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PORTIONS REMOVED FROM THE REVISED ADJUSTED ACADEMIC CALENDAR FOR CLASSES XI XII (ARTS) 2020-21 Directorate of Educational Research and Training Arbuthnot Road, Nongrimmaw, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya 793011
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  • PORTIONS REMOVED FROM THE

    REVISED ADJUSTED ACADEMIC

    CALENDAR FOR CLASSES XI – XII

    (ARTS)

    2020-21

    Directorate of Educational Research and Training

    Arbuthnot Road, Nongrimmaw, Laitumkhrah,

    Shillong, Meghalaya 793011

  • Contents CLASS – XI ENGLISH CORE ............................................................................................... 1

    CLASS – XII ENGLISH CORE .............................................................................................. 1

    CLASS – XII ALTERNATIVE ENGLISH ................................................................................ 2

    CLASS – XI ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION...................................................................... 3

    CLASS – XII ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ..................................................................... 4

    CLASS – XI ASSAMESE (MIL) ............................................................................................. 5

    CLASS – XII ASSAMESE (MIL) ............................................................................................ 5

    CLASS – XI BENGALI (MIL) ................................................................................................. 6

    CLASS – XII BENGALI (MIL) ................................................................................................ 6

    CLASS – XI GARO (MIL) ...................................................................................................... 7

    CLASS – XII GARO (MIL) ..................................................................................................... 7

    CLASS – XI HINDI (MIL) ....................................................................................................... 8

    CLASS – XII HINDI (MIL) ...................................................................................................... 8

    CLASS – XI KHASI (MIL) ...................................................................................................... 9

    CLASS – XII KHASI (MIL) ..................................................................................................... 9

    CLASS – XI MIZO (MIL) ...................................................................................................... 10

    CLASS – XII MIZO (MIL) ..................................................................................................... 10

    CLASS – XI NEPALI (MIL) .................................................................................................. 11

    CLASS – XII NEPALI (MIL) ................................................................................................. 11

    CLASS – XI ASSAMESE (ELECTIVE) ................................................................................ 12

    CLASS – XI BENGALI (ELECTIVE) .................................................................................... 13

    CLASS – XII BENGALI (ELECTIVE) ................................................................................... 13

    CLASS – XI GARO (ELECTIVE) ......................................................................................... 14

    CLASS – XII GARO (ELECTIVE) ........................................................................................ 14

    CLASS – XI HINDI (ELECTIVE) .......................................................................................... 15

    CLASS – XII HINDI (ELECTIVE) ......................................................................................... 15

    CLASS – XI KHASI (ELECTIVE) ......................................................................................... 16

    CLASS – XII KHASI (ELECTIVE) ........................................................................................ 16

    CLASS – XI MIZO (ELECTIVE) .......................................................................................... 17

    CLASS – XII MIZO (ELECTIVE) ......................................................................................... 17

    CLASS – XI NEPALI (ELECTIVE) ....................................................................................... 18

    CLASS – XII NEPALI (ELECTIVE) ...................................................................................... 18

    CLASS – XI ELECTIVE ENGLISH ...................................................................................... 19

    CLASS – XII ELECTIVE ENGLISH ..................................................................................... 19

    CLASS – XI POLITICAL SCIENCE ..................................................................................... 20

    CLASS – XII POLITICAL SCIENCE .................................................................................... 20

  • CLASS – XI HISTORY ........................................................................................................ 21

    CLASS – XII HISTORY ....................................................................................................... 22

    CLASS – XI PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................................. 24

    CLASS – XII PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................................ 25

    CLASS – XII GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 27

    CLASS – XI EDUCATION ................................................................................................... 29

    CLASS – XII EDUCATION .................................................................................................. 29

    CLASS – XI HOME SCIENCE ............................................................................................ 30

    CLASS – XII HOME SCIENCE ........................................................................................... 31

    CLASS – XI GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 32

    CLASS – XII GEOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 33

    CLASS – XI ANTHROPOLOGY .......................................................................................... 34

    CLASS – XII ANTHROPOLOGY ......................................................................................... 35

    CLASS – XI MUSIC (THEORY) .......................................................................................... 36

    CLASS – XII MUSIC (THEORY) ......................................................................................... 36

    CLASS – XI STATISTICS ................................................................................................... 37

    CLASS – XII STATISTICS .................................................................................................. 37

    CLASS – XI SOCIOLOGY .................................................................................................. 38

    CLASS – XII SOCIOLOGY.................................................................................................. 38

    CLASS – XI PSYCHOLOGY ............................................................................................... 39

    CLASS – XII PSYCHOLOGY .............................................................................................. 40

    CLASS – XI PHYSICAL EDUCATION ................................................................................ 41

    CLASS – XII PHYSICAL EDUCATION ............................................................................... 42

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 1

    CLASS – XI ENGLISH CORE

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. We‘re Not Afraid to Die … If We Can All Be Together‘ – by Gordon Cook and Alan

    Frost

    2. The White Seal Adapted and Abridged from The Jungle Book – by Rudyard Kiplin

    II. POETRY

    1. The Striders – by A. K. Ramanujan

    2. To The Pupils of Hindu College – by H. L. V. Derozio

    III. SUPPLEMENTARY READER

    1. On Doing Nothing – by J. B. Priestly

    IV. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Grammar & Usage (To be put in objective format only)

    i) Transformation of Sentences

    CLASS – XII ENGLISH CORE

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Deep Water – by William Douglas

    II. POETRY

    1. And So It Eventually Happened – by R. Parthasarathy

    III. SUPPLEMENTARY READER

    1. What Men Live By – by Leo Tolstoy

    IV. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Writing

    i) Short Composition like note-taking

    ii) Notice writing

    2. Grammar Usage

    i) Use of word substitution

    ii) Opposite words

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 2

    CLASS – XI ALTERNATIVE ENGLISH

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. The Redemption – by Victor Hugo

    2. The Castaway – by Rabindranath Tagore

    II. POETRY

    2. Ode on a Grecian Urn – by John Keats

    3. A Baby Running Barefoot – by D. H. Lawrence

    III. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Grammar & Usage

    i) Correction of grammatical errors in the given sentences

    ii) Agreement between subject and verb Opposite words

    CLASS – XII ALTERNATIVE ENGLISH

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. A Day in the Life of a Debt Collector – Munshi Premchand

    II. POETRY

    1. The Human Seasons – by John Keats

    III. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Writing

    i) Amplification of an idea

    2. Grammar & Usage

    i) Question Tags

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 3

    CLASS – XI ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Man and Environment

    Chapter 5:

    1. Classification of Natural Resources

    2. The Housing Crisis

    3. Migration

    4. Floating Population

    UNIT II: Environment and Development

    Chapter 7:

    1. Localisation of Industrial Plants

    2. Impact of industrialization on agricultural development

    Chapter 9:

    1. Industrial pollution

    UNIT III: Environmental Pollution and Global Issues

    Chapter 18: Pollution Related Diseases

    1. Diseases caused by air and water pollution

    2. Disease of the modern age

    UNIT IV: Energy

    Chapter 24: Conservation of Energy Resources

    1. Conserving energy resources in industries

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 4

    CLASS – XII ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: BIODIVERSITY

    1. Types of Biodiversity (Species, Ecosystem and Genetic): Species diversity;

    Ecosystem diversity, Marine ecosystem; Estuarine ecosystem; Genetic diversity

    2. Economic Potential of Biodiversity: Introduction; Economic potential of plant

    diversity; Economic importance of animal diversity.

    UNIT III: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

    1. Impact of Agrochemicals on Environment.

    UNIT IV: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

    1. Concept of Sustainable Consumption: Lessons on Sustainable Consumption; Contemporary

    concept of sustainable consumption.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 5

    CLASS – XI ASSAMESE (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    Bor Boruahar Kobita Bedona – Lakhinath Bezbarua

    II. POETRY

    Bon Kunwari -Chandra Kr. Agarwala

    CLASS – XII ASSAMESE (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Asomiya Vaishnab Kabir Narad by Tirtha Nath Sarma

    II. POETRY

    1. Indramunya Rajar Jagya Ayojon (Uresha Baman) by Srimanta Shankar Dev

    III. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Pratyoy

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 6

    CLASS – XI BENGALI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Bhanu Singher Patro – by Rabindranath Tagore

    II. POETRY

    1. Jiban Bandana – by Nazrul Islam

    IV. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Prabandha Rachana

    2. Sadhu – O – Chalit Bhasu

    CLASS – XII BENGALI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Banglar Nabya Lekhokdiger Proti Nibedon – Bankim Chandra Chattopaddhay

    II. POETRY

    1. Bangla Bhasha Uchchorito Holey – Shamsur Rahaman

    III. GRAMMAR

    1. Banganubad/Prabad – Prabachan

    IV. COMPOSITION

    1. Summary Writing

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 7

    CLASS – XI GARO (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Japan Nokdang – Rev. Gilbert K. Marak

    CLASS – XII GARO (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Gital Chasong Janggi Tangani – L. R. Marak

    2. POETRY

    1. Nang·ko Gisik Ra·gen – Howard Denison W. Momin

    2. Tom·tomani Dongja Ia A·gilsako – Meckjin R. Marak

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 8

    CLASS – XI HINDI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Apu Ke Saath Dhai Saal – by Satyajit Ray

    2. Atma Ka Taap – by Sayyad Haider Raza

    II. POETRY

    1. Mere To Giridhar Gopal, Dusro Na Koi – by Meera

    2. Wah Aankhe – by Sumitranandan Pant

    3. Hai Bhukh! Mat Machal – by Akkak Mahadevi

    III. RAPID READER

    1. Rajasthan Ki Rajat Bunde – by Anupam Mishra

    2. Aalo – Aandhari – by Baby Haldar

    IV. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Shrutisan Bhinnarthak Shabd

    2. Anekarthi Shabd

    3. Paryawachi

    CLASS – XII HINDI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Charlie Chaplin Yani Hum Sab – by Vishnu Khare

    2. Shram Vibhajan aur Jati Pratha – by Bhimrao Ambedkar

    3. Meri Kalpana Ka Adarsh Samaj – by Bhimrao Ambedkar

    II. POETRY

    1. Atma Parichay – by Harivansh Rai Bachchan

    2. Kavitavali (Uttar Kand Se) – by Tulsidas

    3. Lakshman – Murchcha Aur Ram Ka Vilap – by Tulsidas

    III. RAPID READER

    1. Diary Ke Panne - by Anne Frank

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 9

    CLASS – XI KHASI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Ki Syntiew Ha Ranab by W. Kharkrang

    i) Chapter 4: U Blei U Iohi Ia Kiei Kiei Baroh

    ii) Chapter 5: Ban Aiti Namar Kiwei

    III. POETRY

    1. Ka Samoi Jong Ka Lyer by K. S. Nongkynrih

    i) Tang Ki tiew Pher Ki La Wan Sei Kynthong

    ii) Ka Prem Miet Harud Ka Tyllong Wah Umkhrah

    2. Ki Poetry Khasi by V. G. Bareh

    i) Chapter 5: Pyrem

    3. Na Nengpei Ki Sur Myllung by B.C. Jyrwa

    i) Chapter 3: Ka Por Samla

    ii) Chapter 11: U Nongshnadur

    CLASS – XII KHASI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    1. Ka Pyrkhat U Khasi

    i) Chapter II: U Khasi bad Ka Akor

    II. POETRY

    1. Ki Jingsneng Tymmen (Part II) by R. S. Berry

    i) Chapter 11 to Chapter 17

    2. Ki Poetry Khasi

    i) Chapter 15 Ka Weiking

    III. GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

    1. Ka Grammar by H. W. Sten

    i) Chapter 6: Ka Preposition

    ii) Chapter 8: Ka Adverb

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 10

    CLASS – XI MIZO (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. HLA (POETRY)

    1. Hraite Khawnge I Chûn Ve Kha - Rokunga

    2. Chhingkhual Tha Lengheri - Laltanpuia

    II. THU (PROSE)

    1. Anni Leh Keini - Siamkima Khawlhring

    2. Leilung Hi Pathain Siam A Ni - P. L. Liandinga (Lehlin)

    3. Zoram Par Mawi - C. Rokhuma

    III. THAWNTHU LEH LEMCHAN

    1. Kalkhama Leh Lianphunga (Lemchan)

    CLASS – XII MIZO (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. HLA (POETRY)

    1. Kan Ram Nuahmah – Rokunga

    2. Awmkhawar Lenkawl Ka Han Thlira – Van Khama

    3. Zun Phur Thing Tin Par – Damhauhva

    4. Phungrual an tin anga – Laithangpuia

    II. THU (PROSE)

    1. Zoram Indopui Pahnihna – C. Chhuanvawra

    2. Thlaa Lawn – A. Sawihlira

    III. FICTION LEH DRAMA

    1. Fiction: Lali – Biakliana

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 11

    CLASS – XI NEPALI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    SECTION A: LITERATURE

    1. Story

    i) Madhu - Indra Sundas

    2. Essay

    i) Virharu - Laximi Prasad Devkota

    ii) Hamro Sanskriti - Krishna Prasad Gewali

    3. Poetry

    i) Nav Yuvak - Madhav Ghimire

    ii) Vidyarthi Sita - Mani Singh Thapa

    CLASS – XII NEPALI (MIL)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    SECTION A: LITERATURE

    I. PROSE

    1. Shatru – Vishweshwar Prasad Koirala

    2. Kaikei – Balkrishna Sama

    II. ESSAY

    1. Gundruk Ko Pukar – Rudra Raj Pandey

    SECTION B: GRAMMAR

    1. Vachan

    2. Karak Ra Vivakti

    3. Paryawachi Shabda

    SECTION D: COMPOSITION & TRAINING

    1. Letter writing

    i) Vyaparik

    ii) Smarak Patra

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 12

    CLASS – XI ASSAMESE (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    ESSAY: For Rhetoric and Prosody:

    i. Chanda – Yati; Parba Carama; Stavaka; Mitakshara and Mital Sakara

    Pada; Chavi; Dulari; Lechari

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 13

    CLASS – XI BENGALI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    POETRY

    1. Yaser Mandir

    2. Sita Devi

    3. Samapta

    SHORT STORIES

    1. Sardar O Andar

    2. Megh O Roudra

    CLASS – XII BENGALI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    Bibidha Prabadha – Bankim Chaterjee

    Pieces

    1. Banglar Nabya Lekhadiger Prati

    2. Anukaran

    Pre - University Poetry Selection Pieces To Be Read:

    1. Padukagrahan

    2. Satisunya Kailas

    3. Sree Kshetre

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 14

    CLASS – XI GARO (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    The pieces are:

    uGamma Geani Bidingo A chikrangni Manianirang”

    1. Rama krita baaa bakchata ba den bilsia ba wa cheng balroroa

    2. Rongchu gala ba wanna stita gnri janggia

    3. Me gap raona ba ja pang ra a ba ja megapa

    II. POETRY

    The pieces are:

    1. Nokgipani Pattia - Phoebe W. Momin

    2. Kasaa - Keneth Momin

    III. GRAMMAR

    Bak I

    CLASS – XII GARO (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. PROSE

    Maniani Bidik by Mihir N. Sangma

    1. Asi Malja

    II. DAKMESOKANI (ONE ACT PLAY)

    Dak Ge*sao Dakmesokani by Viola Sonachi B. Sangma

    1. Watanggimin Ripeng

    III. GRAMMAR

    A'chik Grammar Bak IV by E. G. Phillips

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 15

    CLASS – XI HINDI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    PROSE

    1. Dakshin Ganga Godavari – Kaka Kalekar

    2. Gehun Banam Gulab – Ramvriksha Banipuri

    CLASS – XII HINDI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    PROSE

    1. Kachcha Chhitha by Brajmohan Vyas

    2. Doosra Devdas by Mamta Kalia

    POETRY

    1. Devsena Ka Geet - Jaishankar Prasad

    2. Bharat Ram ka Prem by Tulsidas

    3. Barahmasa by Malik Muhammad Jayasi

    RAPID READER

    1. Biskohar Ki Mati Vishwanath Tripathi

    2. Apna Malwa by Prabhash Joshi

    GRAMMAR

    1. Alankar

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 16

    CLASS – XI KHASI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    PROSE

    1. Ki Snap Ka Bishar Bniah by H. W. Sten, B. L. Swer and B. War

    i) Sonnet

    ii) Epik

    iii) Ka parom lyngkot (Short story)

    POETRY

    1. Ka Marynthing Rupa- by L. G Shullai

    i) Talawiar U Sohpetbneng

    CLASS – XII KHASI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    THEORY AND CRITICISM

    1. Chapter 2

    POETRY

    1. Na Dymmiew Tngen by Edward Dkhar -Chapter 3: “Ka Snap B’la Jah”

    2. Ki Sur Shongsbai by K. W. Nongrum -Chapter: “Ka Saia Nongrum”

    FOLKLORE

    1. Chapter XXXVI: “Ka Sunapani”

    2. Chapter XXXVIII: ”Tiew Lalyngngi Pep Shad”

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 17

    CLASS – XI MIZO (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED HLA (POETRY)

    1. German Run Zai

    2. Abor Rim Zai

    3. Japan Ral Len Hla

    4. Mi ZawnInchuh - James Dokhuma

    5. Thlawhhma Hla - Romani

    THU (PROSE) 1. Hri Dai Theu - C. Vanlallawma

    2. Mizo Thangval Rual Leh Japan Ral - Zokima

    THAWNTHU (SHORT STORY)

    1. Leitlang Dingdi - C. Thuamluaia

    LEMCHAN (PLAYS)

    1. Diktea Vahvaihna – C. Lalsiamthanga

    CLASS – XII MIZO (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    HLA (POETRY)

    1. Chawngchen Zai -Hla 8

    2. Zun - C. Chhuanvawra

    3. Ka Awmkhawhar Changin–Zasiama

    THU (PROSE)

    1. Mizo, Hnam Leh Sakhua - Lai Rinawma

    2. Nihawi Par –Vanneihthuanga

    3. America Ram Ha Hmuh Dan -R. Vanlawma

    FICTION

    1. Lai Hlau Lo Thi – Lalzuia Colney

    DRAMA

    1. The Taming of the Shrew -P. L. Liandinga (Lehlin)

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 18

    CLASS – XI NEPALI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. POETRY

    1. Jabiko Chara- Uddha Prasad Mishra

    2. Manish Chainan- Siddicharan Shrestha

    II. PROSE (STORY)

    1. Sahid- Guru Prasad Mainali

    III. PROSE (ESSAY)

    1. Lok Sahityama Sawai Ko Sthan- Shiv Kumar Rai

    CLASS – XII NEPALI (ELECTIVE)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. GRAMMAR

    Chapters : Wachya, Shabdabibhao, Karak Ra Vivakti

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 19

    CLASS – XI ELECTIVE ENGLISH

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. SHORT STORIES

    1. The Night The Ghost Got in – by James Thurber

    II. SHORT PLAYS

    1. The Carrier Pigeon – by Eden Phillpoots

    2. The Conspiracy – by Robert Barr and Sydney Ransom

    CLASS – XII ELECTIVE ENGLISH

    CONTENT REMOVED

    1. PROSE

    1. The conquest of Malaria- T.C. Bridges and H.H. Tiltman

    2. POETRY

    1. The Highwayman - Alfred Noyes

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 20

    CLASS – XI POLITICAL SCIENCE

    CLASS – XII POLITICAL SCIENCE

    CONTENT REMOVED

    COURSE III: POLITICAL THEORY (II)

    UNIT I Key Concepts:

    1. Justice: The varied meaning of justice; kinds of justice – natural, social, economic,

    political, legal.

    2. Citizenship – meaning of citizenship; legal and moral aspects of citizenship; similarities

    and differences between citizen and aliens; citizens and nationals; method of acquiring

    citizenship – by birth and by naturalization; double citizenship; loss of termination of

    citizenship.

    UNIT II The Electorate: meaning and basis of franchise;

    System of Representation; Kinds of Representation – Proportional (Hare system & List

    system), Functional, Territorial, Communal, and their merits and demerits.

    UNIT III Major Contemporary Political Theories

    Liberalism: Its meaning and essence; classical or negative Liberalism and contemporary or

    positive Liberalism and the shift from classical Liberalism.

    UNIT VII India and the world:

    India’s approach to major world issues like Disarmament, Human Rights and Globalisation.

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT IV

    1. Forms of Government and Structure of Government

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 21

    CLASS – XI HISTORY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    THEME: I

    EARLY SOCIETIES

    1. From the Beginning of Time

    Focus: Africa, Europe till 15000 BC

    a) Views on the origin of human beings

    b) Early societies day hunter - gatherer societies.

    Debate on present – day hunter- gatherer societies

    2. Early Cities

    Focus: Iraq, 3rd millennium BC

    (a) Growth of towns

    (b) Nature of early urban societies

    Debate on the uses of writing

    THEME: II

    EMPIRES

    1. Nomadic Empires

    Focus: The Mongol, 13th to 14th century

    (a) The nature of nomadism

    (b) Formation of empires

    (c) Conquests and relations with other states

    Debate on nomadic societies and state formation

    THEME: IV

    PATHS TO MODERNIZATIONS

    9. Displacing Indigenous People

    Focus: on North America and Australia, 18th - 20th century.

    (a) European colonists in North America and Australia.

    (b) Formation of White settler societies.

    (c) Displacement and repression of local people.

    Debate on the impact of European settlement on indigenous populations.

    11. Paths to Modernization

    Focus on East Asia. Late 19th and 20th century.

    a) Militarization and economic growth in Japan.

    b) China and the Communist alternative.

    Debate on the meaning of Modernization

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 22

    CLASS – XII HISTORY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    THEME: II

    Political and Economic History: How Inscriptions tell a story

    Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the decipherment of the script. Shifts in the understanding

    of political and economic history.

    Excerpt: Asokan inscription and Gupta period land grant.

    Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians

    THEME: III

    Use of Literary Sources in Reconstructing Social History

    Broad overview: Issues in social history, including caste, class, kinship and gender.

    Story of discovery: How the Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads and the Mahabharata were

    discovered.

    Excerpt: from the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians.

    Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history

    THEME: V

    The Evolution of South Indian Architecture from the Pallavas, Chola, Chalukya and

    Vijayanagar Period.

    Outlines only

    THEME: VIII

    Religious Histories: Bhakti-Sufi tradition

    Broad Overview: (a) Outline of religious developments during this period, (b) Ideas and

    practices of the Bhakti-Sufi saints.

    Story of Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved.

    Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti-Sufi works.

    Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.

    THEME: IX

    Medieval Society Through Travellers’ Accounts

    Broad Overview: Outline of social and cultural life as they appear in traveller’s accounts.

    Story of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, why they travelled, what they

    wrote, and for whom they wrote.

    Excerpt: from Alberuni, Ibn Batuta and Bernier.

    Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by

    historians

    THEME: XI

    Colonialism and Indian Towns: Town Plans and Municipal Reports

    Broad Overview: The growth of Mumbai, Chennai, hill stations and cantonments (including

    Shillong) in the 18thand 19th century.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 23

    Excerpts: Photographs and paintings. Plans of cities. Extract form town plan reports.

    Focus on Kolkata town planning.

    Discussion: How the above sources can be used to reconstruct the history of towns. What

    these sources do not reveal.

    THEME: XV

    Partition, Transfer of Power and Making of the Constitution

    Focus: (a) How Communalism worked in Punjab and Bengal, (b) The making of the Indian

    Constitution (1946 - 1950).

    Excerpts: From the Newspaper, reports and constituent Assembly Debates.

    Discussion: How such sources reveal and how they can be analyzed.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 24

    CLASS – XI PHILOSOPHY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT- I

    CHAPTER 2: LAWS OF THOUGHT

    -Law of Identity.

    -Law of Contradiction.

    -Law of Excluded Middle.

    -Law of Sufficient Reason.

    CHAPTER 3: TERMS

    -Division of Terms.

    -Logical character of terms.

    UNIT: III

    CHAPTER 10: IMMEDIATE INFERENCE

    -Contraposition.

    -Inversion.

    CHAPTER 11: SYLLOGISM

    -Moods of syllogism.

    -Determination of Valid Moods of First, Second, Third and Fourth Figures and their Special

    Rules.

    -Reduction: Direct and Indirect

    UNIT- V

    PHILOSPHY

    -Scope of Philosophy.

    -Branches of Philosophy.

    -Relation of Philosophy to Logic

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 25

    CLASS – XII PHILOSOPHY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: (Inductive Logic)

    CHAPTER 1: INDUCTION

    i) Parity of Reasoning. ii) Colligation of Facts.

    CHAPTER 9:

    i) Laws of Nature: Axioms, Primary Laws and Secondary Laws

    UNIT II: (Inductive Logic)

    CHAPTER 2: GROUND OF INDUCTION

    i) The Law of Causation.

    ii) Cause and Condition.

    iii) Paradox of Induction.

    UNIT III: (Experimental Methods and Hypothesis)

    CHAPTER 4: HYPOTHESIS

    i) Forms of Hypothesis.

    CHAPTER 5: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

    i) The Joint Method of Agreement and Difference.

    ii) The Method of Concomitant Variations.

    iii) The Method of Residues.

    UNIT V: Philosophy

    PHILOSOPHY

    i) Definition of Philosophy with Reference to Indian Philosophy.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 26

    CLASS – XI GEOGRAPHY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT II: The Earth

    1. Interior of the Earth

    i) Direct & Indirect source

    2. Distribution of Continents and Oceans

    i) The Concept of Sea floor Spreading

    ii) Plate Boundaries

    UNIT III: Landforms

    1. Geomorphic Processes

    i) Mass Wasting

    2. Landforms and their Evolution

    i) Erosional Landforms.

    ii) Factors Affecting Erosional work of a River.

    iii) Erosional work of Underground water.

    iv) Depositional work of underground water.

    v) Waves and Currents and their Landforms.

    UNIT IV: Climate

    1. Insolation

    i) Angle of incidence and distribution

    ii) Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of temperature

    2. Pressure and wind

    i) Seasonal Distribution.

    ii) Air Masses and Fronts

    3. World Climate

    i) Climate Classification of Thornthwaite.

    UNIT V: Water (Oceans)

    1. Oceans

    i) Submarines relief, distribution of temperature

    2. Movement of ocean water

    i) Ocean waves and its causes.

    ii) Tides: Types and its importance

    3. Submarines Relief

    i) Oceans: Five oceans

    UNIT VI: Life On Earth

    1. Biosphere

    i) Biochemical cycles.

    ii) Ecological balance

    2. Biodiversity and conservation

    i) Economic role of Biodiversity.

    ii) Scientific role of Biodiversity

    B. India – Physical Environment

    UNIT II: Physiography

    1. Geomorphological Divisions of the Himalayas

    2. Drainage systems

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 27

    i) Classification of Indian drainage.

    ii) Evolution of the Indian River system.

    iii) The Differences between the Himalayan river system and The Peninsular

    river system

    UNIT III: Climate, Vegetation and Soil

    1. Unity and diversity in the Indian Monsoon Climate

    2. The Rhythm

    3. Annual Rainfall

    4. Global Warming

    UNIT IV: Natural Hazards and Disasters

    1. Earthquakes, Tsunami

    CLASS – XII GEOGRAPHY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    A. Fundamental of Human Geography

    UNIT I: Human Geography: Nature and Scope

    1. Geography through the corridor of Time or history of Human Geography.

    2. Fields and Sub Fields of Human Geography.

    UNIT II: People

    1. The world Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

    i) Patterns of World Population Distribution.

    i) Population Density.

    ii) Trends in Population Growth.

    iii) Doubling Time of World Population.

    iv) Spatial Pattern of Population Change.

    v) Population Control measures

    2. Population Composition

    i) Age – Sex pyramid.

    ii) Rural – Urban Composition

    3. Human Development

    i) Approaches to Human Development

    ii) International Comparisons

    UNIT III: Human Activities

    1. Primary activities

    i) Mediterranean, Market Gardening

    ii) Factory Farming and Types Farming according to Farming

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 28

    2. Secondary Activities

    i) Characteristics of Modern Large scale manufacturing.

    ii) Traditional Large scale Industrial region.

    iii) Concept of High Technology: Technopoles.

    iv) Sillicon valley

    3. Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

    i) Factors affecting Transport Services.

    ii) Informal / Non formal Sector.

    iii) Medical Services for Overseas.

    UNIT IV: Transport, Communication and Trade

    1. International trade

    i) History of International

    ii) Important aspects of international trade.

    iii) Concern related to International Trade.

    UNIT V: Human Settlement

    1. Factors Affecting location of settlement.

    2. Types of urban settlements

    B. India People and Economy

    UNIT I: People

    1. Growth of Adolescent population

    2. Population Composition of Urbanisation

    3. Compositions structure

    UNIT II: Human settlements

    1. Urban settlements - types and distribution

    UNIT III: Resource and development

    1. Land resources

    i) Development and problems

    2. Industries

    i) Changing pattern of selected industries - cotton textiles, knowledge - based

    industries

    ii) Impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 29

    CLASS – XI EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    SECTION I - EDUCATION

    1. Levels of Education

    i) Educational ladder — Elementary, Secondary, Higher Education (meaning and

    objectives)

    2. Constitutional Provisions Relating to Education

    i) Development of Hindi

    ii) Higher Education & Research

    3. Sociology and Education

    i) Meaning and definition of Educational Sociology

    ii) Relationship between Sociology and Education

    iii) Sociological bases of Education

    iv) Importance of Educational Sociology

    SECTION II – PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION

    1. Psychology of Education

    i) Nature and Scope of Educational Psychology

    2. Learning and Motivation

    i) Role of Motivation in learning – classroom incentives, competition

    CLASS – XII EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    SECTION I - EDUCATION

    1. Curriculum

    i) Principles of Curriculum Construction

    ii) Approaches to Curriculum Development

    2. Educational Technology

    i) Aspects and Steps of Educational Technology

    SECTION II – PSYCHOLOGY

    1. Attention and memory

    i) Enhancing Memory

    2. Thinking and Reasoning

    i) Concept and Nature of Thinking.

    ii) Conditions that Stimulate Thinking.

    iii) Reasoning: Concept and Steps in Reasoning

    iv) Training in Thought and Reasoning

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 30

    CLASS – XI HOME SCIENCE

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: CHEMISTRY

    1. Basic concepts of Chemistry: Atom, Molecule, Symbol, Valency.

    2. Hydrogen ion concentration, Law of Mass action, Dissociation of water pH

    scale

    3. Organic Chemistry

    i) Tetravalency of carbon, structure of carbon atom

    ii) Functional groups and Homologous series

    4. Biomolecular

    i) Fatty acids: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

    UNIT II: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

    1. Infancy (0-1 years):

    i) Emotional Development: (fear, anger, joy, pleasure, tempers tantrum's)

    2. Early childhood (1-4 yrs)

    i) Personality and Moral development

    3. Late Childhood (4 - 12 years)

    i) Development of creativity, Personality and Moral development.

    4. Adolescence (12 - 18 years)

    i) Personality development, Moral development

    UNIT III: FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

    1. My house and Its Care

    i) Cleaning equipments. Household pests and their prevention

    2. Resources and their Management Meaning

    i) Family resources and their management

    3. Household Equipments

    i) Kerosene, stove, heaters,

    PRACTICALS

    1. CHEMISTRY Determination of pH using pH meter of

    i) Water

    ii) Given Solution

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 31

    CLASS – XII HOME SCIENCE

    CONTENT REMOVED

    I. Community Development and Services (Theory)

    1. Food Laws and Food Standards

    i) Voluntary agencies.

    2. Kitchen Gardening

    i) Selection of Rabi and Kharif crops Selection of manures

    III. Food and Nutrition (Theory)

    Food Guide. (3,4, 5, 7,9 and 11)

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 32

    CLASS – XI GEOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: General Geology

    1. Geology:

    i) Scope

    2. Geological Time Scale

    i) Principle of Order of Superposition; Principle of Original Horizontality,

    Principle of Uniformitarianism.

    3. Earthquakes

    i) Classification

    ii) Interpretation of the Earth’s interior with the help of seismic waves

    4. Volcanoes:

    i) Types and products of volcanoes

    UNIT II: Crystallography and Mineralogy

    1. Study of the Normal class of the following systems

    i) Hexagonal

    2. Elementary knowledge of optical mineralogy

    i) Nicol Prism

    UNIT III: Structural Geology and Geotectonic:

    1. Rock deformation

    i) Rigid and non-rigid body deformation

    2. Basic structural elements

    i) (linear and planar structures) and their measurement - trend, plunge,

    rake/pitch

    3. Folds

    i) Inflection point, median surface.

    ii) Open folds, tight folds, isoclinal folds

    iii) Plunging and non plunging folds

    iv) Overturned folds, concentric folds, similar folds.

    4. Faults

    i) Shear zone

    ii) Hade, heave, throw

    5. Joints

    i) Master joints, systematic and non - systematic joints

    UNIT IV: Igneous Petrology

    1. Magma

    i) Unicomponent and binary system

    2. Igneous Rocks

    i) Forms

    UNIT V: Metamorphic Petrology

    1. Riecke’s principle.

    2. Metamorphic facies

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 33

    CLASS – XII GEOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Sedimentology

    1. Processes of formation of sedimentary rocks

    i) Disintegration and decomposition, transportation, deposition, diagenesis

    and lithification.

    2. Structures of sedimentary rocks

    i) Rain prints

    ii) Flute casts, load casts, nodules and concretions

    3. Genetic classification of sedimentary rocks

    i) Rudaceous, arenaceous and argillaceous

    UNIT II: Paleontology 1. Habits and habitats of organisms.

    2. Morphological study of the following phyla

    i) Gastropoda and Cephalopoda

    4. Study of the following Gondwana flora

    i) Vertebraria and Ptillophylum

    UNIT III: Stratigraphy

    1. A brief idea of Stratigraphic correlation

    UNIT IV: Mineral and Energy Resources

    1. Mineral Resources: definition and its importance

    2. Genetic classification of mineral deposits- Primary (Syngenetic and Epigenetic) and

    Secondary deposits

    3. Study of the mode of occurrence, distribution in India and uses of the following

    mineral resources: Galena, chalcopyrite

    4. Energy Resources: sources and types

    5. Study of the mode of occurrence, distribution in India and uses of the radioactive

    minerals

    UNIT V: Engineering Geology, Groundwater, Environment and Disaster Studies

    1. Groundwater i) Occurrence

    2. Environment i) Definition and components

    3. Disasters i) Earthquakes - effects and mitigation

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 34

    CLASS – XI ANTHROPOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Anthropology: The Study of Human

    Relationship of Anthropology with Geography

    UNIT II: Man’s place in the Animal Kingdom

    Evolutionary changes in Primate (upright posture and bipedalism)

    UNIT III: Human Evolution

    Stages of Evolution (Prosimii to Hominoid, Hominoid to Hominid).

    UNIT IV Theories of Evolution

    i) Theory of Lamark (Lamarkism.)

    ii) Theory of Darwin (Darwinism).

    iii) Mutation Theory (Hugo De Vries).

    Part II – Theory

    UNIT I: Culture and Society

    Ethnocentrism, Cultural-Relativism and Xenophobia.

    UNIT III: Social Groups

    Fission and Segmentation of social groups.

    UNIT IV: Religious Aspect of Culture

    1. Function of Magic

    2. Relationship between Magic and Religion.

    UNIT V: Economic Aspect of Culture

    1. System of Exchange- Reciprocity, Redistribution and Market.

    UNIT VI: Fieldwork in Anthropology

    1. Development and significance of fieldwork.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 35

    CLASS – XII ANTHROPOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    PART I - THEORY

    UNIT I Hominid Evolution

    1. Australopithecine.

    2. Homo-Erectus.

    3. Homo-Neanderthal

    PART I - THEORY

    UNIT II Human Cultural Evolution

    1. Emergence of life on earth, geological time-scale and cultural chronology.

    2. Nature, causes and Evidences of Glaciation.

    3. Bio-cultural Mechanism behind the evolution of man.

    UNIT IV Political Aspect of Society

    1. Traditional Political structure in tribal societies.

    2. Sanctions and Taboo, Customary Law and Statutory Law.

    3. Justice and Punishment in tribal societies.

    UNIT V Gender and Culture

    1. Gender roles and socialization. 2. Women in the Public and Private domain.

    UNIT VI Indian Society

    1. Origin and Formation of Caste

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 36

    CLASS – XI MUSIC (THEORY)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Fundamentals of Music

    1. Scales and key signatures i) Accidentals ii) Chromatic and Pentatonic

    2. Conducting beat patterns: simple and compound duple, triple, quadruple

    UNIT II: Harmony

    1. Figured Bass

    CLASS – XII MUSIC (THEORY)

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Harmony

    1. Write these 4-part chord progressions in any major key

    i) I iii IV V7 I (Start with the tonic in the soprano)

    ii) I vi ii V7 I (Start with the tonic in the soprano) iii) I vi IV V7 I (Start with any tone in the soprano)

    (or V)

    UNIT II: Music Appreciation

    1. Art music and popular music

    UNIT III- Brief overview of Western music history (1600 to 1900 AD) and Music in

    Non- Western Cultures: Brief overview of Western Musical History (1600-1900 AD)

    1. Romantic Period i) Piano piece (Chopin) ii) Opera

    2. Other musical mediums: choir bands

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 37

    CLASS – XI STATISTICS

    CONTENT REMOVED

    GROUP-A

    1. Algebra: Permutation and combination (Theorems with proofs and simple examples):

    Binomial theorem for a positive integral index (without proof): simple examples on Binomial

    co-efficients, logarithms. Exponential and logarithmic series with simple examples (without

    proof).

    2. Finite Differences

    Lagrange’s formula (Numerical application of Lagrange’s formula not required).

    GROUP-C

    1.Descriptive Statistics: Definition, scope and limitations of Statistics;

    2.Vital Statistics: Death rates and mortality rates.

    CLASS – XII STATISTICS

    CONTENT REMOVED

    GROUP-A

    2.Standard distribution: Poisson Distribution

    GROUP-B

    Index Numbers: Construction and use of index numbers; Simple and weighted relative of

    aggregates and averages of relatives; Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s, Marshall Edgeworth’s and

    Fisher’s formulae.

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 38

    CLASS – XI SOCIOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT V: Practical Sociology: Methods & Techniques

    1. Tools and Techniques: Observation, Survey, Interview

    2. The Significance of Field Work in Sociology

    UNIT VI: Structure, Process and Stratification

    1. Social Structure

    2. Social Processes: Cooperation, Competition, Conflict

    3. Social Stratification: Class, Caste, Race, Gender

    UNIT VIII: Environment And Society

    1. Ecology and Society

    2. Environmental Crises and Social Responses

    CLASS – XII SOCIOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT IV: Market As A Social Institution

    1. Market as a Social Institution

    UNIT X: The Story Of Democracy

    1. The Constitution as an instrument of Social Change

    2. Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics

    3. Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Social Transformation

    UNIT XIII: Globalisation And Social Change

    UNIT XIV: Mass Media And Communication Process

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 39

    CLASS – XI PSYCHOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Introduction to Psychology

    1. Basic concepts: Person, States of Consciousness: Sleep and Wakefulness and

    altered States of Consciousness, Behaviour and Experience

    2. Similarities and variations in psychological attributes

    3. Evolutionary, cultural and positive psychologies

    UNIT II: Methods of Psychology

    1. Psychological tools: Tests, Questionnaires and gadgets

    2. Qualitative Methods, Quantitative Analysis of data

    UNIT III: The Bases of Human Behaviour

    1. Evolutionary perspective on human behaviour; Biological and cultural roots

    2. Structure and relationship of with behaviour and experience

    3. Genetic bases of behaviour

    4. Diversity and pluralism in the Indian context

    UNIT V: Sensory and Perceptual Processes

    1. Perceptual constancy, Illusions, Person perception; Socio-cultural influences on

    perception

    UNIT VI: Learning

    1. Transfer of learning: Types and Applications, Learning styles:

    2. Some Applications of learning principles

    UNIT VII: Human Memory

    1. Knowledge representation and organisation in memory; Memory as a constructive

    process; memory and emotions; prospective memory

    UNIT VIII: Language and Thought

    1. Stages of cognitive development: Introduction to the ideas of Piaget and Vygotsky

    UNIT IX: Motivation and Emotion

    1. Emerging concepts: Competence, Self-efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 40

    CLASS – XII PSYCHOLOGY

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Intelligence and Aptitude

    1. Aptitude: Nature and types

    2. Assessment of psychological attributes, dynamic assessment.

    UNIT III: Human Strengths and Meeting Life Challenges

    1. Life challenge and adjustment;

    2. Concept of adaptation;

    3. Human strengths and virtues:

    UNIT IV: Psychological Disorders

    1. Classification of disorder, Major psychological disorders

    i. Somato-form Dissociative

    UNIT V: Therapeutic Approaches and counseling

    1. Types of therapies

    i) Behaviour

    2. Counselling Prevention of mental disorder

    UNIT VI: Attitude and Social Cognition

    1. Explaining behaviour through attributions; Social cognition; Schemas and

    stereotypes; Impression formation

    UNIT VIII: Environmental and Social Concerns

    1. Human- environment relationship; Environmental effects on human behaviour. Noise,

    pollution, crowding, natural disasters, social issue

    2. Human rights and citizenship; Peace

    UNIT IX: Applied Psychology

    1. Sports

    2. Education

    3. Communication

    4. Organisation

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 41

    CLASS – XI PHYSICAL EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I. Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle Theory

    1. Factors affecting Physical Fitness and Wellness

    2. Components of Positive lifestyle

    UNIT II. Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education

    1. Development of Physical Education- Post Independence

    UNIT III. Olympic Movement

    1. Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

    2. Organisational set-up of CBSE Sports and Chacha Nehru Sports Award

    UNIT IV. Yoga

    1. Yoga as an Indian Heritage

    UNIT V. Doping

    1. Testing – in competition and Out-of-Competition

    UNIT VII. Test and Measurement in Sports

    1. Calculation of BMI and Waist - Hip Ratio

    2. Procedures of Anthropromatric Measurement - Height, Weight, Arm and Leg Length

    and Skin Fold

    UNIT IX: Biomechanics and Sports

    1. Levers and its types and its application in Sports

    UNIT X. Psychology and Sports

    1. Define and differentiate between 'Growth and Development'

    2. Developmental characteristics at different stage of development

    UNIT XI: Training in Sports

    1. Skill, Technique and Style

  • PORTIONS REMOVED 42

    CLASS – XII PHYSICAL EDUCATION

    CONTENT REMOVED

    UNIT I: Sports Environment and Society

    1. Essential elements of positive sports environment

    2. Role of Spectators and media in creating positive sports environment

    UNIT II: Adventure Sports and Leadership Training

    1. Types of activities - Camping, Rock Climbing, Tracking, River Rafting and

    Mountaineering

    2. Material requirement and safety measures

    UNIT III: Sports and Nutrition

    1. Balanced Diet and Nutrition: Macro and Micro Nutrients

    UNIT IV: Planning in Sports

    1. Various Committees and its responsibilities

    2. Procedure to draw Fixtures - Knock-Out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase and

    Cyclic)

    UNIT V: Postures

    1. Advantages of correct posture

    UNIT VI: Children and Sports

    1. Advantages and disadvantages of weight training and food supplement for children

    UNIT VII: Test and Measurement in Sports

    1. Rikli and Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test

    i) Chair Stand test for lower body strength

    ii) Arm Curl test for upper body strength

    iii) Chair Sit and Reach test for lower body flexibility

    iv) Back Scratch test for upper body flexibility

    v) Eight Foot Up and Go test for agility

    vi) Six minute walk test for Aerobic Endurance

    UNIT VIII: Physiology and Sports

    1. Physiological changes due to ageing and roll of regular exercise on ageing process.

    UNIT IX: Biomechanics and Sports

    1. Introduction to Work, Power and Energy

    2. Mechanical Analysis of Walking and Running

    UNIT X: Psychology and Sports

    1. Coping Strategies - Problem Focused and Emotional focused


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