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Poultry production in Ethiopia: an overview
CH4D research team
Presented by Tadelle Dessie Chicken Health 4 Development Project Launch
ILRI, Addis Ababa 18 January 2011
Contents
• Introduction • Past research and
developement attempts– Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
• Studies on the village system (1990‘s)
• What can we learn from past attempts
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Poultry
• Fulfilling different purposes in different times
• Transformed to big industry –in north
• Forms of production systems in DC’s
• Large in number and wider in distribution
Introduction
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Production systems in Ethiopia
• Village production system• Commercial production system• Small scale production system
Based on:
• Objectives of the producer• Type and number of animals• Management system followed
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Past research and developement attempts
• Pullets, fertile eggs and cocks• Private farms started
• Aimed at increasing Pn and pvity
Little attention to the system and animals
Modern poultry production - 1950’s
• But it was with out testing the locals
Even though local chicken have:-a number of fitness treats-Good mothers-Requires low input etc
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Studies on the village poultry proction systems
(1990‘s)
• Four PhD theses • Thesis based works
• A number of MSc theses
Starting from the 1990’s –local ecotypes
• A number of DVM theses
local ecotypesExotic birds as a reference breed
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Main objective
To advance a system oriented identification, characterisation and evaluation of local chicken
ecotypes and the system
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Assess functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
• Valuate performance traits
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
• Valuate performance traits • Identify and analyse constraints and
opportunities
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
• Valuate performance traits • Identify and analyse constraints and
opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic
performance (both intake and output traits)
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
• Valuate performance traits • Identify and analyse constraints and
opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic performance
(both intake and output traits) • Estimate the genetic distance
between and within the ecotypes
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Specific objectives
• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems
• Understand production objectives and purposes
• Valuate performance traits • Identify and analyse constraints and
opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic performance
(both intake and output traits) • Estimate the genetic distance
between and within the ecotypes
• Breed improvement –selection- on station- egg production
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Materials & Methods
• Module I: On-farm investigation of poultry systems and ecotypes
• Module II: On-station perfomance evaluation of the different ecotypes of local chicken
• Module III: Measuring the genetic distance between and within the different chicken ecotypes
• Module IV: Breed improvement -selection
Four program modules/approches:Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Module IOn-farm investigations
Structures of the studies
• agro-ecological zones– Ranges 2 to 7 zones
• A number of market sheds from each agro-ecological zone – One to two villages / market shed
• 25 to 30 households from each village
150 to 350 households
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Module IOn-farm investigation
Methods of data collection
• Structured questionnaire integrated With Participatory methods• Transect walk and • Recall survey
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Materials
• Two to seven ecotypes (Eggs from Households or layers from the
market)• Reference breed (White leghorn, Fayoumi)
Module IIOn-station investigation
Management chicks• Agricultural Research Centres and HLI’s• Deep litter system• Feed on starter and grower rations• Vaccinated for NCD
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
Data collected• Body weight - every two weeks
• Feed intake -daily
• Mortality -when it occurs
• Carcass and related traits
• Egg production traits
• Functional traits e.g. Fertility and
hatchability
• Disease resistance is not considered
Module IIOn-station investigation
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Pullet, fetile egg and cock
distrbution
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from past
attempts
DNA Isolation
Genomic DNA
Wholeblood
3 … n=251 2Ecotype 1
Ecotype 7
.
.
Module IIIMeasuring the genetic
distanceContents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Genetic markers• Microsatellite markers
Module IIIMeasuring the genetic
distance
- 10 to 25 primers
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Highlights of results
a aabb
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Village production system
• >80% of meat and egg• >90% of chicken population
• Source of protein and small cash
Predominant production system
• Continuous predominance of markets
• Preferred by local consumers
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Hen performance history
a aabb
50% of chicks died
Non -stimulated46 eggs/year
-Disease-Predation-Feed-Information
• Constraints
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Hen performance history and measures to improve laying
a aabb
Stimulated76 eggs/year
50% of chicks died
Non -stimulated46 eggs/year
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Input-output relationships
ReproductionSaleConsumptionManure
Output
Market value
Non-market value-Cleaning the environment
-Socio-religious function-Tick control
Foundation stock Replacement stock Grain supplements
-SFRB
Market value
Non-market value
Input
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
• Prevalence rate - 97.5%
• Prevalent disease – 98.2% – Newcastle (locally ‘fengil’ or
‘kofis’)
• Mortality- 31.4% - 66.8%
• Treatment – 95% – used Traditional method (Ethno-
veterinary)
• Vaccination – 3.6%
• Treatment – 8.9 %
Health & Disease control measures
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Mean use pattern of chicken (%)
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
• Major functions village birds:
1st. Sale as source of income (51.4%)
2nd. Hatching (Replacement) (45%),3rd. Home consumption (44.3%), 4th. Socio cultural and/or religious
functions (36.4%), &
• Major functions of Eggs:1st. Hatching (71.7 %),2nd. Sale for income (58 %) and 3rd. Home consumption (68.6%).
Mean live body weight (+SE) of chicken ecotypes
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Ecotypes
Liv
e b
od
y w
eig
ht
(g)
Day old 42 d 84 d 126 d
a d c b
e e
a
c b b
c c
a
c b b
c c
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Mean live body weight (+ SE)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
8 weeks 10 weeks 12 weeks 18 weeks
Ages
Mea
n liv
e bo
dy w
eigh
t (g)
Male Female
36%
35%
39%
36%
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
0
2
4
6
8
10
Tilili
Horro
Chefe
Jars
oTep
i
Fayou
mi
Ecotype
AD
G (
g)
0
2
4
6
8
10
FC
R
Average Daily Gain (ADG)
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Mean daily body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
0
2
4
6
8
10
Tilili
Horro
Chefe
Jars
oTep
i
Fayou
mi
Ecotype
AD
G (
g)
0
2
4
6
8
10
FC
R
Average Daily Gain (ADG)
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)a
c b bc
d d
Mean daily body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
0
2
4
6
8
10
Tilili
Horro
Chefe
Jars
oTep
i
Fayou
mi
Ecotype
AD
G (
g)
0
2
4
6
8
10
FC
R
Average Daily Gain (ADG)
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Mean daily body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
a a
b b
a a
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Coefficients of variation (%) of live body weight (Animal-
level)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ecotype
Co
eff
icie
nt
of
va
ria
tio
n (
%)
Male Female
22-37 %
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Mean Heterozygosity levels (gene diversity level)
Ecotypes Het. %
Tilili 63Horro 57Chefe 63Jarso 55Tepi 61Fayoumi 60
- 4% (MCW78 in Jarso) to 92%(ADL268 in Tilili)- Desplys high within ecotype genetic variation
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Unbiased standard genetic distance
(pairwise ecotype comparisons)-Retrieved using 100 permutations and 100 bootstrap replicates
Ecotypes Tilili Horro Chefe Jarso Tepi Fay.Tilili ***Horro 0.047 ***Chefe 0.095 0.089 ***Jarso 0.102 0.108 0.089 ***Tepi 0.094 0.094 0.193 0.188 ***Fayoumi 0.251 0.254 0.336 0.351 0.307 ***
- Moderate genetic divergence among ecotypes
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Neighbour Joining tree (unbiased standard genetic distance)
-Assorted the ecotypes according their origin-Bootstrapping values were between 53 to 100 % in NJ trees-Local ecotypes formed two distinct groups-cluster
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Correlation between genetic and geographic distances
r=0.62
-Isolation by distance based on normalised mantel statisticContents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Summary of the study results!
• The production system:– Indigenous and integral part of the
farming system– Form the basis for transforming from
subsistence to more economically productive system based on:
Semi-scavenging model that combined technical improvement with institutional and organisational support aiming at increasing flock productivity
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Summary of the study results!
•The ecotypes: Fairly large variation
between ecotypes and presence of reasonable genetic divergence
Thus, it is recommended that testing the combing ablity by crossing between distant ecotypes
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Summary of the study results!
• The ecotypes:
The existance of large between bird variation within ecotypes for most traits and the presence of high hetrozygosity values as a gene diversity level
It is therefore, important to use this variability for rapid improvement of
local ecotypes through selection
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts
Summary of the study results!
• The ecotypes:
High genetic variation manfested: ...moderate genetic divergence among ecotypes...unique alleles in most of tested loci…high microsatellite polymorphism...large number of alleles…high heterozygosity values
Sustainable utilisation and conservation.However more detailed stdy using more microsatllite loci and genome wide genotyping
for traits of interest is recommended
Contents
Introduction
Past research and
developement attempts
Studies on the village system
(1990‘s)
What can we learn from
past attempts