PRAGMATICS

Presented by Group II

•Rahman Sucipto

•Suhria

•Hasbiyah Srianah A.

Materials

a. What is Pragmatics?b. Felicity Conditionsc. Speech Actsd. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect f. Literal & Non Literalg. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Actsh. Conversational Maxims

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Pragmatics is The study of how language is used to Communicate. It concerns itself with how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways. Context can be divided into 4 subparts, and it can be named aspect of context.

Next

Physical Context (where the conver- sation takes place; what objects are present & what action taking place) Epistemic Context (background knowledge shared by the speakers and hearers) Linguistic Context (utterances previous to the utterance under consideration) Social Context (the social relationship and setting of the participants)

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Felicity Conditions

The persons and

circumstances must be

appropriate. Eg. An eight

year old child cannot perform

a valid act of marrying by

saying, “I now pronounce you

both are a couple of

husband & wife” (even if the

bride and groom are able to be

married).

The act must be executed completely

and correctly by all

participants. Eg. George says,

“I bet you 5 dollars that

Gryffindor will win the Baseball

Match”. But, Fred responds with , “Sorry, I never gamble”. Then the fact of

betting isn’t valid.

The participants

must have the appropriate

intentions. Eg. Ron and Harry are competing

for the same job and Ron

subsequently says, “I

congratulate you on your

good fortune”. Ron, however secretly hopes that Harry will be unable to

perform the job. In this case, the

act congratulating

isn’t valid.

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Speech ActsSpeech Acts can be illustrated, when speakers express their emotion, make requests, commits themselves to actions – they do things with words. In linguistic pragmatics, we use the term speech act to describe such language action.

For example, the Speech Acts of Promising there are at least five different felicity conditions. They are:Next

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

1. The Speakers Must Intend to Do What He / She Promises.

2. The Speakers Must Believe (That the Hearer Believes) that the Action is in the Hearer’s Interest.

3. The Speakers Must Believe That He or She Ca Perform the Action.

4. The Speakers Must Predicate a Future Action.

5. The Speakers Must Predicate an Act of Himself / Herself.

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Locutionary, Illocutionary,and Perlocutionary Acts1. Locutionary Acts is the act

of simply uttering a sentence from a language.

2. Illocutionary Acts is what the speakers intends to do by uttering a sentence.

3. Perlocutionary Acts is the effect on the hearer of what the speaker says.

(a) What is Pragmatics (b) Felicity Conditions (c) Speech Acts (d) Locutionary; Illocutionary; Perlocutionary Acts (e) Direct & Indirect Speech Acts (f) Literal & Non Literal Speeach Acts (h) Conversional Maxims

Direct

Speech

Acts

Direct Speech Acts. In general, the syntactic form of utterance reflects the direct illucotuonary act. Example What time is it is interrogative form is used to ask the question / asking.

Indirect

Speech

Acts

Indirect Speech Acts. In general, the syntactic form of an utterance does not reflect any indirect illocutionary acts is to respond to the utterance is probably being used to perform an indirect illocutionary act.

Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

(a) What is Pragmatics (b) Felicity Conditions (c) Speech Acts (d) Locutionary; Illocutionary; Perlocutionary Acts (e) Direct & Indirect Speech Acts (f) Literal & Non Literal Speeach Acts (h) Conversional Maxims

Literal & Non LiteralSpeech Actsa. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

For example, if you eat rainbow cake & then announce, “I feel just awful”, you mean exactly what you say. Thus, this utterance constitutes a literal speech acts. On the other hand, imagine a student in English class who does not know about Tenses. As he begins the midterm exam, he turns to his friend and says, “I just love taking English test”. He doesn’t mean what he says. This utterance then would constitutes a non-literal speech acts.

Interaction of Direct-Indirect andLiteral-Nonliteral Speech Acts

We have seen that speech act can vary along two dimension; directness and literalness. The fact that each of these dimensions has two values means that we should be able to identify four different types of speech acts : a. Literal and Direct;

Exampleb. Nonliteral and Direct; Examplec. Literal and Indirect; Exampled. Nonliteral and indirect; Example

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Conversional Maximsa.Maxim of Quantity. The

maxims states: (1) make your contribution as informative as is required (2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

b.Maxim of Quality. This maxim states: (1) do not say what you believe to be false (2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Next

Conversional Maxims

c.Maxim of Relation/Relevance. This maxim states: Be relevant.

d. Maxim of Manner. This Maxims states: (1) avoid obscurity of expression. (2) avoid ambiguity (3) be brief (4) be orderly

a. What is Pragmatics?

b. Felicity Conditions

c. Speech Acts

d. Locutionary Acts; Illucotionary Acts; Perlocutionary Acts

e. Direct & Indirect

f. Literal & Non Literal

g. Interaction of Direct & Indirect Speech Acts

h. Conversational Maxims

Thanks for Your Attention