PREFACE

First and foremost, the author would like to thank the Lord above for the

endless abundance of blessings He has granted. It is difficult to imagine completing

this final paper without His constant guidance and source of strength.

This final paper entitled “FRAMING ANALYSIS OF THE PORTRAYAL OF

INDONESIAN FEMALE POLITICIANS IN THE ARTICLES OF SUARA

PEMBARUAN AND REPUBLIKA (JANUARY – ARPIL 22, 2013)” is aimed to

fulfill a final requirement to attain the Degree of Bachelor in Political Science and

Communication in Universitas Pelita Harapan. Furthermore, this final paper facilitates

the process of learning and expanding the depth of knowledge.

The author fully realizes that without guidance, support, encouragement and

prayers from various people, this final paper could not and would not be completed.

Therefore, the author would like to exuberantly thank all those who have generously

assisted in the process of completing this final paper, namely:

1) Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D., as the Dean of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences.

2) Rose Emmaria Tarigan, S.Sos., M.Si. as the head of Communications faculty

who has shown endless support.

3) Julia, S.Sos., M.A., as the author’s supervisor who has given much guidance

and assistance during the writing of this paper. Thank you for staying patient

throughout these six months!

4) Drs. A. Setiawan Abadi, M.A., as the author’s academic advisor who has

helped the author with academic affairs.

5) All lectures who have dedicated their time to sharing indispensable knowledge

and lessons for the author throughout the study period in Universitas Pelita

Harapan.

6) The staff in the Communication and Political Science department in helping

with all administrative procedures.

7) The friendly librarians who have helped the writer on endless occasions during

the research process.

8) The ground working staff, especially Ibu Marna and Ibu Suminten who taught

the author the true meaning of kindness and sympathy.

9) My truly incredible parents, who both have showed a great amount of

unwavering support, not only during the writing process, but also on a

consistent daily basis. It has been your unconditional love and guidance that

have made me the person I am today.

10) To my sisters Maria and Agnes, who have given much needed support and

prayers throughout the process.

11) To my beloved grandparents, aunty Christina, uncle Leo and Danang, and

cousin Gregory for being my rock and always having my back!

12) To my housekeeper Mbak Sum, who taught me a valuable lesson: the most

important thing in life is to have a kind heart.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY OF THESIS

STATEMENT FROM FINAL PAPER SUPERVISOR

STATEMENT FROM FINAL PAPER EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... v

PREFACE............................................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................ x

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xv

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xvi

LIST OF APPENDIXES.................................................................................. xviii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Identification....................................................................................... 4

1.3 Research Question............................................................................................. 9

1.4 Goal of Research ............................................................................................... 9

1.5 Significance of Research................................................................................. 10

1.6 Organization of Study ..................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER II OBJECT OF RESEARCH

2.1 Indonesian Women’s Portrayal Throughout The Years.................................. 13

2.1.1 Women and Politics During Soekarno’s Presidency ....................... 13

2.2 Media During the Soeharto Era....................................................................... 14

2.2.1 Women Through the Eyes of the Media .......................................... 15

2.2.2 Legal Matters ................................................................................... 16

2.3 Megawati and the Media................................................................................. 18

2.3.1 Megawati and International Media .................................................. 19

ii

2.4 General System of Indonesia’s House of Representatives (DPR) .................. 20

2.5 Female Legislative Candidates and Female Politicians in the Present Day.... 22

2.6 Religion and Society ....................................................................................... 26

2.7 Republika ........................................................................................................ 27

2.7.1 Republika’s Vision and Mission ...................................................... 29

2.8 Suara Pembaruan............................................................................................. 30

2.8.1Important Information and Statistics................................................. 31

2.8.2 Suara Pembaruan’s Vision and Mission .......................................... 32

2.7.3 Suara Pembaruan’s Duties, functions and Responsibilities ............. 34

2.8.5 Beritasatu Media Holdings............................................................... 35

CHAPTER III LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Journalism ....................................................................................................... 36

3.1.1 Principles of Journalism................................................................... 37

3.1.2 News................................................................................................. 38

3.1.3 Mass Media ...................................................................................... 39

3.2 Newspapers ..................................................................................................... 40

3.2.1 Role and Function of the Press......................................................... 41

3.2.2 News Writing ................................................................................... 41

3.3 Agenda Setting ................................................................................................ 44

3.4 Gatekeeping..................................................................................................... 45

3.5 Mass Society Theory and Power..................................................................... 46

3.6 Framing ........................................................................................................... 47

3.6.1 Framing as the Construction of Social Reality ................................ 48

3.6.2 The Four Models of Framing Analysis ............................................ 49

3.7 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 52

CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY

4.1 Qualitative Research Approach....................................................................... 53

iii

4.2 Content Analysis Method................................................................................ 54

4.3 Framing Analysis ............................................................................................ 55

4.3.1 Inductive Approach.............................................................. 56

4.3.2 Framing Device According to Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M.

Kosicki ................................................................................. 57

4.4 Source of Data (Samples)................................................................................ 62

4.5 Unit Analysis................................................................................................... 62

4.6 Data Collection Technique.............................................................................. 62

4.7 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 63

4.8 Drawing Conclusions ...................................................................................... 63

4.9 Triangulation: Reliability & Validity.............................................................. 64

CHAPTER V RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Findings........................................................................................................... 66

5.1.1 Suara Pembaruan.................................................................. 66

5.1.1.1 Political Parties Must Fulfill Female Quota

(Parpol Harus Capai Kuota Perempuan) ............................ 66

5.1.1.2 Prioritize Women’s Representation

(Utamakan Keterwakilan Perempuan) ................................ 69

5.1.1.3 Linda gumelar Pptimistic that 30% Quata Will be

Reached by 2014 (Linda Gumelar Optimis Kuota 30%

Tercapai 2014) ..................................................................... 71

5.1.1.4 Must be One Voice (Harus Satu Suara) .................. 78

5.1.1.5 Angie’s Change of Time is Just a Matter of Time

(PAW Angie Tinggal Tunggu Waktu)................................... 80

5.1.1.6 Difficulty for Political Parties to Fulfill Quota

(Parpol Sulit Penuhi Kuota Perempuan) ............................. 83

5.1.1.7 Encourage Women’s Political Role (Dorong Peran

Politik Perempuan) .............................................................. 85

iv

5.1.1.8 Female Representation Requirement Must be

Fulfilled (Syarat Keterwakilan Perempuan Harus

Dipenuhi) ............................................................................. 87

5.1.1.9 Political Parties Cannot Guarantee Quality of

Female Legislative Candidates (Parpol Tak Jamin Kualitas

Caleg Perempuan) ............................................................... 91

5.1.1.10 30 Percent Female Quota: Becomes a Slappening

Threat (Kuota 30 Persen Perempuan: Gebrakan yang

Menjadi Ancaman) ............................................................ 100

5.1.2 Republika ........................................................................... 110

5.1.2.1 Political Parties Having Difficulty in Fulfilling

Female Requirement (Parpol Sulit Penuhi Syarat

Perempuan) ....................................................................... 112

5.1.2.2 Women’s Chance in 2014 (Peluang Perempuan di

2014) .................................................................................. 116

5.1.2.3 Blocking Challenge (Tantangan yang

Menghadang) ..................................................................... 123

5.1.2.4 Is the 30% Quota for Female Legislative

Candidates Needed? (Perlukah Kuota Caleg Perempuan

30 Persen?) ........................................................................ 132

5.1.2.5 Female Legislative Candidates Should be More

than Average (Caleg Perempuan, Jangan Sekadarnya) .... 138

5.1.2.6 Democrats Prioritize Female Legislative

Candidates (Demokrat Prioritaskan Caleg Perempuan) ... 147

5.1.2.7 Female Legislative Candidates Exceed Quota

(Caleg Perempuan Melebihi Kuota) .................................. 152

5.1.2.8 Female Legislative Candidate Requirement Needs

to be Lightened (Syarat Caleg Perempuan Perlu

Keringanan) ....................................................................... 157

5.1.2.9 Customs Viewed as Barrier fro Female Legislative

Candidates (Adat Dinilai Hambat Caleg Perempuan) ...... 163

5.1.2.10 Islam Party Targets Women’s Votes (Partai Islam

v

Bidik Suara Perempuan) ................................................... 167

5.2 Research Results ........................................................................................... 171

5.2.1 Portrayal of Indonesian Female Politicians from Suara

Pembaruan and Republika ................................................. 172

5.2.2 Using Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki Framing

Analysis Model .................................................................. 174

5.2.3 Republika’s Frames............................................................ 177

5.2.3.1 Summary of Republika’s Portrayal of Indonesian

Female Politicians .................................................. 192

5.2.4 Suara Pembaruan”s Frames................................................ 198

5.2.4.1 Summary of Suara Pembaruan’s Portrayal

of Indonesian Female Politicians ........................... 212

CHAPTER VI CLOSING

6.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 220

6.2 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 222

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 224

APPENDIX

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1.1 Trend in Women’s Representation in the Indonesian Parliament ......... 2

Figure 1.2 Women’s Representation at the Indonesian House of Representatives

and House of Regional Representatives ................................................. 5

Figure 3.1 Theoretical Framework Model ............................................................ 52

Figure 4.1 Framing Device According to Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M.

Kosicki.................................................................................................. 61

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 5.1 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

January 16, 2013................................................................................... 66

Table 5.2 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

February 14, 2913................................................................................. 69

Table 5.3 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

February 20, 2013................................................................................. 71

Table 5.4 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

March 6, 2013...................................................................................... 78

Table 5.5 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

March 14, 2013..................................................................................... 80

Table 5.6 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

March 16, 2013..................................................................................... 83

Table 5.7 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

March 23, 2013 .................................................................................... 85

Table 5.8 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

April 2, 2013......................................................................................... 87

Table 5.9 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

April 17, 2013....................................................................................... 91

Table 5.10 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Suara Pembaruan Article

April 17, 2013 ....................................................................................... 99

Table 5.11 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

January 17, 2013................................................................................. 110

viii

Table 5.12 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

January 23, 2013................................................................................. 116

Table 5.13 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

January 23, 2013................................................................................. 123

Table 5.14 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

January 25, 2013................................................................................. 132

Table 5.15 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

March 15, 2013................................................................................... 138

Table 5.16 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

March 25, 2013................................................................................... 147

Table 5.17 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

April 1, 2013 ..................................................................................... 152

Table 5.18 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

April 10, 2013..................................................................................... 157

Table 5.19 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

April 15, 2013..................................................................................... 163

Table 5.20 Pan and Kosicki’s Frmaing Model Toward’s Republika Article

April 20, 2013 ..................................................................................... 167

Table 5.21 Frames Used by Republika ............................................................... 177

Table 5.22 Frames Used by Suara Pembaruan.................................................... 199

ix

LIST OF APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A Permission Application to Conduct Research for Suara Pembaruan .................. A-1

Suara Pembaruan Certificate Letter .................................................................... A-2

Permission Application to Conduct Research for Republika.............................. A-3

Republika Certificate Letter................................................................................ A-4

Monitoring Sheet................................................................................................. A-5

APPENDIX B Transcript of Suara Pembaruan Interview........................................................... B-1

Transcript of Republika Interview ...................................................................... B-2

APPENDIX C Suara Pembaruan Articles ................................................................................... C-1

Republika Articles............................................................................................... C-2