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Populations and Populations and InterdependenceInterdependence
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/assets/images/symbiosi2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/coral-reef-symbiosis-threats.html&h=135&w=92&sz=82&tbnid=IWewOVkefE0J:&tbnh=135&tbnw=92&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=3
I. NicheI. Niche
A. The physical and biological conditions in A. The physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how it which an organism lives and how it interacts with those conditionsinteracts with those conditions
B. ExamplesB. Examples
1. birth of animals and temperature1. birth of animals and temperature
2. regulation of body temperature2. regulation of body temperature
II. Species InteractionII. Species Interaction
A. SymbiosisA. Symbiosis
1. living together1. living together
B. Natural Selection by EvolutionB. Natural Selection by Evolution
1. those organisms with favorable 1. those organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce at a adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those without such higher rate than those without such variationsvariations
2. Examples2. Examples
Rattlesnake – acute sense of smellRattlesnake – acute sense of smell
heat sensitive pits under each nostrilheat sensitive pits under each nostril
http://www.desertusa.com/may96/du_rattle.html
2. Examples2. Examples
Tiger – striped coatTiger – striped coat
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GreatCats/
Tiger Cub
2. Examples2. Examples
Spider - webSpider - web
A orb weaver web anchored in a fork of a peach tree in winter
A still alive Damselfly in a web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web
2. Examples2. Examples
Shark – inward curving teethShark – inward curving teeth
Sand Tiger Shark http://books.google.com/books?id=vP00wM34dgEC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=shark+inward+curving+teeth&source=web&ots=PUb4mg7k7C&sig=vmn4vPwOz8FFWb9b-sQHc7gOjS0&hl=en#PPA16,M1
2. Examples2. Examples
Trees – triangular shapeTrees – triangular shape
http://www.urbantree.org/valley_oaks.asp
C. CompetitionC. Competition
1. when organisms compete for the same 1. when organisms compete for the same resources – results from fundamental resources – results from fundamental niche overlapniche overlap
http://www.crystalinks.com/peacocks.html
D. PredatorsD. Predators
1. Predators1. Predators
a. animals that seek out and kill a. animals that seek out and kill other organismsother organisms
2. Prey2. Prey
a. the hunteda. the hunted
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/predation/predation.html
3. Mimicry3. Mimicry
a. an organism resembles a poisonous or a. an organism resembles a poisonous or distasteful organismdistasteful organism
b. examplesb. examples
1) bees and wasps1) bees and wasps
http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/WaspsMimicry.htmhttp://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm
b. Examplesb. Examples
2) praying mantis2) praying mantis
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/praying-mantis.html
b. Examplesb. Examples
3) Eastern Coral Snake and Scarlet King 3) Eastern Coral Snake and Scarlet King SnakeSnake
Harmless
Poisonous - http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/snakes/micful.htm
4. Plant-Herbivore Interactions4. Plant-Herbivore Interactions
a. Physical Defensesa. Physical Defenses
1) sharp thorns1) sharp thorns
2) spines2) spines
3) sticky hairs3) sticky hairs
4) tough leaves4) tough leaves
http://cactiguide.com/cactus/?genus=Austrocactus; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29 (rose); hosta thick leaves - http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/hosta/msg0821373517236.html
b. Secondary Compoundsb. Secondary Compounds
1) chemicals that are synthesized by plants 1) chemicals that are synthesized by plants that are poisonous, irritating, or bad-that are poisonous, irritating, or bad-tastingtasting
2) Strychnine and nicotine 2) Strychnine and nicotine
a) toxic to insectsa) toxic to insects
3) Poison ivy and poisonous 3) Poison ivy and poisonous oakoak
a) rasha) rash
Tobacco plant - http://encarta.msn.com/media_461517503_761562287_-1_1/tobacco_plant.html; http://www.gpnc.org/poison.htm
4. Medicinal Advantages4. Medicinal Advantages
a. morphinea. morphine
b. atropine, codeine, taxolb. atropine, codeine, taxol
c. quininec. quinine
E. MutualismE. Mutualism
1. two organisms cooperatively living 1. two organisms cooperatively living togethertogether
2. examples2. examples
a. ants and bull’s horn acacia treea. ants and bull’s horn acacia tree
http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20020204.asphttp://waynesword.palomar.edu/acacia.htm
http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm
b. Pollinatorsb. Pollinators
1) bees1) bees
2) butterflies2) butterflies
3) flies3) flies
4) beetles4) beetles
5) bats5) bats
6) birds6) birds
http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm
F. CommensalismF. Commensalism
1. one organism benefits and the other is 1. one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmedneither helped nor harmed
2. examples2. examples
a. cattle egrets and Cape buffaloa. cattle egrets and Cape buffalo
Grass blade - http://www.photographersdirect.com/stockimages/w/water_buffalo.asp; cape buffalo and cattle egret - http://www.inmagine.com/ngs030/ngs030226-photo
G. ParasitismG. Parasitism1. one organism benefits and the other is 1. one organism benefits and the other is harmedharmed2. parasite2. parasite
a. feeds on another individual over a a. feeds on another individual over a long period of timelong period of time3. host3. host
a. the organism a. the organism being fed onbeing fed on
Pork tapeworm - http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may01/worms0501.htm
4. Ectoparasites4. Ectoparasitesa. external parasitesa. external parasitesb. examplesb. examples
1) ticks1) ticks2) fleas2) fleas3) lice3) lice4) leeches4) leeches5) lampreys5) lampreys6) mosquitos6) mosquitos
Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1
Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1
5. Endoparasites5. Endoparasites
a. internal parasitesa. internal parasites
b. examplesb. examples
1) disease causing bacteria1) disease causing bacteria
2) malaria parasites2) malaria parasites
3) tapeworms3) tapeworms
Malaria Parasites - http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Malaria.asp?body=Frames/M-R/Malaria/body_Malariadiagfind2.htm
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/lysa1.htm
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
b. Kudzub. Kudzu
Kudzu growing in Georgia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
b. Kudzub. Kudzu
c. Japanese beetlesc. Japanese beetles
http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/housing/japanese-beetle/jbeetle.html
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
b. Kudzub. Kudzu
c. Japanese beetlesc. Japanese beetles
d. Zebra musselsd. Zebra mussels
Zebra mussel picture - http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=5; Lake Michigan water meter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
b. Kudzub. Kudzu
c. Japanese beetlesc. Japanese beetles
d. Zebra musselsd. Zebra mussels
e. Asian long-horn beetlee. Asian long-horn beetle
http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1262001
6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species
a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife
b. Kudzub. Kudzu
c. Japanese beetlesc. Japanese beetles
d. Zebra musselsd. Zebra mussels
e. Asian long-horn beetlee. Asian long-horn beetle
f. Asian carpf. Asian carp
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/invasive/asiancarp/
http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/jumping-carp.jpg
III. SuccessionIII. SuccessionA. The gradual, sequential regrowth of A. The gradual, sequential regrowth of
species in an areaspecies in an area
Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession
Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession
Climax CommunityClimax Community
http://www.gov.on.ca/ont/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_252/_s.7_0_A/7_0_252/_l/en?docid=004195
B. Primary SuccessionB. Primary Succession
1. the development of a community in an 1. the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previouslyarea that has not supported life previously
2. Where?2. Where?
a. bare rocka. bare rock
b. sand duneb. sand dune
c. island formed by volcanoc. island formed by volcano
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/graphics/ruapehu.jpg
3. Very slow process3. Very slow process
4. Repeated freezing and 4. Repeated freezing and thawing break the thawing break the rock apartrock apart
5. fungi, algae, 5. fungi, algae, cyanobacteria cyanobacteria colonize on the rock colonize on the rock creating a thin soilcreating a thin soil
6. Slowly plants begin to 6. Slowly plants begin to growgrow
7. Canadian Shield and 7. Canadian Shield and Glacier Bay, AlaskaGlacier Bay, Alaska
http://www.nps.gov/glba/
C. Secondary successionC. Secondary succession
1. the sequential replacement of species 1. the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing that follows disruption of an existing communitycommunity
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/succession.gif
2. caused by2. caused by
a. natural disaster – fire, strong storma. natural disaster – fire, strong storm
b. human – farming, logging, miningb. human – farming, logging, mining
3. Usually takes about 100 years for the 3. Usually takes about 100 years for the original ecosystem to be restoredoriginal ecosystem to be restored
4. Annual grasses, mustards, and dandelions4. Annual grasses, mustards, and dandelions
5. Then perennial grasses, shrubs, and trees5. Then perennial grasses, shrubs, and trees
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/05Succession/flood.gif
2. Examples2. Examples
http://spectrum.troy.edu/~diamond/General%20Ecology/successionlab.html
IV. Population RatesIV. Population Rates
A. Biotic Potential A. Biotic Potential
1. the rate at which a population would 1. the rate at which a population would produce offspring if every new individual produce offspring if every new individual lived and reproduced at its maximum lived and reproduced at its maximum capacitycapacity
B. Carrying Capacity B. Carrying Capacity
1. the maximum number of individuals of 1. the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment a species that an environment can supportcan support
C. J-CurveC. J-Curve
Population of FishPopulation of Fish
Population of Fish
TimeLag Phase – very slow growth
Exponential Growth Phase
Trying to reach biotic
potential
Agriculturebegins
Plowingand
irrigation
Bubonicplague
IndustrialRevolution
begins
Human Population Growth
Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
D. Limiting Factors D. Limiting Factors
1. environmental factors that stabilize 1. environmental factors that stabilize population size and keep species from population size and keep species from reaching their biotic potentialreaching their biotic potential
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
E. S-CurveE. S-Curve
Population of FishPopulation of Fish
Population of Fish
Time
Stabilization – reaches carrying
capacity
F. Limiting Factors Over TimeF. Limiting Factors Over Time
Population of FishPopulation of Fish
Population of Fish
Time
G. Population DensityG. Population Density
1. the number of individuals in a given 1. the number of individuals in a given area at a specific timearea at a specific time
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991
PopulationGrowth
can be
represented bycharacterized by characterized by represented by
which cause a
Exponentialgrowth
Logisticgrowth
Fallinggrowth rate
S-shapedcurve
Limits ongrowth
No limits on growth
J-shapedcurve
Constantgrowth rate
Unlimitedresources
1.1. Imagine a small island that has a population of five Imagine a small island that has a population of five rabbits. How might each of the following factors rabbits. How might each of the following factors affect the rabbit population?affect the rabbit population?
a. climatea. climate
b. food supplyb. food supply
c. predationc. predation
2.2. Now imagine another small island that has a Now imagine another small island that has a population of 500 rabbits. How would the same population of 500 rabbits. How would the same factors affect this population?factors affect this population?
33 Which of the factors depend on population size? Which of the factors depend on population size? Which factors do not depend on population size?Which factors do not depend on population size?
H. Density Dependent FactorsH. Density Dependent Factors1. limiting factor that depends upon 1. limiting factor that depends upon populationpopulation2. competition2. competition3. predation3. predation4. parasitism and disease4. parasitism and disease
I. Density Independent FactorsI. Density Independent Factors1. limiting factors that affect populations 1. limiting factors that affect populations regardless of sizeregardless of size2. drought or other unusual weather2. drought or other unusual weather3. natural disaster3. natural disaster4. human activities4. human activities
Growth of Aphids
Exponential growth
Steady populationsize
Peak populationsize
Rapid decline
Steady populationsize
Density-Dependent Limiting Factor
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
60
50
40
30
20
10
01955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
2400
Moose Wolves
Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
U.S. Population Rwandan Population
MalesMales
FemalesFemales
Human Population Age Distribution
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
THE ENDTHE END
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
How Does Everything Fit?
2. Examples2. Examples
2. Examples2. Examples