Pokbah 5 Research Proposal

7/17/2019 Pokbah 5 Research Proposal

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Research Proposal

D.A. Suriamihardja

Diambil dari Dr. Ir. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti



Research proposals have many

different functions. Some of these are:

• ToTo convinceconvince other people,other people, like otherlike otherresearchers, researchresearchers, research funding agencies,funding agencies,educational institutions, and supervisors,thateducational institutions, and supervisors,thatyour research is worth spending scarceyour research is worth spending scarceresources on.resources on. You convince people of the value You convince people of the value

of your work by showingthem how yourof your work by showingthem how yourresearch will make a dierence to the world,orresearch will make a dierence to the world,orby identifying a dilemma in existing theoryby identifying a dilemma in existing theorywhich yourwhich your research will help resolve.research will help resolve.

• ToTo demonstrate expertisedemonstrate expertise in a particular areain a particular areaof studyof study.. You You want to convince people that youwant to convince people that youhave enoughhave enough understanding of the researchunderstanding of the researchtopic and to be able to do thetopic and to be able to do the researchresearchproperly.properly. You do this by intelligently You do this by intelligently

summarizingsummarizing,, comparing and integrating allcomparing and integrating allthe relevant theory andthe relevant theory and existing researchexisting researchpertaining to yourpertaining to your topic.topic.



(3 !o demonstrate competency in a particular area ofstudy. It is also vital that your proposal convinces

the reader that you have all the necessary s"ills tocarry out the proposed study. #ou do this bydescribin$ an appropriate and feasible researchmethod.

(% !o serve as a contract Research often involvescontracts between different individuals or $roupsor people. !he proposal states clearly what eachparty is e&pected to brin$ to the research' howresources will be used' and when the researchshould be completed.

( !o serve as a planning tool. )any researchpro*ects fail because they are not properlyplanned. +ven when badly planned research doeseventually reach its conclusion' it is typically verystressful to the researcher. ,hen a clear plan ofaction is in place from the be$innin$ the research

is much more li"ely to proceed smoothly and to besuccessful.



-oncept )appin$-oncept )appin$





irst you need a clear research question.

Researchers $et their research /uestions

from many different places. (1) Observation of the World

0ften a researcher will notice a peculiarity in theirworld and start to wonder about it. Sometimes this

produces a research /uestion.

(2) Theory

In many areas of the social sciences and humanitiesthere e&ist competin$ theories. !hat is' different

theories that e&plain the same phenomenon indifferent ways. 1y e&aminin$ the different theoriescarefully it is possible to desi$n research /uestionswhich will help us to understand which theory ismore accurate. !hus' conflictin$ theoretical

positions are an important source of research/uestions.



(3) revious !esearch

No study ever answers all the /uestions that we

want to as" about a particular sub*ect. Newresearch findin$s nearly always inspire newresearch /uestions. Sometimes' it is becausethese findin$s are surprisin$' or because theyconflict with e&istin$ theory' or other research

findin$s.(") ractical #oncerns

2ery often researchers will be confronted by aproblem in their own lives or become aware of theproblems facin$ other people in their community.

)uch research is aimed at solvin$ immediateproblems in the world.

($) ersonal %nterest

inally' it is often the case that researchers havetheir own special areas of interest' and that their

interest inspires their research topics.



!here is no sin$le format for research proposals. !his is

because every research pro*ect is different. Different

disciplines' donor or$anisations and academicinstitutions all have different formats and re/uirements.

!here are' however' several "ey components which

must be included in every research

!he "ey components are:

( 4 description of the research problem.

(5 4n ar$ument as to why that problem is important.

(3 4 review of literature relevant to the research

problem.(% 4 description of the proposed research

methodolo$y.

( 4 description of how the research findin$s will be

used and6or disseminated.



!he !itle

• !he perfect title tells the reader what the proposalis about. It should be concise' accurate and

informative. Remember' the title is what the

reader will first see in a contents list' and it will

have to compete with all the other for attentionwith titles around.

#oncise& accurate& informative

'o aste ords

ost important phrase first

*escription or statement



!itle :

• It should be concise and descriptive. ore&ample' the phrase' 74 investi$ation of89 could be omitted.

• 0ften titles are stated in terms of afunctional relationship' because such titlesclearly indicate the independent anddependent variables. owever' if possible'

thin" of an informative but catchy title.• 4n effective title not only pric"s the

reader;s interest' but also predisposeshim6her favourably towards the proposal.



4bstract:

• It is a brief summary of appro&imately3<< words.

• It should include the research/uestion' the rationale for the study'the hypothesis (if any' the methodand the main findin$s.

• Descriptions of the method mayinclude the desi$n' procedures' thesample and any instruments that will

be used.



*escribing a !esearch roblem

• 1efore your proposal can ma"e sense

to a reader' he or she must

understand clearly what the proposedresearch will be about.

• !herefore' you would do well to bein$

this section with a clear and simpleformulation of your research /uestion.



Why the !esearch is %mportant

• !his section' often referred to as the 7rationale9 iscrucial because it is one place in which theresearcher tries to convince other people that thepro*ect is worth supportin$.

• In order to $et support' you must be able to showthat you plan to ma"e some useful contribution toyour discipline or to some aspect of society' eitherdirectly or indirectly.

• #ou can do this by describin$ how the results will

be used. !hin" about how your research ...• may resolve theoretical /uestions in your area' may

develop better theoretical models in your area' mayinfluence public policy' may chan$e the way peopledo their *obs in a particular field'

• or ... may chan$e the way people live.



Introduction:

• !he main purpose of the introduction is toprovide the necessary bac"$round orconte&t for your research problem. ow to

frame the research problem is perhaps thebi$$est problem in proposal writin$.• =nfortunately' there are no hard and fast

rules on how to frame your research/uestion *ust as there is no prescription onhow to write an interestin$ and informativeopenin$ para$raph. 4 lot depends on yourcreativity' your ability to thin" clearly andthe depth of your understandin$ of

problem areas.



!he introduction $enerally covers the

followin$ elements:. State the research problem' which is often referred to as the

purpose of the study.

5. Provide the conte&t and set the sta$e for your research/uestion in such a way as to show its necessity andimportance.

3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearlyindicate why it is worth doin$.

%. 1riefly describe the ma*or issues and sub>problems to beaddressed by your research.

. Identify the "ey independent and dependent variables of youre&periment. 4lternatively' specify the phenomenon you want

to study.?. State your hypothesis or theory' if any. or e&ploratory or

phenomenolo$ical research' you may not have anyhypotheses.

@. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed researchin order to provide a clear focus.



+iterature !evie

• !he literature review presents one of the $reatestchallen$es of the research proposal to e&periencedand ine&perienced researchers ali"e.

• !he literature review:

(Provides a conceptual framewor" for the reader so thatthe research /uestion and methodolo$y can be betterunderstood.

(5Demonstrates to the e&pert reader that the researcher isaware of the breadth and diversity of literature that relatesto the research /uestion.

(3 It is important that you are able to provide an integratedoverview of your field of study. !his means that you showawareness of the most important and relevant theories'models' studies' and methodolo$ies. #ou should indicatehow these are relevant to your pro*ect' and how thesewor"s are similar to and6or different from your own

research.



• The literature revieis not simply a list orsummary of boo"s and articles that the

researcher has read. Instead' it combines themost si$nificant aspects of the wor"s youhave consulted' combinin$ and synthesiAin$them in an inte$rated description of the field

of study.• 4 $ood literature review shows how the te&tsyou have mentioned relate to the broadtopic' as well as showin$ the e&pert reader

that you have surveyed much of theappropriate literature. It also demonstratesthat a number of different approaches > orways of understandin$ > the material will be

used' and' in combination' will help you toproduce an ori$inal study.



Biterature Review:

!he literature review serves several important functions:

. +nsures that you are not 7reinventin$ the wheel9.

5. Cives credits to those who have laid the $roundwor"for your research.

3. Demonstrates your "nowled$e of the research problem.

%. Demonstrates your understandin$ of the theoretical andresearch issues related to your research /uestion.

. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevantliterature information.

?. Indicates your ability to inte$rate and synthesiAe the

e&istin$ literature.@. Provides new theoretical insi$hts or develops a new

model as the conceptual framewor" for your research.

. -onvinces your reader that your proposed research willma"e a si$nificant and substantial contribution to the

literature.



)ost literature reviews suffer from the

followin$ problems:

.Bac"in$ or$aniAation and structure

5.Bac"in$ focus' unity and coherence

3.1ein$ repetitive and verbose

%.ailin$ to cite influential papers

.ailin$ to "eep up with recentdevelopments

?. ailin$ to critically evaluate cited [email protected]$ irrelevant or trivial references

.Dependin$ too much on secondary

sources



ethodology

• !he methodolo$y section of the research proposalis the second component which often causes $reatdifficulty to both e&perienced and ine&periencedresearchers.

• ,o ho do %-no hat to put into my methodologysection

• !he methodolo$y section is desi$ned to e&plain toyour reader precisely how you intend to set about

findin$ answers to the research /uestion. #ou needto put in enou$h detail so that your reader (who hasnever met you will understand precisely whatprocess has led to your results and conclusions.



/mpirical !esearch

ethodology • 0ypotheses

Specific research hypotheses to be tested durin$data analysis.

• !esearch *esignShould the researcher plan to use several $roups'or repeated testin$ to test particular hypothesesthis should be e&plained in this section.

• ,ampling

+mpirical research almost always depends upon asample which is assumed to accurately represent apopulation. !herefore' the techni/ues by which thesample was chosen are vital to a discussion of the

validity of the research findin$s.



• easurement %nstruments

,hen particular measurement instrumentsare used it is often important to e&plain howthose instruments were developed' wherethey have previously been used (if at all'and to what effect.

• *ata #ollection rocedures

Detailed data collection procedures shouldalso be included so that other researcherscan replicate your method e&actly ifre/uired.

• *ata nalysis

2arious techni/ues of /uantitative and

/ualitative data analysis e&ist and should bedescribed in detail in this section.



)ethods:

• !he )ethod section is very important because ittells the others how you plan to tac"le yourresearch problem.

• It will provide your wor" plan and describe the

activities necessary for the completion of yourpro*ect.

• It should contain sufficient information for thereader to determine whether methodolo$y is sound.Some even ar$ue that a $ood proposal should

contain sufficient details for another /ualifiedresearcher to implement the study.

• #ou need to demonstrate your "nowled$e ofalternative methods and ma"e the case that yourapproach is the most appropriate and most valid

way to address your research /uestion.



or /uantitative studies' the method

section typically consists of the followin$

sections:. Desi$n >Is it a /uestionnaire study or a laboratory

e&perimentE

,hat "ind of desi$n do you chooseE

5. Sub*ects or participants - ,ho will ta"e part in yourstudyE ,hat "ind of samplin$ procedure do youuseE

3. Instruments - ,hat kind of measurin$ instrumentsor /uestionnaires do you useE ,hy do you choose

themE 4re they valid and reliableE%. Procedure - ow do you plan to carry out your

studyE ,hat activities are involvedE ow lon$ doesit ta"eE



Staffs / 4dministrationa. =se this section to describe the roles of the different people

associated with your pro*ect and the importance of each.b. )a"e sure to clarify how each of the roles are essential to the

success of the pro*ect and each role clearly relates to use themethods you have described.

c. So what do you say about your "ey peopleE !o start' ma"e sureyou include name' title' e&perience' and /ualifications. Include

other information if you feel it;s important to the success of yourpro*ect.

d. !he descriptions of your personnel should let the fundin$a$ency "now that you have e&cellent people who are committedto the pro*ect. #ou are not as"in$ the fundin$ a$ency to 7trust9you. !he validity for what you are proposin$ is directly related to

the people that will wor" with the pro*ect.e. ,or"in$ to$ether as a part of a team is somethin$ that fundin$

a$encies often li"e to see. !ry ma"in$ your pro*ect a team effort.

f. If you will be usin$ a Steerin$ -ommittee (4dvisory -ommittee'Covernin$ 1oard' etc. to assist in your pro*ect' this is a $oodplace to describe how it will be or$anised and who will be

included.



Resources

a.-ollaborative efforts (an important pro*ectresource are usually considered veryfavourablyF )any fundin$ a$encies li"e to

see co>operative ventures as the basis forlocal action..

b.It is very impressive to a prospectivefundin$ a$ency if local resources havealready been contacted and plans toinclude them in the pro*ect have alreadybeen made. Betters from local resourcessupportin$ the pro*ect are an e&cellentaddition to the proposal.



4part from the sections outlined above'

many or$anisations demand other

sections as well. !hese sections couldinclude:

( udgets

)a"e sure that amounts bud$eted for are realistic

and up to date. -hec" before submittin$ what"ind of costs are acceptable.

(5 Time rames

Ine&perienced researchers tend to underestimatethe amount of time that the various sta$es ofresearch will ta"e. 1e $enerous when wor"in$ outtime frames and chec" them with a moree&perienced researcher.



1ud$et

!ypically three parts:• personnel (salaries' frin$e benefits' contracts

• non>personnel (space' rent of e/uipmentsupplies

• indirect costs (overhead

• It should correlate to ob*ectives and methods.

!imelines are often found here also.• Gustify re/uests for salary.

• you plan to hire someone with the fundin$'include a position description.

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Pokbah 5 Research Proposal

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