Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release
Power Beaming Motivation, Technology, Demonstrations and
Development
Paul Jaffe
202-767-6616
U.5.NAVAL ESEARC
LABORATORY
Why Power Beaming?
Hard or expensive
place to get energy
Comparatively easy place to
get energy
Powerbeaming
Long separation ill-suited for a physical connection
TransmitAperture
TransmissionMedia
ReceiveAperture
OutputLoad
PowerConversion
PowerConversion
InputSource
Power Beaming Block Diagram
•
Figures of Merit for OperationalPower Beaming Systems
• Range (m)
– Generally want to maximize ↑
• Power delivered (W)
– Generally want to maximize ↑
• Efficiency (%)
– Generally want to maximize ↑
• Cost ($/W, $/W∙m, $/kWh)
– Generally want to minimize ↓
• Hazards (# birds fried)
– Generally want to minimize ↓
Source: https://youtu.be/0WYu25SZKlY?t=36m
Electromagnetic Spectrum Regions of Interest for Power Beaming
Figure adapted from https://img1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20071104233556/psychology/images/8/83/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_transmittance_or_opacity.jpg
(J ·.: G) >, .c -~ a. (J ., .. 0 a. E O ... ~
100%
50%
0% 0.1 nm 1 nm 1 O nm 100 nm 1 µm 10µm 100µm 1 mm 1 cm
Gamma Rays, X-Rays and Ultraviolet Light blocked by the upper atmosphere (best observed from space).
Visible Light observable from Earth, with some atmospheric distortion.
Wavelength
Most of the Infrared spectrum absorbed by atmospheric gasses (best observed from space).
10c 1 m 10m
Radio Waves observable from Ea
100 m 1 km
Long-wavelength Radio Waves blocked.
Power Beaming Applications
Figure credit: PowerLight (formerly LaserMotive)
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000 e------------------------------------. --------. ------.
couplin (power)
100-=------------. Resonant
10
1
0.1 1 10
Inter-Grid connections rbit-to-g round
solar power (SBSP)
Ground-to-orbit for satellites
Communications : . ------------------------------ t --------------------------------;----------------------:-------------
100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Distance (meters)
Selected Microwave Power Beaming Demonstrations
JPL-Raytheon Goldstone, 34 kW, 1.6 km (1975)MILAX Kobe University (1992)
Mitsubishi Electric 5.8 GHz 55m (2015)Aerostat phone charging Kyoto U. (2009)
Dickinson and Brown, 54% (1975)
Selected Laser Power Beaming Demonstrations
EADS Astrium tracking laser to power rover (2003)
Kinki Univ. & Hamamatsu Photonics Inc. laser power to small helicopter (2007)
LaserMotive outdoor laser power to Stalker UAV (2012)Lighthouse Dev Eye-safe laser demo http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00yjt99 5:40 (2012)
Power Beaming Technologies
• Laser (800nm, 1µm, 1.5µm, etc)– Transmitter: fiber laser, diode laser, etc.– Receiver: PV, TPV, heat engine
• mm-wave (~94 GHz)– Transmitter: gyrotron, solid state, etc.– Receiver: rectenna, heat engine
• Microwave (~2 GHz-35 GHz)– Transmitter: vacuum electronics, solid state– Receiver: rectenna
• Supporting tech– high altitude vehicles, aerostats, etc.
BOLD indicates an area with significant recent advances
Power Beaming Applications: Autonomous and Remotely Operated Systems
Increased:- Dwell time- Payload capacity- Operational flexibility
Specific applications:- Intel, Surveillance, Recon- Communications- Off-board countermeasures- Unattended sensors/buoys- Logistics, supplies delivery- Convoy/port protection
• Limited payload capacity
• Can fly overnight using stored solar, but with operating
constraints
• Power beaming could provide day/night recharging,
increasing payload capacity, operational flexibility, range
and duration
Example Platform: Zephyr HALE (High Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV
Power Beaming Applications: Forward Power Distribution Network
Increased:- Power distribution flexibility- ResilienceSpecific applications:- FOB and COP energy resupply- Ship-to-shore energy provision- Unattended sensors
NRL 5kW 3.2 kmLaser TransmissionDemo
NRL Laser Power Beaming Demonstration
Total weight < 2kgPV output 160-190 W
Voltage 11 V dc
Untethered flight under laser power
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PowerLight Quadcopter Demo• Partnered with Ascending Technologies
(later bought by Intel)– 2 months from 1st meeting to record-
setting demo flight
• Specific power 790 W/kg• Safe (ANSI Z136) reflections on ground
– Measured with optical power meter– Direct beam not accessible
• 12.5 hour flight (with 5 minute battery), limited only by venue– Recharge battery during flight after off-
beam flight times
• Automatic tracking, including auto-acquisition– Plus sending location to multicopter as
pseudo-GPS
• Multiple records for power beaming duration and UAV endurance
14
PowerLight Fixed Wing UAV Demo• Lockheed Martin Stalker• Receiver designed for 2x average flight
power• Ground proof-of-concept operated 48+
hours continually, verified functionality• Outdoor flights: Day & night, strong
winds• Tracking accurate to ~20 microradians
– 1cm @ 500m
• Altitudes up to 2,000 feet (600 meters)• Automatic beam shut-off if beam center
wandered >5cm off center of PV array• Automatic beam shut-off when entering
Laser Clearinghouse-defined windows– 147 segments, total width 46° centered
on vertical
• Robust receiver: undamaged even on landings causing airframe damage
15
Proof-of-concept
flights in southwest
US desert
~1cm accuracy at 500m range
GOAL: Transition to JCTD/FNC/POR/GSA and Industry
Power TRansmitted Over Laser (PTROL)
Technology ObjectiveDemonstrate the use of laser light as a means to transfer power • Use laser light as the power transport and photovoltaic cells
to receive and convert the light into usable power
• Refine and mature technology required to safely deliver kilowatt-class power both over fiber and wirelessly
• Demonstrate wireless power transmission over distances exceeding 1 kilometer
• Provide power to mobile and stationary assets in use
• Refine and demonstrate a power management system
• Refine and demonstrate beam safety and steering technology
Transition paths: • ONR to FNC program
• WiTEC JCTD (GSA/POR)
• Industry for pilot projects
• NAVSEA 073, USPACFLT, USA CSSFP, USA CSS E2S2
Project advocates / Transition Sponsors:
DOD Advocates: CENTCOM, EUCOM, SOCOM, PACOM, Army, Navy
Industry Advocates: leading companies in Telecom, Utilities, Industrial Equip, Oil & Gas, Rail, Aerospace, Security, Surveillance
Project Milestones
1. CY17: Power over Fiber to UUV (70W DC, 100m)
2. CY18: Wireless power to ground receiver (500W, 300m)
3. CY19: Power beaming to quadcopter (1.5x power, 300m)
4. CY19: Power beaming to fixed wing sUAS (1.5x power, 0.5km)
5. CY20: Power beaming to two sUAS for >12 hrs
6. CY21: Upgraded power beaming to two sUAS for >24 hrs
Explicit deliverables and demonstrations• Plan, schedule, execute and report on six demonstrations and
evaluations associated with each project milestone • Provide a power over fiber and wireless power beam system• Provide a power transmitter capable on mounting on Joint Light
Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) or similar vehicle• Develop use case scenarios for laser power beaming technology • Develop a Joint CONOP/TTP with user participation• Make DOTMLPF recommendations• Identify a transition plan to the Service(s) and participate and
contribute to transition planning• Develop a draft Initial Capability Document (ICD)
Deliver a capability for mobile power deliveryto enhance sUAS mission effectiveness within 36 months
SAFE - RELIABLE - MOBILE - PRACTICAL GROWING DEMAND, GROWING USE CASESI 1 -----TGG0~/~N~o-~Go~G~a~te~C~e~a~reif::7t- ---=========-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-;;;;~~I ✓ 84W DC, 100m
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PTROL CONOPs
| 17
RechargeCircle over Target
1+ km circling for recharge
Beyond-Line-of-Sight operation at sUAS maximum range
• Phase 1 – Power over Fiber (PoF)– 70+ watts, 100+ meters
• Power an underwater vehicle
– Demonstration date: December 6, 2017
• Phase 2 – Free Space Power (FSP) Point-to-Point on Ground– Demonstrate safe laser power
beaming capabilities• Ground-based point-to-point; 500W
@ 300m
– Anticipated demonstration date: September 2018
PTROL Demo Schedule
| 18
✓
PTROL Demo Schedule
| 19
ConOp development and related demonstration plans can evolve based on feedback from early
demonstrations
Phase 3 – Ground-to-air stationary quadcopter
• Demo safe power beaming to a quadcopter
• Target demo date: 9 months after Phase 2
Phase 4 – Ground-to-air fixed wing UAV
• Demo safe power beaming to a fixed wing sUAS
• Target demo date: 9 months after Phase 3
Phase 5 – Ground-to-air for 12+ hours
• Demo safe power beaming to a quadcopter and a fixed wing sUAS separately for 12+ hours each
• Target demo date: ~6 months after Phase 4
Delivery – Ground-to-air Multiple UAVs for 24+ hours
• Demonstrate safe power beaming to two sUAS simultaneously for 24 hours or longer
• Target demo date: ~6+ Months after Phase 5
Key Concluding Points
1. Power beaming is an emerging disruptive technology
2. There are important tradeoffs in system implementation between:– Safety and power density
– Wavelength and aperture size
3. Recent breakthroughs in component technologies have increased system feasibility
4. The research and industrial base is eager to develop and transition capabilities in this area to operations
Backup
Figure from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Atmosph%C3%A4rische_Absorption.png
ATTENUATION OF EM WAVES BY THE ATMOSPHERE
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10 µ 10 µ I Wavelength - Micrometers I I I I Far IR I Extreme IR I I I I
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http://mydronelab.com/blog/delivery-drones.html
Power Beaming for Drones?
https://www.geekwire.com/2016/7-eleven-completes-historic-slurpee-delivery-via-drone-
beating-amazon-punch/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2017/06/13/532639836/could-drones-help-save-people-in-
cardiac-arrest
7-Eleven completes 'historic' Slurpee delivery via drone, beating Amazon to the punch BY TODD BISHOP on July 23, 2016 at 10:56 am
IW::IUIMI IF:Hii ;:au; i;·EMf#lf1;§@1 ■xi@h --------------------
Could Drones Help Save Peop le In Cardiac Arrest? June 13, 2017 1134 AM ET
COURTNEY COLUMBUS
Drones canymo automated external defibnPators oot to the sites of P(e according to test runs conducted by Swedish researchers
A.ndfau CIN1~~yofF1yf'iba
Metrics & Data for Power Beaming Demos & SystemsParameter DescriptionDate The date the demonstration occurred. For multi-day demonstrations, the first day of operation.Location The location the demonstration occurred.Title A short, descriptive title to distinguish the demonstration from othersf (Hz) The principal center frequency of operation for the demonstrationλ (m) The wavelength corresponding to the frequency of operationFWHM (Hz) The full width at half maximum of the transmitter bandwidthTx ⌀ (m) The largest dimension of the transmitter aperture, typically the diameterTx mass (kg) The mass of the transmitter, including power conversion elements and the transmit aperture
Tx vol (m3) The volume of the transmitter, including power conversion elements and the transmit apertureRx ⌀ (m) The largest dimension of the receiver aperture, typically the diameterRx mass (kg) The mass of the receiver, including power conversion elements and the transmit aperture
Rx vol (m3) The volume of the receiver, including power conversion elements and the transmit apertureRange (m) The distance between the transmit and receive aperturesMax BE The maximum beam efficiency theoretically achievable from the aperture areas, range, and operating frequencyTx input (W) The input source power to the transmitterTx power (W) The power output of the transmitter at the frequency of operationTx eff The percentage of input power that is transmitted
Tx pk (W/m2) The peak power density on the transmit aperture
Beam pk (W/m2) The peak power density along the beam's path
Rx pk (W/m2) The peak power density at the receive apertureRx power (W) The power incident on the receive apertureRx output (W) The average power from the receiver to the output load over the duration of the demonstrationRx eff The percentage of incident on the receive aperture that is sent to the output loadEnd-to-end eff The percentage of power from the input source that is delivered to the output loadDuration (s) The duration over which power was provided to the output load Beam steering Beam steering implemented, such as: none, electronic closed or open loop, mechanical closed or open loop
Safe [Y/N]To answer "Y", the demo either did not exceed the applicable power density safety limits (IEEE, OSHA, ICNIRP, etc.), or an interlock system was implemented and tested that to prevent harm to personnel, animals, or property.
Cost ($) Cost of the demonstration in then-year U.S. dollarsW cost ($/W) Cost per watt delivered to to output loadTag The year the demonstration was performed suffixed with a letter to allow tagging of the demonstration on plotsNotes Notes and aspects of interest related to the demonstrationReference Primary source for data
Add'l References Additional data sources
Inclusion Criteria for Demonstrations
• Demonstrated end-to-end transmission efficiency of at least 1%
• Spanned a distance of at least 1 m(where 1 m is beyond the reactive near field of the transmitter)
• Met the conditions above for at least 1 minute
1-1-1
This Rules Out (Typically) …• Communication links
– Goal is to keep carrier above noise
• Directed energy– Goal is disrupting, disabling, or
destroying a target
• Energy harvesting– Goal is exploiting ambient resources
• Radars– Goal is capturing reflected energy for
analysis
• Medical devices, industrial equipment, microwave ovens, etc.
• Systems within the reactive near field– Capacitive and inductive resonance
The Power Beaming Leader Board
Category Record Year DemonstrationLongest Range 1.55 km 1975 JPL-Raytheon Goldstone
Most Power Delivered 34 kW 1975 JPL-Raytheon GoldstoneHighest Efficiency 54% 1975 Brown & Dickinson
Possible Power BeamingRecord Subcategories
• Modality– Microwave– Laser
• Beam path orientation/location– Horizontal in atmosphere– Vertical in atmosphere– Space
• “Honorable Mentions” that demonstrate a compelling characteristic, but that failed 1-1-1– Closed-loop beam control
• (e.g. Mankins & Kaya 148 km Hawaii demo)
– Cost factors
Source: http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1210/1“A step forward for space solar power” by Jeff Foust, 2008-09-15
Figure from: Dickinson, R. and Maynard, O.,“Ground Based Wireless and Wired Power Transmission Cost Comparison,” 34th IECEC, Vancouver, BC, July 1999.
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Power Beaming for Consumer Electronics
wi-charge.com
powercastco.com
ubeam.com
energous.com
ossia.com
Generally speaking, companies targeting consumer electronics aim to provide a few watts over a few meters.
Methodologies: radiofrequency, optical, acoustic
POW8R CaST wireless power for a wireless world
POWER OVER DIST~ RF Energy Harvesting & Wireless Power
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Power Beaming University Research
University of Washington
Source: https://youtu.be/7DXuxGErs9k
University of Washington
Source: https://newatlas.com/laser-wireless-charging-system/53492/
RoboFly 0.13x speed
Potential for Dual Use withNon-lethal or Directed Energy Assets
Active Denial System (mm-wave) Laser Weapons Systems (LaWS) on the U.S.S. Ponce
Aperture Size Comparison (16 m diameter antenna @ 12 km for 90% receiving efficiency)
Blue = 2.45 GHz
Red = 5.8 GHz
Green = 35 GHz
Light Blue = 94 GHz
178 m diameter
75 m diameter
12.5 m diameter
4.6 m diameter
Aperture Size Comparison(1 km diameter antenna @ 35,786 km for 90% receiving efficiency)
Blue = 2.45 GHz
Red = 5.8 GHz
Green = 35 GHz
Light Blue = 94 GHz8,400 m diameter
3,600 m diameter
590 m diameter
220 m diameter
