Network Type How Switched Persistence of Link Bandwidth
1 Circuit Permanent Highest; dedicated
2 Circuit Temporary Medium; dial-up
3 Packet Virtual circuit High
4 Packet None; no circuit Low to medium
Sharing: SDM, FDM, TDM, CDM
One way; broadcast radio, TV
Two ways, but one way at a time; 2-way radio
Two ways, two ways at a time; phones
Uses common clock to control flow of information
Uses local clock to control flow of information
Lots of theaters in a single location
10googol, where googol = 10100
• Cineplex
• Googolplex
Sharing: SDM, FDM, TDM, CDM
One way; broadcast radio, TV
Two ways, but one way at a time; 2-way radio
Two ways, two ways at a time; phones
Uses common clock to control flow of information
Uses local clock to control flow of information
Lots of theaters in a single location
10googol, where googol = 10100
Network Type Typical Radius Typical Data Rate Typical Media
PAN 2 m 100 kbps Wireless
LAN 100 m 100 Mbps CAT5, 6 (twisted pair)
CAN 5 km 1 Gbps MM Fiber
WAN 100 km 10 Gbps SM Fiber
Type
Access
Protcol
Typical Data
Rate Typical Media Typical Reach
Ethernet CSMA/CD 10 – 100 Mbps,
non-deterministic
CAT 5, 6 100 meters
Token Ring Token
passing
10 – 100 Mbps,
deterministic
CAT5, 6
(twisted pair)
100 meters
FDDI (Fiber
Distributed Data
Interface)
Token
passing
1 Gbps SM Fiber 1 – 10,000 km
DSL OFDM 5 Mbps Phone lines 5000 meters
Type Access Protcol Typical Data Rate Typical Media
Ethernet CSMA/CD 10 – 100 Mbps,
non-deterministic
CAT 5, 6
Token Ring Token passing 10 – 100 Mbps,
deterministic
CAT5, 6 (twisted pair)
FDDI (Fiber
Distributed Data
Interface)
Token passing 1 Gbps SM Fiber
DSL OFDM 5 Mbps Phone lines
Flavor Maximum Distance
Downstream
Speed
ADSL (A=asymmetric) 18,000 ft (≈3.6 miles) 1.544 Mbps
ADSL 12,000 ft (≈2.4 miles) 6.312 Mbps
ADSL 9,000 ft (≈1.8 miles) 8.448 Mbps
VDSL (V=Very high
data rate)
4,500 ft (≈0.9 miles) 12.96 Mbps
VDSL 3,000 ft (≈0.6 miles) 25.82 Mbps
VDSL 1,000 ft (≈0.2 miles) 51.84 Mbps
Access Medium %age of World Using
DSL ≈ 50%
Cable Modem ≈40%
FTTx ≈5%
Wireless (land-based) ≈4%
Satellite ≈1%
Special Networks Small Computers System Interface (SCSI)
50 Mbps, 1984; Ultra-5: 640 Mbps (2003)
iSCSI: Ethernet/network dependent
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
v. 1.0: 12 Mpbs; 1994; v. 2.0: 480 Mbps; 2000; v. 3.0: 4.8 Gbps (2009)
Firewire (IEEE 1394; AppleTalk)
400 Mbps; 1996; 800 Mbps (2006); declining
Thunderbolt
10 Gbps; 4 lanes, differential, 5.4 Gbps/lane; 15 ft (5m) with copper; 100 m with MMF; Both PCI-e and DisplayPort
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)
1064 Mbps over 16 parallel differential lines (40 conductors)
SATA (Serial ATA)
1.o = 1.5 Gbps over 2 pairs; 2.0 = 3 Gbps; 3.0 = 6 Gbps (same cable)
Cell Phones: 4G-5G Comparison
Genera-
tion
Intro
Year
Freq.
Band
BW
(MHz)
Cell size
Modu-
lation
Advanced
Antenna
Technologies Latency
Data Rate
(Mbps) Hardware
4 2011 380-2500
MHz
5, 10, 20 1000 m OFDM Small MIMO 10 ms 26 Mostly
CMOS
5 2017 3.5, 5, 14-
79 GHz
500-1000 100 m Adv.
OFDM
Big MIMO;
phased-arrays;
beam-steering
1 ms 1000 –
10,000
GaAs;
SiGe
Generation Features Power Deployment Costs
4 Whatever $$
5 Network function virtualization; Self-organizing
networks; Software-defined networking
Low-power
focus
$$$