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FACTORS INFLUENCING

PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT

SOCIAL FACTORS

POLITICAL FACTORS

ECONOMIC FACTORS

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EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENTPERSPECTIVES

1) CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVE

2) HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

3) MANAGEMENT SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE

4) RECENT HISTORICAL TRENDS

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EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

PERSPECTIVES (Contd..)

CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVE

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT : Taylor coined the term scientific management

BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS : Weber introduced 6 principles:: Legitimized authority and responsibility

Hierarchy of authority

Meritocracy on selection/promotion and training of staff

Procedures , decisions made should be in writing

Management is separate from ownership

Managers r subject to rules and procedures which are impersonal and applicable to all.

ADMIINSTRATIVE PRINCIPLES : Henry Fayol focused on how administration can beimproved.

Introduced concepts like : Unity of command , Division of work, Unity of direction, Scalar Chain.

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EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

PERSPECTIVES (Contd..)

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVEEmerged around the late 19th century with focus on understanding human behavior, needs and attitudes in the workplace.

HUMAN RELATIONS MOVEMENT:(Hawthorne studies)

HUMAN RESOURCE PERSPECTIVE:(Maslow and McGregors theory X & Y on motivation).

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH :

(Introduced the concept of Organization Development (OD) aimed at being able to cope with change, improve

internal relationship, and increase problem solving capabilities)

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EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

PERSPECTIVES (Contd..)

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

PERSPECTIVE Main impetus World War II , followed by the Great Depression)

OPERATIONS RESEARCH

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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RECENT HISTORICAL TRENDS

CONTINGENCY VIEW

An extention of the Humanistic view with the demand from managers to look for the contingencies such astechnology, industry, environment and international cultures.

Discards Universalist View of Management.

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

E.Demings is the father of Quality movement.

Jananses embraced it and used it to rebuild their industries and get access to the world markets.

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RECENT HISTORICAL TRENDS(Contd..)

CONTINGENCY VIEW

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RECENT HISTORICAL TRENDS(Contd..)

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)

Four significant elements of TQM are :

Employee involvement

Focus on the customer

Benchmarking

Continuous improvement

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CURRENT PRACTICES

LEARNING ORGANIZATION

TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN

WORKPLACE

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CURRENT PRACTICES (Contd..)

LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS

The concepts demands organizations to be innovative, allowing individuals to be engaged inproblem solving, and continuously experimenting , improving and increasing its capability.

The three characteristics of learning organizations are :

Team based structure

Open information

Empowered employees

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CURRENT PRACTICES (Contd)

TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN WORKPLACE :

Focuses on E-business.

Intranet and Extranet are the key features.

Intranet : Internal communication systems that is accessible only within the company

Extranet : A company communications system that gives access to customers, suppliers, & outside

stakeholders.

E-Commerce strategies available :

B2C (Business to Consumer)

B2B (Business to Business)

C2C (Consumer to Consumer)