“ “ Politics and Diaper have something Politics and Diaper have something in common. They both should be in common. They both should be

changed regularly and for the same changed regularly and for the same reason”reason”

Politics and Governance w/ Politics and Governance w/ ConstitutionConstitution

“ “POLITICAL POLITICAL SCIENCE”SCIENCE”

Political Science Political Science defined….defined….

derived from Greek word “polis” meaning “city/state” and “ scire” meaning “to know/ to study”

“therefore it is the study of the state”

or

“the systematic study of the state or government with its institutions, principles, theories, concepts, ideals and processes

Why do we need to study Why do we need to study Pol. Scie?Pol. Scie?

Functions and Importance of Political Science as a discipline:

1. Education for Citizenship

2. Knowledge and Understanding of the Government

3. Essential parts of Liberal Education

STATE?STATE?

The term state is equivalent to a country, though state is a political concept. In common usage however, the two terms are often used synonymously. The Constitution use them interchangeably

state is defined as “community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of the territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control”

STATE PEOPLE

SOVEREIGNTY

TERRITORY

GOVERNMENT

Origins of StatesOrigins of States

There are several theories concerning the There are several theories concerning the origin of a stateorigin of a state

1.1. Divine Right TheoryDivine Right Theory

- - it holds that the state is a divine creation it holds that the state is a divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the peoplethe people

Origins of StatesOrigins of States

2. 2. Necessity or Force TheoryNecessity or Force Theory

- - it maintains that states must have been it maintains that states must have been created through force, by some great warriors created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weakwho imposed their will upon the weak

3. 3. Paternalistic TheoryPaternalistic Theory

- - It attributes the origin of the states to It attributes the origin of the states to the enlargement of the family which remained the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father.under the authority of the father.

Origins of StatesOrigins of States

2. 2. Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory

- - It asserts that the early states It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize a government for their society and organize a government for their common good.common good.

TERRITORYTERRITORY

these are the geographical areas under the jurisdiction of a country

it includes the terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domain as a total of its territory

it is important for a state to have a territory as place where a government is built, where people reside and live and where sovereignty is exercised

Modes of Acquiring Modes of Acquiring TerritoryTerritory

Discovery and Occupation- a state may acquire a territory

through discovering continent, island or land with no inhabitants or occupied by uncivilized inhabitants

Prescription- it is mode of acquiring territory

through continuous and undisputed exercised of sovereignty over it such a long period of time

Modes of Acquiring Modes of Acquiring TerritoryTerritory

Cession- it is the assignment, transfer, or

yielding up territory by one state or government to another

Conquest/ Invasion- it is a mode of acquiring territory

belonging to a state by occupation and conquest made by another state in the course of war.

Modes of Acquiring Modes of Acquiring TerritoryTerritory

Accretion- it is a mode of acquiring territory

through by addition of portions of soil either artificial or natural way by gradual deposition through the operation of natural causes.

““Any leader who compromises even Any leader who compromises even an inch of his nation without the an inch of his nation without the benefit to his people, has benefit to his people, has committed treason”committed treason”

The Philippine The Philippine TerritoryTerritory

Section 1 of Article I of the 1987 Philippine Section 1 of Article I of the 1987 Philippine ConstitutionConstitution

““The national territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago,The national territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago,

with all the waters and islands embraces therein, and all otherwith all the waters and islands embraces therein, and all other

territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty orterritories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or

jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerialjurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial

domains, including its territorial sea, the sea bed, the subsoil,domains, including its territorial sea, the sea bed, the subsoil,

the insular shelves and other submarine areas. Thethe insular shelves and other submarine areas. The

waters around, between, and connecting the islands of thewaters around, between, and connecting the islands of the

archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, formarchipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form

part of the internal waters of the Philippines”part of the internal waters of the Philippines”

Philippines is Philippines is Archipelago StateArchipelago State

Archipelago?Archipelago?

- derived from the Greek word - derived from the Greek word ““pelagos” pelagos” meaning seameaning sea

- - or defined as sea studded with islands or defined as sea studded with islands or group of islandsor group of islands

Archipelago DoctrineArchipelago Doctrine

- This doctrine asserts the integration of group of This doctrine asserts the integration of group of islands to the sea and their oneness so that islands to the sea and their oneness so that together they constitute as one unit, one country together they constitute as one unit, one country and one state.and one state.

- It adopts the “baseline method” where imaginary It adopts the “baseline method” where imaginary straight lines are drawn joining the outermost straight lines are drawn joining the outermost points of the outermost islands of the archipelagopoints of the outermost islands of the archipelago

- This Principle or Doctrine was made by a Filipino This Principle or Doctrine was made by a Filipino named Arturo Tolentino and was recognized by named Arturo Tolentino and was recognized by UNCLOSUNCLOS

Archipelago DoctrineArchipelago Doctrine

“…“…consisting its terrestrial, consisting its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domain…”fluvial and aerial domain…”

Terrestrial DomainTerrestrial Domain- refers to the land whether agricultural, forest or - refers to the land whether agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and national parks under timber, mineral lands and national parks under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippinesthe sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippines

Fluvial DomainFluvial Domain

- refers to the internal or national waters, external - refers to the internal or national waters, external or territorial waters, over which the Philippines or territorial waters, over which the Philippines exercised jurisdictionexercised jurisdiction

Bodies of Navigable Bodies of Navigable WaterWater

Inland WatersInland Waters- - such as rivers, lakes, canals, ports, such as rivers, lakes, canals, ports,

bays, harbors and other similar bodies of water.bays, harbors and other similar bodies of water.

Internal WatersInternal Waters- this refers to the bodies of water - this refers to the bodies of water

circumscribed by the imaginary line connecting circumscribed by the imaginary line connecting the points of the outermost islandsthe points of the outermost islands

Bodies of Navigable Bodies of Navigable WaterWater

Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea- - is measured from the baseline and is measured from the baseline and

extends up to twelve (12) nautical miles extends up to twelve (12) nautical miles called the “marginal belt”called the “marginal belt”

Contiguous ZoneContiguous Zone- measured from the edge of the - measured from the edge of the

territorial sea up to another twenty- four (24) territorial sea up to another twenty- four (24) miles from the baselinemiles from the baseline

Bodies of Navigable Bodies of Navigable WaterWater

Exclusive Economic ZoneExclusive Economic Zone- - it is extended up to a distance of 200 it is extended up to a distance of 200

nautical miles from the baselines.nautical miles from the baselines.

International Waters, High Seas or International Waters, High Seas or Open SeasOpen Seas

- it refers to the portion of the ocean - it refers to the portion of the ocean which is beyond the territorial jurisdiction of which is beyond the territorial jurisdiction of any country.any country.

“…“…consisting its terrestrial, consisting its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domain…”fluvial and aerial domain…”

Aerial DomainAerial Domain- refers to the air space above the - refers to the air space above the

territorial land and sea except for the outer territorial land and sea except for the outer space over which the Philippines exercised space over which the Philippines exercised jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

“…“…including the seabed, the including the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine areas…”other submarine areas…”

SeabedSeabed- or the sea floor or sea bottom, refers to the - or the sea floor or sea bottom, refers to the land that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea land that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea shore including mineral and natural resourcesshore including mineral and natural resources

SubsoilSubsoil- refers to everything beneath the surface of the - refers to everything beneath the surface of the land and the seabed, including mineral and land and the seabed, including mineral and natural resourcesnatural resources

“…“…including the seabed, the including the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine areas…”other submarine areas…”

Insular ShelvesInsular Shelves- Insular shelves can be defined as the - Insular shelves can be defined as the

parts of an island that remain under water. parts of an island that remain under water. These land 'shelves' are under shallow water These land 'shelves' are under shallow water and thus the concept of a shelfand thus the concept of a shelf

Other Submarine AreasOther Submarine Areas- they refer to all areas under territorial - they refer to all areas under territorial

sea. Like seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep sea. Like seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep bank, shoal and reef.bank, shoal and reef.