Transient Free

Power Factor Capacitors Low Voltage

Improve Power Factor & Reduce Electric Energy Costs

Fixed Capacity

Automatic

Determine Your Power Factor Objectives 2

Alternative Solutions from Arteche 3

Benefits of Improving Power Factor 4

Switching Capacitors with Motors 6

Power Factor Tutorial 7

Determining Your Capacitor KVAR Requirement 8

Product Specifications 9

Product Selection - 480V 10

Useful Capacitor Formulae 11

Table of Contents

Determine Your Power Factor Objectives

2. Improve Power Factor for Entire Facility

2

3. Improve Power Factor for Large Induction Equipment

1. Improve Power Factor for Individual Motors

Harmonics will reduce the life of power factor capacitors. Whenever there are harmonic producing loads on the power system, the capacitor bank should include a capacitor protection reactor, that will “detune” the capacitor bank to a frequency where no harmonic energy exists. Consult factory for “detuned” capacitor banks.

Use Fixed Power Factor Capacitors Power factor capacitors may conveniently be switched on and off with individual motors. This assures that the capacitor is energized only during the times when the motor is energized - when you need power factor correction. For this type of application, typically a Fixed Capacitor Bank is used. This is the simplest and most economical form of power factor correction. Depending on the manner in which you connect the capacitor, you may or may not need to include fuses. See page 6 for more details.

Harmonics will reduce the life of power factor capacitors, whenever there are harmonic producing loads on the power system, this type of capacitor bank should include a capacitor protection reactor, that will “detune” the capacitor bank to a frequency where no harmonic energy exists. Alternatively it can be supplied as a harmonic filter that will remove unwanted harmonic frequencies from the power system. Consult factory for “detuned” capacitor banks or harmonic filters.

Use smARTvarTM Dynamic Power Factor Capacitors Large inductive loads (large motors, oil drilling rigs, wind turbines, amusement rides, auto crushers, arc furnaces, induction furnaces, etc.) typically have dynamic requirements for reactive energy (kVARs), these applications require more sophisticated automatic type capacitor systems with extremely fast response capabilities. Use smARTvar™ for applications with large dynamic loads.

Harmonics will reduce the life of power factor capacitors. Whenever there are harmonic producing loads on the power system, the automatic capacitor bank should include a capacitor protection reactor, that will “detune” the capacitor bank to a frequency where harmonic energy does not exist. Alternatively it can be supplied as a harmonic filter that will remove unwanted harmonic frequencies from the power system. Consult factory for “detuned” capacitors or harmonic filters.

Use Automatic Power Factor Capacitors When the load conditions and power factor in a facility change frequently, the demand for power factor improving capacitors also changes frequently. In order to assure that the proper amount of power factor capacitor kvars are always connected to the system (without over-correcting), an Automatic Type Capacitor System should be used for applications involving multiple loads.

Arteche Type CFB Power Factor Capacitor Systems offer a fixed amount of kVARs. They can be supplied with or without fuses or with circuit breakers. The internal circuit breaker can provide over current protection as well as satisfy the NEC requirements for a disconnecting means (when capacitor is not connected between motor and overload relay). For applications where there may be harmonic producing loads on the power system, “detuned” capacitor banks are available to reduce the flow of harmonic currents into the capacitor. Arteche also offers harmonic filters that will remove harmonics from the power system.

Power Factor Solutions from Arteche Fixed Capacitor Banks (non-automatic)

Arteche Type CAB Automatic Power Factor Capacitor Systems automatically adjust the connected capacitor kVAR to the system needs based on commands from the internal electronic power factor controller. The total bank of capacitors is segmented into convenient increments of kVAR which are switched on-line as needed. Automatic capacitor systems can be supplied either with or without a main circuit breaker or switch. For applications that have harmonic producing loads, automatic capacitor systems can be supplied with an optional detuning reactor to reduce the flow of harmonic currents in capacitors. Arteche also offers harmonic filters that will remove harmonics from the power system.

Automatic Capacitor Banks

smARTvarTM Type SMV Automatic Capacitor Systems utilize power electronic technology to achieve extremely fast switching of power factor capacitors. Not only is this an automatic power factor system, it can switch capacitors on-line in less than one cycle, to maintain designed power factor when large inductive loads have very dynamic characteristics. It can respond to the most dynamic of loads including arc furnaces, amusement rides, wind turbines, etc. The total bank of capacitors is segmented into convenient increments of kVAR which are switched as needed using zero-cross switching thyristors. Capacitor switching is accomplished rapidly but without transients. These systems can be supplied either with or without a main circuit breaker or switch. For those applications that have harmonic producing loads, these capacitor systems are available with an optional detuning reactor to reduce harmonic currents in the capacitor. Arteche also offers harmonic filters to remove harmonics from the power system.

smARTvarTM Transient-Free Automatic Capacitor Banks

3

Precise increments of kVAR are switched on-line as needed.

Capacitor switching is accomplished in less than one cycle without

transients.

Fixed Power Factor Capacitors may conveniently be switched on and off with individual motors.

Benefits are only realized upstream of the point of capacitor connection.

Benefits of Improving Power Factor

Inductive loads can demand large amounts of reactive power and reduce overall facility power factor. The power factor of individual motors can range from 0.60 to 0.93 and drops steadily as the load is reduced. Since many motors are de-rated or operate well below full load conditions, actual power factors are often lower than stated on the motor nameplate. When capacitors are added to power systems supplying induction motors, the capacitor supplies the reactive power needed by the motor, thus reducing the reactive power demanded from the facility power source and improving power factor upstream of the capacitor connection point. Arteche capacitors improve the power factor, reduce kVA demand, save energy and can reduce electric bills. By reducing the reactive power demand, they can also release capacity available from existing transformers. How much is kVA reduced? Raise PF from 0.80 to 0.95 => reduce kVA by 15.8% Raise PF from 0.70 to 0.95 => reduce kVA by 26.3%

How Much is current reduced? Raise PF from 0.80 to 0.95 => reduce Amps by 15.8% Raise PF from 0.70 to 0.95 => reduce Amps by 26.3%

• Eliminate Power Factor penalties • Reduce electricity costs • Reduce current draw • Reduce kVA demand & demand charges • Reduce system power losses • Increase kVA available from transformers • Improve facility voltage levels

Improve Power Factor and Increase Power System Capacity

Original PF

Final PF

Current Reduced

By

KVA Demand Reduced

by

0.93 1.0 7% 7%

0.90 1.0 10% 10%

0.88 1.0 12% 12%

0.85 1.0 15% 15%

0.80 1.0 20% 20%

0.75 1.0 25% 25%

0.70 1.0 30% 30%

0.65 1.0 35% 35%

0.60 1.0 40% 40%

Reduce Current & KVA

Arteche PF Capacitor Systems Offer Rapid ROI

Raise Power Factor Arteche Power Factor Capacitors will raise the power factor of motors and other inductive loads. Type CFB capacitors may be used for individual inductive loads, or to improve power factor for an entire facility or electrical service. Use Type CFB Capacitors for commercial, industrial or municipal applications. Precise Control of Power Factor For large facilities or electrical services, consider Arteche Type CAB Automatic Capacitor Systems. Automatic capacitor systems are required for multiple loads so that capacitance can be adjusted based upon varying load conditions and varying reactive power demand. Achieve Maximum Reduction of Power Losses Capacitors should be connected as close (electrically) as possible to individual inductive loads in order to recover the highest percentage of branch circuit conductor power losses. Properly applied capacitors can lower the power system losses by reducing the circuit current and I2R power losses. Reduce Electric Energy Costs The use of Power Factor Capacitors can eliminate the utility charges for low power factor.

4

Working Power (kW)

Reactive Power (kVAR)

Utility supplies Reactive kVARs – you pay for

PFC

Reactive Power (kVAR)

Working Power (kW)

Capacitor supplies Reactive

Motors need

both Reactive VARs

and working watts Let a capacitor

provide the kVARs

instead of paying the

utility for this reactive power.

How much will kVA be reduced?

Adding up the Benefits

Capacitors improve the power factor of induction loads. Additionally, they reduce current and kVA demanded from the power sources. The payback period will depend on your electricity rate structure and penalties associated with low power factor. We can help you determine the ROI of a capacitor investment. Contact our offices for a ROI analysis based on your electricity rates and usage.

In electrical equipment, such as transformers or cables, capacitors can release capacity and thus allow a greater payload. By furnishing the necessary magnetizing current for induction motors and transformers, capacitors reduce the current drawn from the power supply. Less current means less loading on transformers and feeder circuits. If a system has an existing overload, the capacitor may eliminate it. If the system is not overloaded, capacitors can release capacity and postpone or avoid an investment in more expensive transformers, switchgear and cable, otherwise required to serve additional loads.

ROI for your Capacitor Investment

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

orig

neworiginalreleased PF

PFkVAkVA 1

How much will voltage rise?

Excessive voltage sags can make your motors sluggish, and cause them to overheat. Low voltage also interferes with lighting, the proper operation of motor controls and electrical and electronics instruments. Capacitors will raise your plant voltage level, and can maintain it all along your feeders, right out to the furthest motors.

How much energy will capacitors save?

By supplying kilovars at the point where they are needed, capacitors will relieve the system of delivering reactive current. Since electrical current in the lines is reduced, the circuit I2R losses also decrease. Therefore, fewer kWh need to be purchased from the utility. ROI will vary depending on factors such as utility rate structure, load conditions, old PF and new PF.

5

).(. rtransformeuprtransforme

capacitorRise Z

kVARkVAR

V •= )r

Saving Energy and Energy Costs

Switching Fixed Capacitors with Motors

Non-Fused Power Factor Capacitor

Fused Power Factor Capacitor

Power Factor Capacitor with Circuit Breaker

nameplatenew

oldnew FLA

PFPFFLA *=

Between Motor Starter & Motor

• No extra switch or fuses required. • Contactor serves as capacitor disconnect. • Change overload relays to compensate for

reduced motor current. • Too much kVAR can damage motors.

Check motor manufacturer or Nema MG-1 recommendations for maximum kVAR.

Calculate new (reduced) motor current. Set overload relays for this new motor FLA.

Upstream of Motor Starter • Disconnect switch is required. (per NEC) • Must include fuses in series with capacitor

(per NEC). • No changes to overload relays. • Fuses must have an interrupting current

rating that is greater than the available short circuit current. (per NEC)

Upstream of Motor Starter

• Circuit Breaker serves as disconnect. • Circuit breaker is over current protection. • Fuses not required. • No changes to overload relays. • Circuit breaker must have an interrupting

current rating greater than the available short circuit current. (per NEC)

6

Power Factor Tutorial Induction motors, transformers and many other electrical loads require working power (kW) as well as magnetizing power (kVAR). Considering kW and kVAR as the sides of a right triangle, we can determine the apparent power (kVA) based on the right triangle rule.

To reduce the kVA required for any given load, you must reduce the line that represents the kVAR. This is precisely what capacitors do-.

By supplying kVAR directly at the load, the motor receives the reactive power that it needs and the capacitor relieves the utility of the burden of carrying the extra kVAR. This reduces both current and kVA in the branch circuit conductors and in the upstream power system. This makes the utility transmission and distribution systems more efficient, reducing cost for the utility and their customers. The ratio of actual power and apparent power is usually expressed in percentage and is called power factor.

In the illustration below, addition of capacitors improved power factor and subtracted the non-working current from the upstream conductors. This reactive current is now supplied by the capacitor rather than the utility.

222 kVARkWkVA +=

ϕcos==kVAkWPF

Understand Power Factor & Determine Capacitor Requirements

Electrical systems perform with some degree of efficiency ranging from poor to excellent. One measure of efficiency compares the work produced (kW) with the apparent power (kVA) that is demanded from the power source, for the purpose of performing that work. The kW/kVA is a measure of electrical efficiency and is known as Power Factor (PF).

Motors need kVARs—Capacitors supply kVARs Motors and other inductive equipment in a plant require two kinds of electric power. One type is working power, measured by the kilowatt (kW). This is what powers the equipment and performs useful work. Secondly, inductive equipment needs magnetizing power to produce the flux necessary for the operation of inductive devices. The unit of measure of magnetizing or reactive power is the kilovar (kVAR). The working power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR) together make up the apparent power which is measured in kilovolt-amperes (kVA).

Capacitors most effective at the Load Most AC power systems require both kW (kilowatts) and kVAR (kilovars). Capacitors installed near the inductive loads in a facility are the most effective way of supplying these kilovars, and can provide the greatest reduction of branch circuit power losses. If not supplied by local capacitors, then these kilovars will need to be provided by the electric utility. Arteche low voltage capacitors are a low cost, high reliability and maintenance free means of providing the needed kilovars.

Capacitors Relieve Power System of Reactive Current If magnetizing current for inductive loads is provided by capacitors, then those kilovars do not have to be sent all the way from the utility to the inductive loads. This relieves both your electrical system and your utility of the cost of carrying these extra kilovars. The utility typically charges for this reactive power through either a direct or indirect power factor penalty charge. Capacitors can reduce your electricity demand and can reduce your utility bill, gain system capacity, improve voltage and reduce power losses.

InductionMotor loads

Powersupply

ActiveCurrent80 A

ReactiveCurrent60 A

Total linecurrent100 A

ActiveCurrent80 A

InductionMotor loads

Reactive Current 60 A

Total linecurrent80 A

Powersupply

Capacitor

kW

kVA

kVAR

By supplying this kilovars with capcitors

Thus eliminating these kVAfrom the kVA demand charge

ϕ1 ϕ2

Typical Power Factor by Industry

Industry Power Factor Arc Furnaces 0.70 to 0.90

Arc Welding 0.35 to 0.60

Breweries 0.75 to 0.80

Cement Works 0.78 to 0.80

Chemical 0.65 to 0.75

Foundries 0.50 to 0.80

Induction Furnaces 0.15 to 0.40

Machine Shops 0.40 to 0.65

Printing 0.55 to 0.70

Quarries 0.50 to 0.70

7

Determining your capacitor kVAR requirement

Select Proper Capacitor (kVAR) in 3 easy steps: 1) Find your Desired Power Factor at top of chart. 2) Slide down to the row corresponding to your Original Power Factor 3) Multiply your KW by this factor to determine the required capacitor kVARs.

Example: If Load is 720kW, 0.75 PF and Desired PF = 0.95 (95%) 1) Find 95% in top row. 2) Slide down that column to the row beginning with 75%. Find factor = 0.553. 3) Multiply 720kW by 0.553. Capacitor needed is 398.16kVAR (use 400kVAR).

8

Find the kVARs you need in 3 easy steps.

Type CFB Capacitor Banks utilize Arteche Capacitors that are constructed using metallized polypropylene elements which are encased in aluminum canisters and filled with high performance, biodegradable dielectric fluid (free of PCBs) for superior heat transfer.

Arteche capacitors are harmonic rated and suitable for use in applications where harmonics are present. Our capacitors are self-healing and self-protecting. Arteche capacitors have the ability to heal the internal winding by removing small short circuits caused by voltage transients. In the event of a capacitor cell failure, our capacitors also include an internal pressure switch. The internal pressure switch will disconnect the individual cell that has failed, leaving the other cells intact to continue improving power factor.

Voltage:…………Rated voltage + 10% maximum Current:…………Rated current + 35% maximum Power:…………..Rated kVAR + 35% maximum

Temperature:…..80C maximum operating temperature Altitude:………...2000 meters (6600 feet) without derating Power Loss:……Low ESR; 0.4 W per kVAR Protection:……..Self healing, self protecting capacitors Internal pressure switch Harmonic Distortion:.Suitable for < 10% THD-v @ 25C Discharge:……...Discharges to <50V within 1 minute

Approvals:.……..UL / CUL Listed (File: # E227040 per UL 810) or (File: # E311756 per UL 508A) Fuse AIC:……….100,000 amps standard C.B. AIC:………..25,000 amps standard

Capacitor Current (Ic): 200V : kVAR x 2.88 (amps) 240V : kVAR x 2.40 (amps) 400V : kVAR x 1.44 (amps) 480V : kVAR x 1.20 (amps) 600V : kVAR x 0.96 (amps) 690V : kVAR x 0.84 (amps) Fusing:………….use 1.65 to 1.80 x Ic Contactor:……...use capacitor rated contactor, or .……...use contactor rated 1.80 x Ic kVAR at lower system voltage:..kVAR(LV) = kVAR(rated) x [LV / V(rated)]2 References:…..NFPA 70 (NEC) (Art. 460-capacitors) (Art. 310-conductors)

Product Specifications

9

Type CFB Product Specifications: Type CFB Application Notes:

Arteche capacitors are self-healing and self-protecting.

Type CFB Fixed Capacitor Banks 480V, 60Hz, Nema 1 Basic Fixed PFC PFC w/ Fuse & Indicators PFC w/ Circuit Breaker Rated Current Wire Size Fuse Rating Switch Rating

Catalog No. Catalog No. Catalog No. (Amperes) (AWG-90C) (Amperes) (Amperes)

1.5 CFB 001.5 480 N1 CFB 001.5 480 F N1 CFB 001.5 480 ITM N1 1.8 14 3 30

2 CFB 0002 480 N1 CFB 0002 480 F N1 CFB 0002 480 ITM N1 2.4 14 6 30

2.5 CFB 002.5 480 N1 CFB 002.5 480 F N1 CFB 002.5 480 ITM N1 3 14 6 30

3 CFB 0003 480 N1 CFB 0003 480 F N1 CFB 0003 480 ITM N1 3.6 14 6 30

4 CFB 0004 480 N1 CFB 0004 480 F N1 CFB 0004 480 ITM N1 4.8 14 10 30

5 CFB 0005 480 N1 CFB 0005 480 F N1 CFB 0005 480 ITM N1 6 14 10 30

6 CFB 0006 480 N1 CFB 0006 480 F N1 CFB 0006 480 ITM N1 7.2 14 15 30

7.5 CFB 007.5 480 N1 CFB 007.5 480 F N1 CFB 007.5 480 ITM N1 9 14 15 30

8 CFB 0008 480 N1 CFB 0008 480 F N1 CFB 0008 480 ITM N1 9.6 14 20 30

9 CFB 0009 480 N1 CFB 0009 480 F N1 CFB 0009 480 ITM N1 10.8 14 20 30

10 CFB 0010 480 N1 CFB 0010 480 F N1 CFB 0010 480 ITM N1 12 14 20 30

12.5 CFB 012.5 480 N1 CFB 0012 480 F N1 CFB 0012 480 ITM N1 15 14 25 30

15 CFB 0015 480 N1 CFB 0015 480 F N1 CFB 0015 480 ITM N1 18 12 30 30

17.5 CFB 017.5 480 N1 CFB 017.5 480 F N1 CFB 017.5 480 ITM N1 21 10 40 60

20 CFB 0020 480 N1 CFB 0020 480 F N1 CFB 0020 480 ITM N1 24 10 40 60

22.5 CFB 022.5 480 N1 CFB 022.5 480 F N1 CFB 022.5 480 ITM N1 27 10 50 60

25 CFB 0025 480 N1 CFB 0025 480 F N1 CFB 0025 480 ITM N1 30 8 50 60

27.5 CFB 027.5 480 N1 CFB 027.5 480 F N1 CFB 027.5 480 ITM N1 33 8 60 60

30 CFB 0030 480 N1 CFB 0030 480 F N1 CFB 0030 480 ITM N1 36 8 60 60

32.5 CFB 032.5 480 N1 CFB 032.5 480 F N1 CFB 032.5 480 ITM N1 39 8 80 100

35 CFB 0035 480 N1 CFB 0035 480 F N1 CFB 0035 480 ITM N1 42 6 80 100

37.5 CFB 037.5 480 N1 CFB 037.5 480 F N1 CFB 037.5 480 ITM N1 45 6 80 100

40 CFB 0040 480 N1 CFB 0040 480 F N1 CFB 0040 480 ITM N1 48 6 80 100

42.5 CFB 042.5 480 N1 CFB 042.5 480 F N1 CFB 042.5 480 ITM N1 51 6 100 100

45 CFB 0045 480 N1 CFB 0045 480 F N1 CFB 0045 480 ITM N1 54 4 100 100

50 CFB 0050 480 N1 CFB 0050 480 F N1 CFB 0050 480 ITM N1 60 4 100 100

55 CFB 0055 480 N1 CFB 0055 480 F N1 CFB 0055 480 ITM N1 66 2 125 200

60 CFB 0060 480 N1 CFB 0060 480 F N1 CFB 0060 480 ITM N1 72 2 125 200

65 CFB 0065 480 N1 CFB 0065 480 F N1 CFB 0065 480 ITM N1 78 1/0 150 200

70 CFB 0070 480 N1 CFB 0070 480 F N1 CFB 0070 480 ITM N1 84 1/0 150 200

75 CFB 0075 480 N1 CFB 0075 480 F N1 CFB 0075 480 ITM N1 90 1/0 150 200

80 CFB 0080 480 N1 CFB 0080 480 F N1 CFB 0080 480 ITM N1 96 1/0 175 200

85 CFB 0085 480 N1 CFB 0085 480 F N1 CFB 0085 480 ITM N1 102 1/0 175 200

90 CFB 0090 480 N1 CFB 0090 480 F N1 CFB 0090 480 ITM N1 108 1/0 200 200

100 CFB 0100 480 N1 CFB 0100 480 F N1 CFB 0100 480 ITM N1 120 2/0 200 200

120 CFB 0120 480 N1 CFB 0120 480 F N1 CFB 0120 480 ITM N1 144 3/0 200 200

125 CFB 0125 480 N1 CFB 0125 480 F N1 CFB 0125 480 ITM N1 150 3/0 250 400

kVAR

Selection Tables for 480 Volts, 60Hz [1.5 to 125 KVAR]

This short form catalog lists only 480V capacitors. Contact factory for other voltage and KVAR ratings.

10

Other Ratings Available:

200V, 208V, 240V, 380V, 415V, 480V, 600V & 690V.

1 kVAR thru 1000kVAR.

Available Short Circuit Current:

Voltage Sag due to Locked Rotor Amps:

Useful Formulae

31000

)( ∗∗

=− LL

c VkVARI

PF Capacitor Current:

%100%

% ∗∗

=xfmr

xfmrcapacitorrise kVA

ZkVARV

100%)(

2xfmr

xfmr

xfmrSECsc

ZMVA

kVI ∗=

Voltage Boost due to PF Capacitor:

Three Phase Capacitors

scLR

scLL

kVAkVAkVAV

V+

= ∗− )(min

2

%100%1

1

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡+

∗=THDikVA

kWPF Total

Harmonic Resonance: (four accepted industry methods)

Total Power Factor:

)( capr MVAr

MVAsch =

xfmrcap

xfmrr ZkVAR

kVAh

%%100

)( ∗

∗=

XscXch r =

Effective (p.u.) kVAR for Capacitor used on lower system voltage System Voltage

208/60 240/50 240/60 400/50 480/60 600/60 0.12 0.133 0.16 0.37 0.64

480/60 0.187 0.21 0.25 0.576 1.0

240/60 0.75 0.83 1.0 - -

Capacitor Voltage

Capacitance per phase: (wye connected) )(

21000

2 FaradsfV

kVARC∗∗∗

∗=

π Capacitance per phase: (delta connected) )(

321000

2 FaradsfV

kVARC∗∗∗∗

∗=

π

LCfr π2

1=

11

Other Related Formulae

Contact ARTECHE PQ for solutions to Harmonic Distortion and Low Power Factor

Low Voltage, Medium Voltage and High Voltage Solutions

ARTECHE PQ, Inc. 16964 West Victor Road ● New Berlin, WI 53151 Phone: 1-262-754-3883 ● Fax: 1-262-754-3993 www.artechepq.com POWER QUALITY

Fixed Capacitor Systems De-Tuned Capacitor Active PF Compensation Automatic Capacitors Dynamic VAR Compensation Transient Free Capacitor Systems

Power Factor Improvement Low Pass Harmonic Filters (5%THD-i)

Tuned Harmonic Filters Active Harmonic Filters (5% THD-i) Automatic Harmonic Filters 12 & 18 Pulse Rectifier Upgrade Kits Soft Switching Harmonic Filters

Harmonic Filters

Form No. C07-2009 / Feb 2010