Usulan KTI

KTI Research ProposalThe Effect of Pregnancy on the Sensibility and the Curvature of the Cornea in the Second Trimester to the Third Trimester of PregnancyBy : Dahyanto (20100310169) PRELIMINARYA. BackgroundValues are Mean SD for 30 subjects in each group.* P value for 1 trimester RE and LE is statistically not significantP value for 2 trimester RE>>> Corneal sensitivity to stimuliThe matters affecting the corneal sensibility:iris color, temperature, humidity, age, the presence of arcus senilis, menstruation, and pregnancy. Topical medicine use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (diclofenac sodium) can also reduce corneal sensibility.Corneal sensibility decreased found in diseases :diabetes mellitus (DM), amoebiasis, malaria, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, leprosy, and keratomikosis.5. Corneal CurvatureThe Results refraction of the eye is determined by visual media consisting of cornea, eye fluid, lens, glass objects, and the length of the eyeball.The balancing in refraction are largely determined by the terrain and the curvature of the cornea and the length of eyeballIs there is an abnormalities of refraction of light by cornea (flat, convex) or a change in length (longer, shorter) eyeballs then normal rays can not be focused on the macula. This situation is referred to as ametropia which may iclude, myopia, hypermetropia, or astigmat (Ilyas, 2010).7. Sensibility and Curvature Cornea examination7.1 Examination of Corneal Sensibility7.2 Examination of the cornea curvature

In case of blink reflex means conea good sensibility and function of normal trigeminal.to see the slippery curvature of the cornea to correct refractive errors objectively.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKHypothesesThe effect of pregnancy on the 2nd trimester 3rd trimester of sensibility and curvature of the corneaGestationA change in the hormones of pregnancy

Estrogen & Progesteroneretention aqueousCorneal edemacorneal sensibilitycurvature of the cornearefraction changesEnvironmental Factors - Temperature - Humidity - Age - Color Iris - NSAIDs t.m - RASFactors cornea - Fungal Infections - Virus Infection - DegenerationSystemic factors - Leprosy - Malaria - DM - Menstruation - PregnancyRESEARCH METHODOLOGYA. Research DesignTypes of numerical analytic observational study (category-category-numeric and categorical), prospective cohort method were analyzed with regression test.B. Population and Research SamplePregnant women, aged 25-40 years with a gestation trimester II to IIISampling techniques: nonprobability sampling with purposive samplingNumerical analytic study sample size was calculated with the formula Slovin (Ridwan, 2005):

Description:n: The sample size of at leastN: Population = 30d: Precision value 95% or sig. = 0.05C. Research SitesRSGM Asri Medical Center (AMC) Yogyakarta>>> during the months of May to August 2013.n = [30/30(0,005)+1]n = [30/1,075]n = 27,9 28D. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Expectant Mother Pregnancy Trimester II-III Respondents aged 20-40 years Volunteered to be the subject of research Do not use eye drops No coneal abnormalities No history of eye disease and systemic Ekclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria There is an inflammatory disorder of the cornea, sikatrik and abnormal degeneration

Had suffered from systemic diseases that can decrease corneal sensibility as ambiasis, malaria, herpes zoster oftalmikus, lepra and diabetes melitus

F. Operational Definitions of Study VariablesG. Research Instruments Informed consent Sheet anamesis respondents Flashlight : to see the state of the anterior segment of the eye Cotton / tissues : corneal sensibility to checks Auto ref keratometer : for examination of the corneal curvaturePregnancySensibility CorneaCorneal of the curvatureE. Research VariablesIndependen Variables : PregnancyDependent Variable : The Sensibility and Curvature of the Cornea20H. Work Plan AMC president of licensing Explanation and informed consent of respondents Anamesis and sensibility test auto ref keratometer lnput and correction of data in SPSS Data processing and analysis of the regression testI. Data Analysis TechniquesData will be processed and presented in table form mean, distribution, frequency. Data analysis is done by using a simple linear regression.

DAFTAR PUSTAKAAl-quran dan Terjemahan.Mohammad Khalaj,Essa Mohammadi Zeidi,Sedigeh Gorbani,Fariba Hashemi, 2010. Assessment of the prevalence of refractive eye error and IOP during pregnancy and after delivery in patients referred to ophthalmology clinic of Boo-Ali Hospital of Qazvin in 1387.Joo Youn Oh,Mee Kum Kim,Joong Shin Park and Won Ryang Wee.2009.Spontaneous corneal melting during pregnancy.Sudesh K Arya,Archana Malik,Sonika Gupta,Hemlata GuptaandSunandan Sood.2007. Spontaneous corneal melting in pregnancy.Boberg-Ans,J.(1955). Experience in clinical examination of corneal sensitivity.British Jornal of Ophtalmology, 39, 705-726.Millodot,M.(1972).Diurnal variation of corneal sensitivity. British Jornal of Ophtalmology, 56, 844-847Millodot,M.(1973).Objective measurement of corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophtalmologica, 51, 325-334.Millodot,M.(1975a). effect of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity and thickness. Acta Ophtalmologica, 53, 576-584.Millodot, M. (1975b). Do blue-eyed people have more sensitivity corneas than brown-eyed people? Nature, 255, 151-152.Millodot, M..and Lamont, A (1974). Influence of menstruation on corneal sensitivity. British Journal of Ophtalmology, 58, 752-756.Sharma S, Wuntakal R, Anand A, Sharma TK, Donney G (2006). Pregnancy and the eye. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist; 8: 141-146.Riss B, Riss P (1981). Corneal sensitivity in pregnancy. Ophthalmologica; 183: 57-62.Park SB. Lindahl KJ. Temnycky GO. Aquavella JV. Effects of pregnancy on corneal curvature. CLAO J 1992:18:256-9.Foss AJ, Alexander RA, Guille MJ, Hungerford JL, McCartney AC, Lightman S (1995). Eastrogen and progesterone receptor analysis in ocular melanomas. Opthalmology; 102:431-435. Horven I, Gjonnaess H. Cornea indentation pulse and intraocular pressure in pregnancy.Arch Opthalmol 1974; 91: 92-8.Prof.dr. Ilyas Sidarta H. 2010. Ilmu penyakit mata edisi ketiga cetakan ke-8.Fakultas Kedokteran Indonesia.Jakarta.Prof.dr. Ilyas Sidarta H.(tahun). Dasar -Teknik Pemeriksaan Dalam Ilmu Penyakit Mata.Fakultas Kedokteran Indonesia. Jakarta.Vaughan D Asbury T. Oftalmologi umum. Terjemahan: Waliban, Hariono B. Jakarta: Widya Medika, 1990: 123-4,196.Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. 2007. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran (9th ed). Jakarta: EGC Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran, Edisi 22, W.F GanongBuku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran, Edisi 11, Guyton & Hall.Wiknjosastro, H,. (1997). Ilmu Kebidanan. Edisi III. Jakarta : Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sasworo Prawiroharjo.Saifudin, Abdul B. 2002. Buku Panduan Praktis Pelayanan Kesehatan Maternal & Neonatal. Jakarta: Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawiroharjo.