Date post: | 16-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vernon-ayars |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Poverty & Society
Rank: Chapter 6 Will Not Discuss Pretty straightforward…will integrate where appropriate Have not finished grading these RQ
Reflection Return and Exam Can’t give back…come up for grade Will go over the whole exam when all have taken it
Fundraising/Campus Visit
William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears
The Great Migration
Deindustrialization Suburbanization of Work
Social Organization
Exam 1
Median Score was between an A-/B
A 5 A- 2 B+ 0 B 2 B- 1 C+ 1 C 1 C- 0 D+ 1 D 1 F 3
What to say…
Most of you did very well…a few are struggling
Exam was worth 20% of your grade…
40% of your grade is determined by the questions…
If you’re not doing them, or not taking them seriously…you’re making a mistake
Fundraising and a Trip to Campus
For each task you volunteer for and complete, I’ll give ¼ point on your assignment grade
A moderator to facilitate discussion
Fundraising Ideas Things to gets: Crayons/markers, puzzles, backpacks,
supplies, jump ropes Ways to get them: Back pack drive (Gerald), donation
boxes, bake sale (Lisa), candy sale (Selena); Spare change; dorm storming
Outreach: SGA (Bernard); ROTC (John)
Trip to Campus Spring Carnival (Snow); Field trip, Basketball game; movie
Rank: Understanding Poverty Structural forces ensure that there will be
losers in the first place (unemployment, bad jobs, weak safety net)…individual characteristics help explain who loses…
Concentrated Poverty… A question for people living and working in Chester,: “Why do
places like Chester (Philly, Camden, Cleveland, Chicago, etc.) generate/possess so many “losers” of the economic game”?
Big question…with a complicated answer…“Concentrated Poverty results from several factors, including past government policies, racial and ethnic discrimination, residential segregation, economic changes and employment dislocations, the movement of prosperous residents to the suburbs, and finally other, less definable social and cultural forces.” (Iceland, p.57)
There is a lot in that sentence…I want to unpack it and teach you about it
William Julius Wilson
Major Scholar in area of urban poverty
The Declining Significance of Race The Truly Disadvantaged When Work Disappears More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor
in the Inner City (2008)
Understanding Urban Black Poverty
1890, approximately 4 million Blacks in America: 90% in South…anyone know anything about what they’re doing? How this map changes?
Integration of Blacks into US Economy
Approximately 4 Million Landless Freed Blacks
Land still controlled by White Despite promises of 40 acres and a mule 1880 GA:
Blacks were 40% of population Blacks owned 1.6% of the land
Plantation Owners Still Require Labor? Blacks need access to make a living?
How might these needs be met?
Sharecropping? Blacks rented a plot of land and paid
the plantation owner a certain proportion of the cotton crop
Plantation owners advance seed, mule, tools, credit
Blacks repaid these debts with a share of their cotton production Share the crop…
Sharecropping
So…as European Americans (Irish, Italians, Jews, Russians, Poles, etc) are entering the industrial economy and beginning the inter-generational journey from poverty to middle class…
Blacks are bound to the land as “virtual” slaves
Debt Peonage insolvent blacks, unable to repay debt from one year to
another, were required by law to work indefinitely for the plantation owner to pay off debt
Then Things Changes…The Great Migration North: Why the jump in the teens & 20s?
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
The Great Migration North: Why the 1940’s jump?
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
The Great Migration: PA
1930: 70% of Pennsylvania’s Black Population was born somewhere else
19% Virginia 13% South Carolina 11% Georgia
Philly: The Great Migration
Growth in Black Population, Philadelphia
Black Population
% of Philly Pop.
1910
84,000 5.5%
1920
134,000 7.4%
1930
220,000 11.3%
Great Migration…Blacks Become an Urban Population
US North
Rural% Urban% Rural% Urban%
1890 80 20 38 62
1920 66 34 16 84
1950 38 62 7 93
1970 19 81 3 97
Poverty & Society
Fundraising/Campus Visit
William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears
The Great Migration
Deindustrialization Suburbanization of Work
Social Organization
Fundraising and a Trip to Campus
For each task you volunteer for and complete, I’ll give ¼ point on your assignment grade
Fundraising new information or loose ends
Trip to Campus Spring Carnival (Snow)…the date?
Great Migration…Blacks Become an Urban Population
US North
Rural% Urban% Rural% Urban%
1890 80 20 38 62
1920 66 34 16 84
1950 38 62 7 93
1970 19 81 3 97
The Urban Ghetto
Wilson refers to “Institutional ghettoes” that are segregated…but day to day activities more or less mirror larger society
Note Video from the Promised Land
2) At the beginning of the video, the Black Ghetto in Chicago is described as the Capitol of Black America. Briefly describe the world that is depicted?
Great Migration and American Culture…A digression…
Soundtrack of video full of Blues Black acoustic music migrates up Mississippi
with Migration Mississippi Delta Blues Travel on “Highway 61”…Famous Dylan album
Early Rolling Stones album had many credited blues covers
Early Led Zeppelin albums had many non credited blues covers
Willie Dixon sued Led Zeppelin because “Whole lotta love was so similar to “You need love”….settled out of court
The Great Migration North: The main pull factor?
Early this semester we noted: “In a capitalist society, a person’s well being/standard of living will primarily be determined by their participation in the labor market.”
So why do I bother to review the Great Migration? How do you think it impacted the rate of black poverty?
The Great Migration…Blacks Enter Urban Labor Markets
By 1940, the occupational distribution of transformed
Similar to the peasants who had left Italy or Poland in 1900 to become wage workers in America, Blacks left the land in the south & become modern wage workers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1900 1940
Farm
Service
BlueCollarOther
The Great Migration…Blacks join the industrial working class
By 1940, the occupational distribution of transformed
Blacks had joined the industrial working class
Four things to consider: 1) Blacks get manufacturing
jobs a generation after other groups… intergenerational mobility delayed
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1900 1940
Farm
Service
BlueCollarOther
The Great Migration…Blacks join the industrial working class
By 1940, the occupational distribution of transformed
Blacks had joined the industrial working class
Four things to consider: 1) Blacks get manufacturing
jobs a generation after other groups… intergenerational mobility delayed
2) Blacks get manufacturing jobs, but as 2nd class workers (lowest skilled, lowest paid)… intragenerational mobility institutionally limited
The Great Migration…Blacks join the industrial working class
By 1940, the occupational distribution of transformed
Blacks had joined the industrial working class
Four things to consider: 1) Blacks get manufacturing jobs a
generation after other groups… intergenerational mobility delayed
2) Blacks get manufacturing jobs, but as 2nd class workers (lowest skilled, lowest paid)… intra generational mobility institutionally limited
3) They will not get access to the better jobs until the Civil Rights Act of 1965 intra and inter generational
mobility impacted My Dad has already been working for years in
a job that openly discriminated…
The Great Migration…Blacks join the industrial working class
By 1940, the occupational distribution of transformed
Blacks had joined the industrial working class
Four things to consider: 1) Blacks get manufacturing jobs a
generation after other groups…intergenerational mobility delayed
2) Blacks get manufacturing jobs, but as 2nd class workers (lowest skilled, lowest paid)…mobility institutionally limited
3) They will not get access to the better jobs until the Civil Rights Act of 1965… intra and inter generational mobility impacted
4) What happens to America’s manufacturing jobs starting in the 1970s? Wilson’s focus…
Great Migration into Northern Ghettoes…
Institutional ghettoes are segregated…but day to day activities more or less mirror larger society
“You could walk out of the house and get a job. Maybe not what you want but a you could get a job. Now you can’t find anything. A lot of people in this neighborhood, they want to work but they can’t get work” (Wilson 1996: 36).
From Institutional Ghetto to Jobless Ghetto…
Economic Restructuring Hits Urban Black Communities Very Hard
“As late as 1968-1970 period, more than 70% of Blacks working metropolitan areas held blue collar jobs at the same time that 50 percent of all metropolitan workers held white collar jobs” (Wilson 1996: 31).
More than ½ of these workers were in goods producing industries
Common saying: “When America gets a cold, Black America gets pneumonia.”
De-industrialization…Jobless Ghettoes“The manufacturing losses in some northern cities have been staggering”(Wilson 1996: 29)
North Lawndale Neighborhood in Chicago loses 57,000 manufacturing jobs
Manufacturing Jobs Lost Between 1967-1987Pct. Change Total Lost
Philadelphia 64% 160,000 Chicago 60% 500,000 New York 58% >500,000 Detroit 51% 108,000
Note video clip on Chester & on Blacks in the Steel Industry
Occupational Shift within urban black community
Chicago “57 percent of Chicago’s employed inner city black fathers…who
were born between 1950 and 1955 worked in manufacturing and construction industries in 1974”(Wilson 1996: 30)
By 1987 this was down to 31 percent…
“As a result, young black males have turned increasingly to the low wage service sector and unskilled laboring jobs for employment, or have gone jobless”(Wilson 1996: 30)
Philadelphia's Richard Allen Housing Project 1945 54% of household breadwinners in manufacturing
1960s 25% of household breadwinners in manufacturing
By the 1960s, more than 60% of breadwinners were working as maids in department stores, laundry workers, orderlies and other service trades
What of the remaining urban jobs…
Occupations Adding the Most Jobs Projected increase Weekly Pay
1) Systems Analysts 577,000 $1,008
2) Retail Salespersons 563,000 $329
3) Cashiers 556,000 $280
4) General Managers 551,000 $797
5) Truck Drivers 493,000 $299
6) Office Clerks 463,000 $419
7) Registered Nurses 451,000 $750
8) Computer Support Specialists 439,000 $983
9) Personal Care and Home Health Aides 333,000 $321
10) Teaching Assistants 375,000 $315
11) Janitors, Cleaners and Maids 365,000 $324
12) Nursing Aides and Orderlies 325,000 $322
Source: 1999 BLS data; the 1999 poverty line for a family of four is $327/week. 7
$406
$701
$862
$473
$1 ,901
$338
$257
$278
$321
$261
$0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000
Week ly P ay for the T en Oc c upations T hat Will A dd the M os t J obs T hrough 2010
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Based on hourly earnings and a 40-hour week.
U.S. Median Weekly Wages in 2000
$336 = 4-person family poverty line$336 = 4-person family poverty line1. Food preparation &
serving (includes fast food).2. Customer service
representatives.
3. Registered nurses.
4. Retail salespersons.5. Computer support
specialists.
6. Cashiers (except gaming).
7. Office clerks, general.
8. Security guards.9. Computer software
engineers, applications.
10. Waiters and waitresses.
What of the remaining urban jobs…
Consider Chester…Largest Employers are Widener and Crozier Medical
What kinds of occupations do these institutions offer?
What are the human capital requirements for these occupations?
Where do you think that most graduates of Chester’s school system will plug in?
Sociologists Refer to this as the “Skills Mismatch”
Skills mismatch & Urban Poverty mismatch between the skills of many urban residents
and the skills required by higher wage parts of the new urban economy
Wilson, p. 32 NYC lost 135,000 jobs requiring less than 12 years
education while gaining 300,000 in industries requiring 13 years or more
Philly lost 55,000 in low education industries and gained 40,000 requiring HS plus some college
William Julius Wilson
Not just a skills mismatch…Wilson argues that there is a growing mismatch between urban blacks and the suburban location of employment. In your own words, explain this problem. Be sure to a quote or statistic from the text to support your explanation.
Wilson argues that there is a growing mismatch between urban blacks and the suburban location of employment. In your own words, explain this problem. Be sure to incorporate a quote or statistic from the text to support your explanation.
In your own words, briefly describe what the article “4-Hour Trek Across New York for 4 Hours of Work, and $28 was about.”
Urban population faced with suburban job growth… Spatial Mismatch
The demand for labor has shifted away from neighborhoods where blacks are concentrated in favor of suburban areas
Chicago as an Example
1970-1990, 60% of new jobs in Chicago area were created in the Northern Suburbs Blacks are less than 2% of that population…you should be
wondering why?
By 1990, Chicago Accounted for just 37% of the jobs in metro-region
Another problem…Suburbanization of Employment
Donut Shaped DevelopmentShare of Jobs within 3, 10, > 10 mile Radius of central city, 1996
Spatial Mismatch: Transit
You read about a woman who commutes more than 2 hrs each way from Philly to the Suburbs for a $7.25 job
Reverse Commute…City to suburb commute is often tough
In some cases, not even possible
Presence in suburbs can bring problems… “racial harassment”
Gautreaux Program
5. Briefly describe the Gautreaux program. Why was it initiated? What did it do? What did the research generated from this program find?
Poverty due to a “culture of poverty” or structural factors like lack of jobs…This program provides a nice test…
Anyone remember what it was?
Gautreaux Program
Court ordered relocation of 4,000 people from Chicago Public Housing to other areas of Greater Chicago
Provided a Natural Experiment: Two groups to compare
Researchers could “contrast systematically the experiences of low income blacks who had been assigned private apartments in the suburbs with the experience of a control group with similar characteristics and histories who had been assigned private apartments in the city” (Wilson 1996: 38)
A Simple Experiment
Poor Urban Blacks Moved to Suburbs Measure Employment Status
Poor Urban Black Stay in city Measure Employment Status
The only thing that differed was the location Culture was the same; level of human, social and
cultural capital is initially the same
What did they find?
Study Findings
“After taking into account the personal characteristics of the respondents (family background, family circumstances, levels of human capital, motivation, length of time since the respondent first enrolled in the Gautreaux program)…found that those who moved to apartments in the suburbs were significantly more likely to have a job after the move than those placed in the city”(Wison 1996: 38)
When asked why…respondents said there were more jobs.
Findings support spatial mismatch theory…yet another challenge to the idea that poverty is primarily about culture
Raises interesting questions about housing policy
Joblessness Snowballs into other problems in the Ghetto…
“Changes in the industrial and occupational mix, including the removal of jobs from urban centers to suburban corridors, represents external factors that helped elevate joblessness among inner city blacks. But important social and demographic changes within the inner city are also associated with the escalating rates of neighborhood joblessness…” (Wilson 1996: 42).
Joblessness creates other problems… Wilson notes that after 1960, certain
types of African Americans began to leave inner cities. Please describe who left the cities. Why do you think the departure of these people would have a negative effect on a community?
Exodus…Movement of the People Woodlawn on the South Side of Chicago
White Flight: From 66 percent white in 1950 to 10 percent white in 1960
After 1960, “as sizable exodus of black residents followed, including a significant number of working- and middle class families” (Wilson 1996: 6). “outmigration of non-poor black families”(Wilson 1996: 42)
Population falls from 80,000 in 1960 to 24,473 in 1990
How would the movement of working and middle class families transform a neighborhood?
Middle Class Exodus
Loss of Black middle class impacts on social capital Job networks erode
Reduces role models who stress importance of school, career aspirations, etc.
Teachers and social workers move out…drug dealers move in
Middle Class Exodus…Small Business Decline & Neighborhoods Crumble
Woodlawn on the South Side of Chicago Business base erode from over 800
establishments in 1950 to about a hundred today (Wilson 1996: 5)
“Neighborhoods disintegrate”
Excess housing stock leads land lords to abandon houses
Tax base erodes leading to cuts in services Garbage collection; Park maintenance; Schools…
Joblessness & Middle Class Exodus Results in Lack of Social Organization
Joblessness Decrease in income Change in structure and rhythm of everyday life Impact on commercial businesses in neighborhood
Working and Middle Class Flight Further erosion of commercial sector Erosion of social capital (job networks) Lack of role models Population decline leads to abandoned housing
All Contributes to weakening of Social Organization/Social Capital...and weakened Social Organization/Social Capital further feeds disintegration of neighborhood…