PPT Finger Printing DNA Forensik

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FINGER PRINTING DNA

Penyaji :

Friska Doreenda Putri ( 70 2009 002 )

Vera Irawanda ( 70 2009 030 )

Pembimbing :

dr. Binsar Silalahi, Sp.F, DFM, SH

SMF FORENSIK

RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PALEMBANG BARI

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH

PALEMBANG

2014



BAB I

PENDAHULUAN



BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA



DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid )

Definisi :

Jenis asam nukleat yang menyimpan semua informasi genetika

manusia, peran DNA di dalam sebuah sel adalah sebagai materigenetik. DNA umumnya terletak di dalam inti sel. Sehingga

DNA juga berperan dalam menentukan jenis rambut, warna kulit,

dan sifat-sifat khusus manusia

Komponen :

DNA merupakan polimer yang terdiri dari tiga komponen utama,yaitu gugus fosfat, gula deoksiribosa, dan basa nitrogen.



Finger Printing DNA

DNA fingerprint merupakan gambaran pola potongan DNA darisetiap individu.

DNA fingerprint tidak dapat dirubah oleh siapapun dan dengan

alat apapun. Oleh karena itu DNA fingerprint adalah metode yang

sangat akurat untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan diantara satu orang

dengan orang lainnya

Tes DNA adalah metode untuk mengidentifikasi fragmen-

fragmen dari DNA itu sendiri, atau secara sederhananya adalah

metode untuk mengidentifikasi, menghimpun dan menginventarisirfile-file khas karakter tubuh.



1. Tujuan pribadi Penentuan perwalian anak atau penentuan

orang tua dari anak

2. Tujuan hukum Masalah forensik seperti identifikasi korban

yang telah hancur, sehingga untuk mengenali identitasnya

diperlukan pencocokan antara DNA korban dengan terduga

keluarga korban ataupun untuk pembuktian kejahatan misalnya

dalam kasus pemerkosaan atau pembunuhan.

Tujuan Tes DNA

Sampel biologis tubuh yang dapat digunakan untuk sampel tes

DNA adalah darah, rambut, usapan mulut pada pipi bagian dalam(buccalswab) dan kuku.

Untuk kasus-kasus forensik sperma, daging, tulang, kulit, air liur

atau sampel biologis apa saja yang ditemukan di tempat kejadian

perkara (TKP) dapat dijadikan sampel tes DNA.



The DNA Molecule• The DNA is a double stranded molecule.

• Each strand is based on 4 bases:

•

Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)



The DNA Molecule• Those bases are linked through a sugar (desoxyribose)

IMPORTANT:

• The linkage between bases has a direction.

• There are complementarities between bases (Watson-

Crick).

(A) (T)

(C)(G)



DNA Memory A string composed of a series of four types of units (nucleotides), DNA may be viewed as logic

memory or gate.

Number System Base 4):

Nucleotide

A

C

T

G

Complement

Nucleotide

DNA binding process

Two strings of DNA are bonded by paired nucleotides A-C and C-G which may be considered as

complements. Example:

Number TTACAG has a complement AATGTC



DNA Memory

DNA

memory

strands

a t c g g t c a t a

g c a c t

0 0 0

a t c g g t c a t a

1 0 1 t a g c c c g t g a

Making DNA Sequences



1010101011 GATCGACTAC

DNA Computing



DNA computer

DNA-Based Computers M icrochip-Based Computers

slow at individual operations fast at individual operations

can do billions of ope rations simultaneously can do substantially fewer operations simultaneously

can provide huge memory in small space smaller memory

Require considerable preparations before Immediate setup

DNA is sensitive to chemical deterioration electronic data are vulnerable but can be backed up easily

Microchip computer

Vs



Advantages• There is always plentiful supply of it, so it is a cheap resource.

• DNA biochips can be made cleanly and are not toxic like silicon chips.

• Extremely dense information storage.

1g of DNA can hold about 10^14 MB of data.

• DNA computers can be made many times smaller than today’s computers.

• Enormous parallelism.

A test tube of DNA can do trillions operation at a time.

•Extraordinary energy efficiency.Consuming only 1 joule it can do 10^20 operations.



Limitations• DNA is redundant.

• The process required much human intervention.

• Automation would be required for a real computer.

• The computation time required to solve problems with a DNA computer does not grow exponentially,

but amount of DNA required DOES.

• Suited for specific problems, difficult to generalize.

• DNA computing involves a relatively large amount of error

a) During chain reaction;

b) About 5% error occur during filteration process.



• Self Replication:

• Self Repair:

• DNA Computer mutation/evolution:

• New Meaning Of Virus:

Future possibilities



Development Scale

Research

1950 …

R.Feynman’s

paper on sub

microscopic

computers

1994

L.Adleman solves Hamiltonianpath problem using DNA

Field started

2000

Self powered DNA computer

Commercial

1970 …

DNA used

in bio application

1996

Human

Genome

Sequenced

2000

2002

Olympus

computers

2018

Commercial computer ?

2003

Lucent

builds DNA

“motor”

Affymetrix sells

GeneChip

DNA analyzer



Development ScaleOlympus Computer

• First practical DNA Computer

• Tokyo (July 3rd, 2002)

• Olympus Optical Co. Ltd.

• First commercially practical DNA

computer

• Specializes in gene analysis.



Development Scale

Israel’s First DNA computer

•Trillion could fit in a test tube.

•Billions of ops/sec 99.8% accuracy.

•First programmable autonomous computing machine.

•Input, output, software, and hardware all made of DNA.

•DNA comp inside cells to monitor cell vitals.



Environment compatibility

• DNA computer must aim to be compatible with seven environments to succeed.

• Use Already seen the potential for this.

• Failure Inherits this from silicon microprocessors.

• Scrapping Cleaner to dispose of than current microprocessors.

• Political/ecological Could face opposition from technophobes.

• Intrapsychic – Already complies since it has been conceptualised

• Construction/manufacture This will be answered in time.

• Adoption – Should inherit customer base of silicon computers.



Applications of DNA Computing

• Massively parallel problem solving.

• Combinatorial optimization.

• Molecular nano-memory with fast associative search.

• Medical diagnosis, drug discovery.

• Further impact in biology and medicine:– Wet biological data bases.

– Processing of DNA labeled with digital data.

– Sequence comparison.

– Fingerprinting.



Conclusion

• DNA computers showing enormous potential, especially for medical purposes as well as data processing applications.

• Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged product.



References

• COMPUTING WITH DNA ,Leonard M.Adleman,Scientific American, August 1998.

• DNA computing (web):

http://stanford.edu/~alexli/soco/index.html.

• Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems ”, L.M. Adleman , Science Vol.266 pp1021-

1024, 11 Nov 1994.

• http://colleges.ksu.edu.sa/.../DNA_orbit_animated.gif .

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA.

http://stanford.edu/~alexli/soco/index.html

http://colleges.ksu.edu.sa/.../DNA_orbit_animated.gif



http://stanford.edu/~alexli/soco/index.html



Thank You !

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PPT Finger Printing DNA Forensik

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