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Praktek Pengelolaan Lahan

LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

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Land use and land management practices:

Concepts, terms and classification principles

Rob Lesslie, Bureau of Rural Sciences

Land management practices information priorities, classification and mapping – towards an agreed national

approach. KamberraWinery, Canberra 11-12 May 2004

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1. PENDAHULUAN

The purpose of this paper is to:

• outline key concepts and terms associated with land use and land management practices;

• outline the principles underpinning the Australian Land Use and Management (ALUM) classification (the nationally

agreed land use classification system for land use) that relate to land management practices; and

• address the relationship between the ALUM classification and land management practices information.

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2. ISTILAH PENTING

The term ‘land management practices’ is one of a number that describe aspects of landscape

occupation, use and management.

There is often confusion among these terms. For example, ‘land use’ and ‘land cover’ may be applied

in the same context, perhaps because of the common use of remotely sensed satellite imagery or

photography for mapping. The distinction between ‘land use’ and ‘land

management practice’ is also not always well understood.

The following definitions are offered:

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PENUTUP MUKA LAHAN

Land cover

This refers to the observed physical

surface of the earth, including

various combinations of vegetation types,

soils, exposed rocks, water

bodies.

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PENGGUNAAN LAHAN

This refers to the purpose to which land is committed, including the production of goods (such as crops, timber

and manufactures) and services (such as defence, recreation, biodiversity and natural resources protection).

Some land uses, such as cropping, have a characteristic land cover pattern.

These land uses frequently appear in land cover classifications. Other land uses, such as nature conservation, are not readily discriminated by a

characteristic land cover pattern.

For example, where the land cover is woodland land use may be timber production or nature conservation.

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PRAKTEK PENGELOLAAN LAHAN

This refers to the means by which the land management objective is achieved - the 'how' of

land use (eg cultivation practices such as minimum tillage or direct drilling).

Some land management practices, such as stubble disposal, tillage and rotation systems, may be

discriminated by characteristic land cover patterns.

Teknologi MulsaPengolahan Tanah

Pergiliran Tanaman

KOMODITAS TANAMAN

Usually refers to an agricultural or mining product

that can be processed.

Commodity information may relate to land use and land cover. Tebu harus diolah

menjadi gula

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PENGUASAAN LAHAN

Land Tenure

The form of an interest in land.

Some forms of tenure (such as

pastoral or mineral leases or nature

conservation reserves) relate

directly to land use and land

management.

Land tenurial system lahan sawah ditandai oleh

pematang petakan lahan

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KEMAMPUAN DAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN

Land capability assesses the

limitations to land use imposed by land

characteristics and specifies

management options.

Land suitability (part of the process of land

evaluation) is the fitness of a given type of land for a specified

kind of land use.

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KLASIFIKASI

Classification is the ordering or

arrangement of objects into groups or

sets on the basis of their relationships .

It entails ordering in a systematic and

logically consistent way, according to clear and precise diagnostic

criteria.

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Ideally, a classification system should incorporate characteristics that make it:

• Scale independent, meaning that the classes at all levels should be applicable at any scale or level of detail;

• Source independent, implying that it is independent of the means used to collect information, whether satellite imagery, aerial photography, field survey or some

combination of them is used;

• comprehensive, scientifically sound and practically oriented;

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• capable of meeting the needs of a variety of users (neither single-project oriented nor taking a sectoral

approach); users can use just a sub-set of the classification and develop from there according to

their own specific needs;

• facilitate comparisons between classes derived from different classifications;

• able to describe the complete range of features with clear class boundary definition that are unambiguous

and unique;

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• adapted to fully describe variation with the minimal set of classifiers necessary (the less classifiers used in the definition, the less the error expected and the

less time and resources necessary for field validation); and

• based on a clear and systematic description of the class, where diagnostic criteria used to define a class

must be clearly defined.

(after Gregorio and Jansen 2000)

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Classification systems are generally either hierarchical or non-hierarchical.

Most systems are hierarchically structured because this accommodates different levels of information starting with structured broad-level classes allowing further subdivision

into more detailed sub-classes.

At each level defined classes are mutually exclusive.

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Classification can be completed in two ways:

An a priori classification is based upon the definition of classes before data collection takes place.

This means all possible combinations of diagnostic criteria must be resolved beforehand by the

classification.

The main advantage is that classes are standardized, independent of the area under investigation and

methods employed. However, some identified objects may not be easily

assigned to pre-defined classes.

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A posteriori classification is based upon definition of classes after clustering, based on the similarity or dissimilarity of field

samples.

The advantage of this type of classification is flexibility, adaptability and minimal generalization.

However, because this approach depends on the specific characteristics of area under investigation, it is unable to

define standardized classes.

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4. Land management practices classification

As yet, no formal classification system for

land management practices has been

developed; a difficult objective given the

range of phenomena that can be considered

land management practice (from

mechanical cultivation practices, to farming

systems and business management methods).

Pengelolaan lahan sawah mempunyai ciri spesifik, berbeda dengan lahan kering

Sumber: foto smn 2010

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The classification is designed to provide

for users who are interested in both

processes (eg land management

practices) and outputs (eg commodities)

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Among other difficulties associated with the

classification of land management practices is that

a wide range of practices may apply concurrently at

any given point in the landscape – this means that

they are not amenable to dichotomous classification

and mapping.

They may also vary over very short time frames (which

may or may not accurately reflect long-term

management intent).

Aksesibilitas transportasi menjadi penentu dinamika konversi lahan. Foto smn 2011

. Foto smn 2011

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Sustainability goals of the land manegement are

identified as:

Cultural heritage, financial return, greenhouse and air quality, nature

conservation, quality of life, soil

health, water quantity and

quality.

Konversi lahan sawah menjadi perumahan terjadi karena tekanan ekonomi pasar.

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Four main themes of farm management

practice are identified:

• Agricultural production system.

Practices relating to the system that

produces the relevant commodity, including

the management of soils, plants and

animals (eg tactical grazing, or

opportunity cropping).

Pengelolaan usahatani biasanya dimulai dengan pengolahan lahan usaha. Foto : smn 2010

Environmental management.

Practices relating to the management of the natural environment and off-farm

environmental issues, including dryland salinity, biodiversity and water quality (eg integrated pest management, retention,

rehabilitation or restoration of native vegetation).

Business management.

Practices that relate to the management of farm business and includes financial

management, product marketing, benchmarking and monitoring and

management of risk (eg annual budget and investment plans).

Kesejahteraan Personal dan Komunitasnya

Practices that relate to the personal well-being of farming families and to their engagement in

communities of common interest.

(eg maintaining a commitment to family by balancing work, leisure, family time and

community involvement).

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Twenty four classes of management practice (for dryland agriculture) are

identified:

1. Agroforestry 2. Animal condition management 3. Breeding program 4. Business and financial planning 5. Chemical contamination avoidance 6. Commitment to family 7. Community and industry participation

8. Crop rotation : Pergiliran Tanaman9. Effective management of labour

and resources 10. Environmental monitoring and

benchmarking 11. Identification and protective

management of cultural heritage

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13. Integrated pest management = Pengendalian Hama Terpadu

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14. Knowledge and skill development

15. Management according to land capability

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16. Managing for weather and climate variation

17. Nutrient budgeting

18. Occupational health and safety

19. Quality assurance

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20. Retention and management of native vegetation

21. Soil conservation 22. Tactical grazing 23. Tillage and stubble

management 24. Waterway and

floodplain management

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OBSERVASI

1. ‘Land management practice’ is one of a number of related

terms that describe aspects of land

occupation, use and management.

2. Classification is the ordering or

arrangement of objects into groups or sets in a systematic

and logically consistent way,

according to clear and precise diagnostic

criteria.

Sumber: Foto smn-2010

Land management practice refers to the means by which the land use objective is

achieved – the ‘how’ of land use (eg cultivation practices such as minimum tillage

or direct drilling).

Some land management practices, such as stubble disposal, tillage and rotation systems,

may be discriminated by characteristic land cover patterns.

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Table 1: The Australian Land Use and Management Classification version 5 (November 2001)

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Penggunaan lahan secara alamiah

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Penggunaan lahan kering untuk pertanian

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Penggunaan lahan pertanian irigasi

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Penggunaan lahan intensif

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SUMBERDaYa aIR

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Table 2: ALUM 5 land use classification framework for Levels II, III and IV, showing land use and land management practice as related

tertiary class 'themes'

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Table 3: Land management practice themes and classes available through ABS’ Agricultural Census

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References

Barson, M.M. (1999). Workshop on Land Use Management Mapping. Report to the National Land and Water Resources Audit. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.

Baxter, J. T. and Russell, L. D. (1994). Land Use Mapping Requirements for Natural Resource Management in the Murray-Darling Basin. Project M305: Task 6. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria. Bureau of Rural Sciences (2002) Land use mapping at Catchment Scale: Principles, procedures and definitions. Edition 2. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.

Clifton, C. McGregor, C. Standen, R. and Fritsch S. (2004) Current recommended practice: a directory for dryland broadacre agriculture. MDBC Publication 01/04. Murray-Darling Basin Commission.

Gregorio, A. and Jansen, L. (2000). Land cover classification system. FAO Land and Water Development Division. FAO.

Sokal R. (1974). Classification: purposes, principles, progress, prospects. Science 185 (4157): pp. 1115-1123.