Date post: | 21-May-2015 |
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA LOW
HEAD SIMPLE REACTION WATER TURBINE
Student: Abhijit Date
Supervisor: Prof. Aliakbar Akbarzadeh
Motivation for research
• Growing energy demand
• Growing CO2 emission (global warming)
• World Hydropower potential survey published in Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2001 & 2005
World Hydropower scenario (HDW Atlas 2005)
– Technically exploitable potential 16000 TWh/year– Economically exploitable potential 8800 TWh/year– Present hydro power generation 2840 TWh/year– World electricity production 18580 TWh/year
TWh – Trillion Watt Hour
Hydropower is strategically important worldwide
Actual generation in 2005
− North America 675 TWh/yr
− South America 596 TWh/yr
− Europe 705 TWh/yr
− Asia 717 TWh/yr
− Australia 15 TWh/yr
− New Zealand 23 TWh/yr
Technically exploitable potential
– North America 3000 TWh/yr
– South America 3010 TWh/yr
– Europe 2714 TWh/yr
– Asia 5259 TWh/yr
– Australia 100 TWh/yr
– New Zealand 37 TWh/yr
Aim of this research project is to develop a low cost water turbine for producing electricity from ultra low head water sources.
Objectives:
– To investigate the simple reaction water turbine to improve its
performance
– To develop a simple design which would allow use of common
and easily available material
Ultra Low head potentials (small rivers, streams, creeks, canals) are worth exploring which will not have any adverse effect on the surrounding environment.
– Low-head energy sources have a low specific energy, which
requires large and expensive machines which can handle large
volumetric flow rate.
– Conventional hydro turbines such as Kaplan, Francis and Pelton
are expensive for micro-hydro installations and are not
economically suitable for ultra low head micro-hydro applications.
– A simple hydro-machine which can be locally manufactured and
installed (i.e. simple design) with very low cost is needed.
Kaplan(High efficiency and
High cost)
KaplanPropeller
FrancisKaplan
Reaction
Crossflow(Banki)
(Low efficiency and medium cost)
Multi-Jet PeltonCrossflow
(Banki)
PeltonTurgo
Crossflow(Banki)
PeltonTurgo
Impulse
Ultra low( < 5m)
Low (5m to 20m)
Medium(20m to 100m)
High (>100m)Head (meter of water head)
Turbine Type
Groups of impulse and reaction turbines(Resource: Micro-hydro Design Manual, by Adam Harvey)
Turgo RotorPelton Rotor Francis Rotor Kaplan Rotor Crossflow Rotor
Turbine selection table
Simple reaction water turbine also known as Hero’s turbine or Barkers mill is the most simplest reaction turbine.
Simple reaction water turbine and a garden water sprinkler works on same reaction principle.
The drawbacks of Barkers mill design are:
– Power is lost due to air drag.
– Power is also lost due to high fluid velocity in the arms.
Barkers Water Mill
Garden Sprinkler
The “split reaction water turbine” design developed from this research has been influenced by design of the Savonius wind
turbine
Savonius wind turbine
Steps to build a split reaction water turbine
Prototype 1: Split reaction water turbine(turbine diameter 255mm, total exit nozzle area 0.00127m2)
Prototype 2: Split reaction water turbine(turbine diameter 125mm, total exit nozzle area 0.00127m2)
Water Turbine Test Unit
Tachometer
Pressure Gauge
Electric Generator(D.C. Motor)
Flow meter
Water Pump
Water Turbine
Flow ControllerFrequency controller
for water pump electrical power input
Hydraulic input power control and measurement Input power = mgH
.
gH = Gauge pressure reading in
kPa
m = mass flow rate (kg/sec)
.