Date post: | 30-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Engineering |
Upload: | idc-technologies |
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Practical Industrial Networking for Engineers & Technicians
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Topics
• Ethernet history
• Standards
• Networking basics
• OSI Reference Model
• TCP/IP Reference Model
• Network topologies
• Network communication
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Ethernet Versions
• Ethernet V1 obsolete
• Ethernet V2 (DIX, Bluebook)– Proprietary to DEC, Intel and Xerox
• IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD– Open LAN standard
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Local Area Network
• Communications system
• Within an organization
• Privately owned
• 2-3 km max typically
• Workstations, servers, peripherals, shared medium
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Wide Area Network
• LANs separated by distances that require telecomms links
– Links public/privately owned
– Shared lines - packet/circuit switched
– Leased lines - dedicated connection
– Distance can be global
– Slow to medium speed cf LANs
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OSI Reference Model
• Set of rules operates at each layer – implemented as protocols
• Possibly more than one set of rules per layer
• Protocols at each layer ONLY communicate with the layer directly above or below
• Each layer responsible for a particular area of the connecting functionality
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data L ink
Physica l
The OSI Reference Model
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OSI Model
Application
P resentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data L ink
Physica l
Applica tion
P resentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data L ink
Physica l
Process A Process B
Communication Channel
Physica lData
B its
Frames
Application PDU
Presentation PDU
Session PDU
Transport PDU
Packets
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Addition of Headers/Trailers
PH
PH
Message
Message
Message
Message
Message
Message
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
PH
PH
PH
PH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SHTH
TH
TH
THNH
NH
NHDLH
DLHPre NT
NT
NT
DLT
DLT
Post
App lica tion
P resen ta tion
Session
Transport
N e tw ork
D a ta L ink
P ysica l
Protocol Contro l In fomation(PC I) or Header
Message
Message
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Physical Layer (1)
• Defines electrical/mechanical connections
• Responsible for:• Modulation
• Multiplexing
• Ensuring ‘1’ transmitted = ‘1’ received
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Data Link Layer(2)
• Creates, transmits, receives data packets (frames)
• Error detection/ correction
• Sub-layers:– Medium Access Control
– Logical Link Control
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Network Layer (3)
• Fragmentation
• Routing
• Flow control
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Transport Layer (4)
• End to end control
• Segmentation
• Data stream reconstruction
• Packet verification
• Receipt acknowledgement
• Socket services
• Flow control
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Session Layer (5)
• Synchronization of dialogue (‘sessions’) between user applications
• Transparent recovery
• Name functions and security
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Presentation Layer (6)
• Data translation:– Data conversion
– Text compression
– Encryption
• Rarely appears in ‘pure’ form
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Application Layer (7)
• Gives user applications (clients, servers) access to protocol stack
• Supports e.g: – File transfer services– Web browsing– Electronic mail– Network management
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Network Topologies
• Three basic topologies:– Bus
– Star
– Ring
• Hybrids possible
• Physical/logical topologies may differ
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Bus Topology
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Star Topology
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Ring Topology
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Switching
Two basic methods of communicationbetween devices:
• Circuit switching (e.g. analog telephones)
• Packet switching (e.g. Internet)
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