area, screen patrons for contraband and to do other special assignments, peer security personnel are people of similar age and background to the patrons and, therefore, presumably have good rapport with them. Peer security can also serve as an effective buffer or mediator between uniformed security and patrons in tense situations.

They are usually recognizable by the specially designed tee-shirts that they wear. The Spectrum, in Philadelphia, has departed from this casual look of peer security and supplies specially designed outfits for their own youthful security personnel.

J. Patrons

Though a careful and elaborate crowd management plan may be implemented, it cannot be fully effective without patron cooperation. Nor can it protect individuals from self-inflicted harm.

In a crowd, patrons should always be aware of the possible effect of their actions on the safety of the whole group. Pushing, fighting, spreading rumors, the use of firecrackers or projectiles all can cause severe repercussions that the instigator may never have considered. An audience's tolerance of abusive actions further jeopardizes its own safety.

Responsible patrons will acquaint themselves with local laws and facility house rules and should not hesitate to report situations that threaten their safety to the facility management, promoter and/or the media. In many instances, the pressure of public opinion is the best regulator of private industry.

5. Tickets and Queueing

A. Sale of Tickets

Tickets for most events in Cincinnati, including rock concerts, are sold through Ticketron, Inc., a computerized ticket system with outlets in stores and shopping centers. By using computer technology and standardized ticket design, Ticketron can sell tickets to an event at both local and non-local sites for the convenience of its patrons. The elimination of festival seating and restrictions on general admission seating may have unexpected repercussions at ticket outlets, especially for "superstar" performances. While reserved seating largely removes the factors which cause early and overwhelming crowds to gather hours before an event, reserved seating can instead result in the early gathering of large crowds at ticket outlets who have come to purchase tickets for the limited prime seating areas. These factors can cause problems and difficulties for ticket outlets. To help relieve this problem, two options are suggested: 1) The actual date, time and location that the tickets are to go on sale should not be announced prior to the time that

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tickets are released for sale. 2) When the demand for tickets is expected to exceed the available seating capacity, a mail order system of ticket sales should be implemented.

B. Appearance of Tickets

At present, all Ticketron tickets are similar in color and overall appearance. Hence it may be difficult for ticket takers and others to screen patrons with bogus tickets, especially when the rate of patron flow is high.

A variation in ticket color or format would aid those facility and security officials attempting to prevent patrons with invalid tickets from gaining access to an event at which they do not belong.

A ticket should also state the specified entrance the ticket holder is to enter.

C. Ticket Taking

In determining the number of ticket takers to be employed, most facility operators use a ratio of one ticket taker for about every 1,000 ticket holders. The actual ratio may vary and depends on the actual crowd size, location of contraband searches, type of entertainment and the architectural design of the building. The efficient movement of ticket holders is critical in preventing crowds from gathering outside a facility. Limiting entrances and using fewer doors, or opening and closing doors to control crowd movement are very dangerous practices. They only serve to increase anxiety in a crowd and make it more difficult to manage. It is much more effective to separate people in a crowd by using many entrances, by queueing, and by providing for the proper ratio of ticket takers and doors to patrons. Dispersing entering crowds through multi-entrances is particularly effective in processing people efficiently into a facility.

D. Queueing

Whenever large crowds gather for the purpose of peaceably entering an area it is vital that the processing of those people be organized, orderly and disciplined, and, if ticket taking is going to take place, that it be coordinated with the queueing of patrons.

There are two major types of queues, linear and bulk, as described by pedestrian planner Dr. John Fruin in his book entitled Pedestrian Planning and Design. In linear queueing people line up in single file. In a bulk queueing there are no defined lines, but simply a large amorphous mass.

Many facility in cooperation with law enforcement agencies queue their patrons in zig-zag lines, around buildings, and on sidewalks. Often queues are further organized by metering (when sections of a queue enter a facility in a measured and regulated manner). In this way, patrons can claim a particular space, feel less anxious about their ability to enter in an orderly fashion and can

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judge better the length of time it will take them to enter, as they progress in a line. Using a queue means having control over a large crowd. It also prevents the potential hazard of a mob craze-the sense of urgency causing a rush toward an entry point. This sense of urgency or anxiety is the crucial factor that must be removed. The type of queueing to be used, along with the other procedures, like metering must be planned in order to minimize the potential for crowd disorders outside of a facility.

6. Contraband Screening

Searching patrons for contraband has become increasingly prevalent. Pre-admission screening is a reasonable preventive measure to prohibit or reduce such items as weapons, dangerous objects, alcohol, drugs and other undesirable objects and substances from being introduced on to the premises. City Council should specify by ordinance contraband materials not allowable at major events and also require the contraband prohibition to be posted at the event and on tickets.

Legal considerations suggest that the screening of patrons for contraband is best performed by private security and not public law enforcement officers.

7. Crowd Management Planning

Safety aspects at facilities are routinely inspected by the Fire Division and Building Department to assure their compliance with City regulations. The adherence to numerous City codes is pivotal to providing safe environment for the public. What is needed beyond that is a method for assessing a facility management's or an event promoter's preparedness to accommodate its patrons safety. Having a formal crowd management plan is equally as important as compliance with safety regulations. The City should require crowd management plans of all facilities and/or event promoters contemplating hosting or sponsoring events attracting 2,000 or more people. These plans should be prepared in writing and presented to the City for public filing. Plans could be written for categories of events and, when necessary, for specific events. The format and requirements of a plan should be determined by the City, facility operators, private security, promoters and other concerned parties.

A copy of a facility's crowd management plan should be on file with the City and accessible to the public so they may understand what kind of crowd management to expect. The required filing of a plan will make it difficult for complacency to return to the issue of crowd safety.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

1. City Council should study and implement new and equitable methods of enforcing all laws governing events.

2. The sale of alcoholic beverages should be prohibited at events where unruly audiences are expected or where a high percentage of the audience is under the legal age for consuming alcohol.

3. The roles and responsibilities of parties involved in an event should be specified in writing and made known prior to an event.

4. Facility management must accept responsibility for the safety and enjoyment of the people who patronize its facility. Management should coordinate its efforts with police, fire and medical personnel.

5. Facility management should train its personnel in crowd management and provide manuals for staff and security.

6. Entertainers should cooperate with public safety laws.7. The entertainment media should promote special features, programs, and public service

announcements relating to crowd safety and individual and group responsibilities.8. Ushers should remain at their posts until an event is completed.9. Patrons should be encouraged to report situations that threaten their safety to the facility

personnel, promoter, local government officials and/or media.10. Public education in crowd dynamics should be afforded equal importance to other safety

programs by government, educational and public service agencies.11. Facilities should educate their public by publicizing and enforcing their house rules, local

laws, and by setting a courteous, professional standard of conduct by their personnel.12. The date that tickets to an event will go on sale should not be announced until the tickets

are available for sale.13. When the demand for tickets to an event is expected to exceed the capacity of ticket sales

outlets to accommodate ticket buyers or to pose problems for ticket sales sites, a mail order system for ticket sales should be implemented.

14. When more than one entrance to a facility is to be used, tickets should specify the particular entrance the ticket holder should enter.

15. Tickets should be printed with a clear warning against contraband such as, "Alcohol, drugs, and weapons are not permitted on premises."

16. A facility should separate crowds by using multi-entrances, queueing, and by providing a proper ratio of doors and ticket takers to patrons.

17. Facility security personnel should screen patrons for contraband, not City police officers.18. The City should require facility managers and/or event promoters sponsoring events that

are expected to attract more than 2,000 people to file crowd management plans. Copies of such plans filed with the City should be available to the public so citizens can know the levels of crowd management to expect.

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Celebrations of Pahela Baishakh is very common in whole Bangladesh. Observance of Pahela Baishakh has become popular in whole countries but mostly in the cities. The most colorful New Year’s Day festival takes place in Dhaka University area. Large numbers of people gather from early in the morning and its increasing much with day light increasing. Whole day people stay in Dhaka University area and creating a huge crowd. This crowd reduces joy and glory of that day and creating huge boring in our mind as well as in environment.We should take care against that crowd for effective joys of our glorious Pohela Boishak. Crowd management is the controlling of crowd, preventing the outbreak of disorder and prevention of huge gathering.

Here in below we are going to show the ways by which we can properly manage crowd at pahela Baishak.

Overall plan and coordination for mitigating that crowd. Creating effective awareness within common people. Developing another place with DU for celebrating this occasion. Organizer must be organized that program most systematically. Govt. should ensure proactive steps for reducing gathering. Providing crowd management training to organizer. Forming a social group for crowd management in our great pohela Baishak. Proper communication with people for that crowd. Public speaking: conferences, seminars, training. Expert comments for crowd management. The entertainment media should promote special features, programs, and public service

announcements relating to crowd safety and individual and group responsibilities. Ensuring proper Security and Safety against gathering Implementing some D-Marketing policy for celebrating Pohela Boishak with our DU. Ensuring joyous events for kids in Dhanmondi Lake , Ramna Park, and if possible in

Stadium.

Basically by creating alternative place for celebrating Pohela Boishak and effective awareness for crowd management are best way for reducing crowd. Laws and any legal policy from govt. cant ensure omitting crowd because it’s a program for whole nation and this place is for whole people.

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FAILITIES:

Crowd management includes

Congestion Management

Overcrowding

Crowd crush

Though no more significant strategies are followed for managing the crowd of pahela baishakh which is a big event in our country,our govt,ploice ,facilities management authority worked together for managing the crowd of last pahela baishakh.Here some recommendation are provided for crowd management:

Govt. needs to implement new and equitable methods of enforcing all laws for this event.

The sale of alcoholic beverages should be prohibited at events where unruly audiences are expected or where a high percentage of the audience is under the legal age for consuming alcohol.

The roles and responsibilities of parties involved in this event should be specified in writing and made known prior to an event.

Facility management must accept responsibility for the safety and enjoyment of the people who patronize its facility. Management should coordinate its efforts with police, fire and medical personnel.

Facility management should train its personnel in crowd management and provide manuals for staff and security.

Entertainers should cooperate with public safety laws.

The entertainment media should promote special features, programs, and public service announcements relating to crowd safety and individual and group responsibilities.

Ushers should remain at their posts until an event is completed.

Patrons should be encouraged to report situations that threaten their safety to the facility personnel, promoter, local government officials and/or media

Public education in crowd dynamics should be afforded equal importance to other safety programs by government, educational and public service agencies.

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Facilities should educate their public by publicizing and enforcing their house rules, local laws, and by setting a courteous, professional standard of conduct by their personnel.

Facility should separate crowds by using multi-entrances, queueing.

Facility security personnel should screen patrons .

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CONCLUSION:

Pohela Boishakh is a major event organized in Bangladesh every year. It has an

ethnic appeal to it.. We strongly believe that we can make this particular secular event

as one of the major attraction for international tourists. So, it is high time we took one

step forward to make the event furnished with global appeal to it.

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