GROUP MEMBERS:(1)AMIRUL ASYRAF BIN
KAMARULZAINI(2)MOHD FAIZ BIN AZISPISMP MATHEMATICS 1
SEMESTER 5
TREE DIAGRAM
Syntax in Linguistic Tree
Phonetics Phonology
Sounds of
language
Linguistics
Grammar
Morphology
Syntax
Meaning
Semantics
Pragmatics
Language acquisition
Everyone who can speak knows how to use the
rules
and it is amazing that children can do it so fast
But nobody can really state exactly what the rules
are!
Understanding syntax (and morphology) can help
researchers to understand how young children
learn their native language
All languages have constituents
4
Take a simple sentence Johnny danced
We can call the sentence S, and label the syntactic categories N (noun) and V (verb). S
N Johnny
Vdanced
Phrase structure grammar
5
N and V aren’t always very good labels
Johnny is similar to the handsome student, because they are both the same kind of constituent They are both Noun
Phrases We can remove Johnny
and add the handsome student, and the sentence structure is still similar
S
NPThe handsome student
VPdanced
Syntactic Categories
Non-lexical categories Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con)
Examples the, this very, more always, perhaps will, can and, or
Syntax Dr Alok K Das
6
Phrases7
NP : Noun PhraseThe car, a clever student
VP : Verb Phrasestudy hard, play the
guitarPP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth
AP : Adjective Phrasevery tall, quite certain
Phrase Structure Rules8NP (Det) N (PP)
PP P NP
The bus (NP)
The
NDet
bus
The bus in the yard NP
The
NDet
bus
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
Example The old tree swayed in the wind
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
swayed
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree
Aux
past
Example The children put the toy in the box
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy
That’s all….Thank you…. =)