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Practical Industrial Networking for Engineers & Technicians


Topics

• Ethernet history

• Standards

• Networking basics

• OSI Reference Model

• TCP/IP Reference Model

• Network topologies

• Network communication


Ethernet Versions

• Ethernet V1 obsolete

• Ethernet V2 (DIX, Bluebook)– Proprietary to DEC, Intel and Xerox

• IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD– Open LAN standard


Local Area Network

• Communications system

• Within an organization

• Privately owned

• 2-3 km max typically

• Workstations, servers, peripherals, shared medium


Wide Area Network

• LANs separated by distances that require telecomms links

– Links public/privately owned

– Shared lines - packet/circuit switched

– Leased lines - dedicated connection

– Distance can be global

– Slow to medium speed cf LANs


OSI Reference Model

• Set of rules operates at each layer – implemented as protocols

• Possibly more than one set of rules per layer

• Protocols at each layer ONLY communicate with the layer directly above or below

• Each layer responsible for a particular area of the connecting functionality


Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data L ink

Physica l

The OSI Reference Model


OSI Model

Application

P resentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data L ink

Physica l

Applica tion

P resentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data L ink

Physica l

Process A Process B

Communication Channel

Physica lData

B its

Frames

Application PDU

Presentation PDU

Session PDU

Transport PDU

Packets


Addition of Headers/Trailers

PH

PH

Message

Message

Message

Message

Message

Message

AH

AH

AH

AH

AH

AH

AH

PH

PH

PH

PH

SH

SH

SH

SH

SHTH

TH

TH

THNH

NH

NHDLH

DLHPre NT

NT

NT

DLT

DLT

Post

App lica tion

P resen ta tion

Session

Transport

N e tw ork

D a ta L ink

P ysica l

Protocol Contro l In fomation(PC I) or Header

Message

Message


Physical Layer (1)

• Defines electrical/mechanical connections

• Responsible for:• Modulation

• Multiplexing

• Ensuring ‘1’ transmitted = ‘1’ received


Data Link Layer(2)

• Creates, transmits, receives data packets (frames)

• Error detection/ correction

• Sub-layers:– Medium Access Control

– Logical Link Control


Network Layer (3)

• Fragmentation

• Routing

• Flow control


Transport Layer (4)

• End to end control

• Segmentation

• Data stream reconstruction

• Packet verification

• Receipt acknowledgement

• Socket services

• Flow control


Session Layer (5)

• Synchronization of dialogue (‘sessions’) between user applications

• Transparent recovery

• Name functions and security


Presentation Layer (6)

• Data translation:– Data conversion

– Text compression

– Encryption

• Rarely appears in ‘pure’ form


Application Layer (7)

• Gives user applications (clients, servers) access to protocol stack

• Supports e.g: – File transfer services– Web browsing– Electronic mail– Network management


Network Topologies

• Three basic topologies:– Bus

– Star

– Ring

• Hybrids possible

• Physical/logical topologies may differ


Bus Topology


Star Topology


Ring Topology


Switching

Two basic methods of communicationbetween devices:

• Circuit switching (e.g. analog telephones)

• Packet switching (e.g. Internet)


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