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Precision Nutrition for Ruminants (Emphasis on Protein & Amino Acids)

Glen BroderickU.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, University of Wisconsin,

Broderick Nutrition & Research, LLCMadison, Wisconsin USA

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Conversion of Feed into Meat & Milk by Ruminants is Not Highly Efficient

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

Theoretical Max Protein-Efficiency in Dairy Cows ~= 45% (Dykstra et al., 2013)

BUT

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1000 g Feed Protein Yields ~250 g Milk Protein (during lactation)

Protein Efficiency is Much Lower in Practice

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Livestock Efficiency for Human Food Protein Production

Source Food System Prot-out/Prot-in

Food Prot-out/Food Prot-in

US (CAST, 1999) Milk 0.21 2.08 Beef 0.08 1.19 Swine 0.19 0.29 Poultry Meat 0.31 0.61

Netherlands (Djikstra, 2013)

Milk (3.5 lactations)

0.23

3.38

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How do we Optimize Capture of Human Food while Reducing Environmental

Impact?

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Precision Feeding of Dairy Cows

1.  Modeling Nutrition & Protein Metabolism in the Animal.

2.  NRC-2001 & NorFor Models. 3.  How Well do Models Work for Protein Nutrition?

(Can we Use Models to Improve Protein Efficiency without Losing Production & Economic Sustainability?)

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Prominent Ruminant Nutrition Models 1.  Urea Fermentation Potential (1974) 2.  Molly—Lee Baldwin 3.  Karoline—Alan Danfaer et al. 4.  Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (1992) 5.  Dutch (DVE/OEB), French (PDV), German (GiE) 6.  British (Feed into Milk) 7.  AminoCow (Evonik Company = “Free”) 8.  U.S. (NRC, 2001) 9.  Nordic Countries (NorFor, 2011)

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Protein Models Estimate: 1.  Requirements for Metabolizable Protein (MP) (MP

Requirement = Net Protein/Efficiency) 2.  Supplies of MP from:

a.  Microbial Crude Protein (MCP) formed in the Rumen (MCP x AA-value x Digestibility)

b.  Escape of Rumen-Undegraded Protein (RUP) (RUP x Digestibiity)

3. Requirements for Essential AA Based AA Content

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Model Notes NRC (2001)

Limiting EAA = Met & Lys Optimum Lys:Met Ratio = 3.0 Constant MPL Efficiency (67%)

NorFor Limiting EAA = Met, Lys & His Variable MPL Efficiency (45-82%)

Available MPL = MPTotal - (MPM + MPG + MPP)

Silage Protein Efficiency

MP-Allowable Milk = MPL x Eff / [Milk Protein, g/kg]

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Balancing for MP & EAA (Nursoy & Gonzalez, unpublished)

Dietary CP (%) Ingredient 11 13 15 17 Maize + Lucerne Silage 61 61 61 61 High Moist. Maize 26 22 17 13 Soy hulls/Min-Vit 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 48% Soybean meal 6 10 14 19 RP-Met (Mepron), g/d 4 8 10 12 MPNRC kg/d 1.79 2.09 2.29 2.38 LysNRC g/d 115 140 156 161 MetNRC g/d 33 38 40 40 Lys:MetNRC 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 Lys:Met (+ RP-Met) 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

Precision Feeding of Ruminants

NRC “Optimum” Lys:Met Ratio = 3.0

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NRC-2001 Prediction of Milk & ECM Yield (Nursoy & Gonzalez, unpublished)

Dietary CP, % Item 11 13 15 17 Allowable Milk (kg/d) NEL-milk 38 41 42 43 MP-milk 25 36 42 48 NEL-ECmilk 35 38 38 39 MP-ECmilk 23 32 38 43

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Actual Production-CP/Met Supplement (Nursoy & Gonzalez, unpublished)

[CP], % 11 13 15 17 Trait Met, g/d 4 8 10 12 DMI, kg/d 23.8b 25.4a 25.2a 25.8a

Milk, kg/d 35.3c 38.7b 39.2ab 40.5a

Fat, kg/d 1.30b 1.55a 1.52a 1.59a

Protein, kg/d 1.08c 1.22b 1.24ab 1.30a

MUN, mg/dL 5.7d 8.0c 10.6b 14.9a

a,b,c(P < 0.05) (Treatment Prob. all < 0.01)

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Item Cow's Bacterial Soybean Milk Protein meal

--------------------(% of EAA)-------------------- Lys 16.0 15.8 13.9 Met 5.5 5.2 3.2 Lys:Met 2.9 3.0 4.4 His 5.5 4.0 6.1 EAA (% CP) 48 45 45

Essential Amino Acid Contents of Different Proteins (NRC, 2001)

RUP from Soybean Meal is Limiting in Met Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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NRC-2001 versus NorFor: Milk Protein Yield

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NorFor—Declining MP (AAT) Utilization for Milk Protein with Increasing Supply

40

50

60

70

80

90

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

AAT

Effi

cien

cy, %

AAT Supply, g/MJ NEL

NRC 67% Line

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Observed Decline in MP (AAT) Utilization for Milk Protein with Increasing Supply (490 Diets)

y = 1096x-1.021R² = 0.869

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Milk

pro

tein

/AAT

_ava

ilabl

e, %

AAT_available/NEL, g/MJ

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Low CP Diets Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Met (M), Lys (L) & His (H)

(Lee et al., 2012) Metabolizable Protein

Item Adequate Deficient Def+ML Def+MLH Prob. CP, % 15.7 13.6 13.6 13.6 Production DMI, kg/d 24.5 23.0 23.7 24.3 0.06 Milk, kg/d 38.8a 35.2b 36.9ab 38.5a <0.01 True prot, kg/d 1.13a 1.01b 1.10a 1.14a <0.01 NDF dig., % 42a 38b 36b 37b <0.01 PBV, g/kg DM 0.4 -7.8 -9.0 -9.7 . . .

Supplemented 18, 24 & 12 g/d of Rumen-Protected Met (M, Mepron), Lys (L, Ajipro-L) & His (H, Experimental Prep) a,b(P < 0.05) Precision Feeding of Ruminants

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Summary & Conclusions 1.  Nutrients Often Over-Fed to Ruminants, Decreasing

Efficiency & Environmental Sustainability 2.  Nutrient Models Now Allow Precision Feeding &

Improved Efficiency 3.  Diets Can be Balanced for Metabolizable Protein &

Essential AA 4.  Met, Lys & His Most Limiting for Dairy Cows 5.  Rumen-Protected Met & Lys Useful in Practice

Precision Feeding of Ruminants