PRESENTATION ON

METHODS OF DATA

COLLECTION

• Presented by– Kavitha V K – Murukesh S S – Nincey Sherin Thomas– Rahul Nair – Renjith R – Shameer s– Shanavas B – Thoufeek A– Vignesh S

TYPES OF

DATA

•PRIMARY DATAThose data which are

collected afresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character.

SECONDARY DATAThose data which have

already been collected by someone else and has already been passed through the statistical process.

1.Personal interviews• Unstructured interviews

– they do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques of recording information.

–Objective is to bring some preliminary issues to the surface so that researcher can determine what variables need further in-depth investigation.

Interview method

• It is conducted when it is known at the outset what information is needed.

• The interviewer has a list of predetermined questions.

• The visual aids such as pictures, line drawings, cards and other materials are also used.

Structured interviews

• Interviewer has the freedom to decide the manner and sequence in which the questions would be asked and has the freedom to explore the reasons and motives.

• Main task is to confine the respondent to a discussion of issues with which he seeks conversance.

Focussed interview

• Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of individual’s life experience.

Clinical interview

• In this the interviewer’s function is to encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning.

Non-directive interview

• Advantages 1. The researcher can adapt the

questions as necessary, clarify doubts , and ensure that the responses are properly understood.

2. He can also pick up nonverbal cues from the respondent.

Face-to-face interview

• Geographical limitations they may impose on the surveys and vast resources needed if such surveys need to be done nationally or internationally.

• The costs of training interviewers to minimize interviewer’s bias is high

• Respondents might feel uneasy about the anonymity of their responses when they interact with the interviewer.

Disadvantages

• Advantages1. A number of different

people can be reached in a short period of time.

2. Will eliminate any discomfort that some people feel in facing the interviewer.

Telephonic interview

• Respondent could unilaterally terminate the interview without warning or explanation, by hanging up the phone.

• Researcher will not be able to see the respondent to read the nonverbal communication.

Disadvantages

• In this method a questionnaire is sent to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire.

• Questionnaire consist of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms.

Collection of data through Questionnaires

• Low cost• Free from bias of the interviewer • Respondents have adequate

time.• Respondents who are not easily

approachable can also be reached.

• Large samples can be used. Thus the results are more reliable and dependable.

Merits

• Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaires.

• Can be used only when respondents are educated and co-operating.

• The control over the questionnaire may be lost once it is sent.

• In flexibility• The possibility of

ambiguous replies or omission of replies.

• Slowest method

Demerits

• Open-ended versus Closed-ended

open-ended questions allow respondents to answer them in any way they choose.

Closed-ended questions would ask the respondents to make choices among a set of alternatives given by the reaseacher.

Type and form of questions

• Positively and negatively worded questions

– The tendency in respondents to mechanically circle the points towards one end of scale is minimised

• A question that lends itself to different possible responses to its subparts

• Such questions should be avoided.

• Example :“Do you think there is

a good market for the product and that it will sell well?”

Doubled –barreled questions

• The words used in framing questions must not be unambiguous.

• Example“to what extent would

you say that you are happy”

Ambiguous questions

• Some questions might require respondents to recall experiences from the past that are hazy in their memory answers to such questions may be biased.

Recall-Dependent questions

• Questions should not be phrased in such a way that they lead the respondents to give the responses that the researcher would like or want them to give.

• Example“To what extent do

you agree that employees should be given higher pay raises?”

Leading questions

• Such questions are emotionally charged manner.

• Example“ To what extent do

you think management is likely to be vindictive if the Union decides to go on strike?”

Loaded questions

• Questions should not be worded such that they elicit socially desirable responses.

• Example “Do you think that

older people should be laid off?”

Social desirability

• In this schedules are being filled in by the ennumerators who are specially appointed for the purpose.

• Ennumerators go to respondents with schedules, put them the questions from the proforma and record the replies.

• They explain the aims and objects of the investigation and removes the difficulties which respondents feel in understanding the quetions

Collection of data through schedules

• The questionnaire is sent through mail to the informants to be answered. The schedule is filled out by the ennumerator who can interpret questions when necessary.

• Collection of data through questionnaire is cheap and economical, while collection of data through schedules is more expensive.

• Non-response in case of questionnaire is high while in case of schedules it is low.

Difference between questionnaires and schedules

• In questionnaires identity of respondents is not clear as to who replies, but in case of schedule the identity of respondent is known.

• The questionnaire method is likely to be very slow since many respondents do not return the questionnaire in time despite several remainders, but in case of schedules the information is collected well in time as they are filled in by enumerators.

• Personal contact is generally not possible in case of the questionnaire method ,but in case of schedules direct personal contact is established with respondents.

• Questionnaire method can be used only when repondents are literate and cooperative, but in case of schedules the information can be gathered even when the respondents happen to be illiterate.

• The success of questionnaire method lies more on the quality of questionnaire itself, but in case of schedules much depends upon the honesty and competence of enumerators.

• Wider and more representative distribution of sample is possible under questionnaire, but in case of schedules there usually remains the difficulty in sending enumerators over a relatively wider area.

• Risk of collecting incomplete and wrong information is relatively more under the questionnaire method, but in case of schedules, the information collected is generally complete and accurate.

• In order to attract the attention of respondents, the physical appearance of questionnaire must be quite attractive, but this may not be so in case of schedules

• Along with schedules, observation method can be used, but such thing is not possible through questionnaire

• Structured observation• Unstructured observation• Participant observation• Non-participant

observation

Observation

6. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

• Sometimes called as indirect techniques.

• Developed by psychologists to use projection of respondents for inferring about underlying motives, urges, or intentions which are such that the respondent either resists to reveal them or is unable to figure out himself.

• The respondent in supplying information tends unconsciously to project his attitudes or feelings on the subject under study.

• Projective technique play an important role in motivational researches or in attitude surveys.

• The use of these techniques requires intensive specialized training. In such techniques, the individual’s responses to the stimulus-situation are not taken at their face value.

• The stimuli may arouse many different kinds of reactions.

• The nature of the stimuli and the way in which they are presented under these techniques do not clearly indicate the way in which the response is to be interpreted. The stimulus may be a photograph, a picture and so on.

• Responses to these stimuli are interpreted as indicating the individual’s own view, his personality structure, his needs, tensions, etc. in the context of some pre-established psychological conceptualization of what the individual’s responses to the stimulus mean.

Important Projective Techniques

i. Word Association Tests: These tests are used to extract information regarding such words which have maximum association. Respondent is asked to mention the first word that comes to mind, ostensibly without thinking, as the interviewer reads out each word from a list.

ii. Sentence Completion Tests: These tests happen to be an extension of the technique of word association tests. Under this, informant may be asked to complete a sentence (persons who wear Khadi are….) to find association of Khadi clothes with certain personality characteristics.

iii. Story Completion Tests: Such tests are a step further wherein the researcher may contrive stories instead of sentences and ask the informants to complete them.

iv. Verbal Projection Tests: these are the tests wherein the respondent is asked to comment on or to explain what other people do.

PICTORIAL TECHNIQUE

1. Thematic appreciation test

– TAT consists of a set of pictures

– deal with the ordinary situation and unusual situation

– Shown to respondent and asked to describe what they think about the pictures represents

–

The replies of respondents constitutes the basis of for the investigator to draw Inference about their personality structure, attitudes

2. Rosenzweig test

• this test uses a cartoon format wherein we have a set of cartoons with word inserted in ballons above

• The respondent is asked to put his

own words in an empty ballons .

• RORSCHACH TEST

• Ten cards having prints of inkblots

• Design happens to be symmetrical but meaningless

• Responses are interpreted on the basis of pre determined psychological frame work

• Holtzman inkblot test

• modification of RORSCHACH TEST by

W. H. Holtzman

• 45 inkblot cards which are based on colour, movement, shading and other factors involved in inkblot perception

• Only one response per card is obtained from the subject (respondent) and the responses of a subject are interpreted at three levels of from appropriateness

• ADVANTAGES

• It elicts relatively constant number of responses per respondent

• It facilitates studying the responses of a respondent to different cards in the light if norms of each cards intead of jumping them together

• It elicts much more information from the respondent

• Limitations

• Most of the respondent do not know the determinents of their percepions

5. Tomkins- horn picture arrangement test

• Test designed for group administration

• Consist of 25 plates, each containing three sketches that may be arranged in different ways to portray sequence of events.

• The respondent is asked to arrange them in a sequence which he consider as reasonable

• The responses are intrpreted as providing evidence confirming certain norms, respondent’s attitude, etc.

6. Play technique

• Subjects are asked to improvise or act out asituation in which they have been assigned to various roles

• The rsearcher may observe such traits as hostility, dominence, sympethy, prejudice or the absence of such traits.

• These technique have been used for knowing the younger ones through manipulation of dolls.

• Dolls representing different racial groups are usually given to children who are allowed to play with them freely

• The manner in which children organise dolls would indicate their attitude towads the class of persons represented by dolls.

7. Quizzes, tests and examinations

• Technique of extracting information regarding specific ability of candidates indirectly.

• In this procedure both long and short question framed to test through them the memmorising and analytical ability of candidates

8. Sociometry

• Technique for describing the social relationship among individuals in agroup in an indirect way

• It attempts to describe attractions or repulsion betweenindividuals by asking them to indicate whom they would choose or rejecct in various situations.

• Sociograms are constructed to identify leaders and followers

• This approach has been applied to the diffusion of ideas on drugs amongst medical practitioners

7)DEPTH INTEVIEWS

designed to discover underlying motives and desires.

Used to explore needs ,desire ,feelings of respondent.

Need considerable time and greater skill from the part of interviewer.

It may be projective or none projective.

8)CONTENT ANALYSIS

Analysis content of documentary materials such as books, magazine, newspaper and content of all verbal or printed materials

Prior 1940 quantitative analysis of documentary materials

Since 1950 it is transformed to qualitative method. – emphasis on general importance of material

it is a central activity concerned with studyOf the nature of verbal materials

Works in two levels

a) Simple level. - certain characteristics identified and counted.

b) Subtle level. – more qualitative in natureEg: study of attitude

THANK YOU !!!