WELCOME

THYROID GLAND: ITS PROBLEMS,SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENTS

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GROUP MEMBERS

NAME REGISTRATION NO

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MAHRAZ NAZNIN 12103004

MARSIA TAHSIN 12103021

RACHANA SARKAR 12103022

SUSMITA GHOSH 12103023

FURHATUN –NOOR 12103048

PRIYANKA FLORINA KARMOKAR 12103050

TAJRIAN RAHMAN 12103059

OBJECTIVES

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What is Thyroid Gland?

Anatomy of Thyroid Gland

Functions of Thyroid Gland

Disorders of Thyroid Gland

Causes of Thyroid diseases

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Summary

WHAT IS THYROID GLAND?

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The Thyroid Gland is one of the largest endocrine (meaning ductless) gland, which secretes its hormones directly into the bloodstream.

ANATOMY OF THYROID GLAND

Butterfly-shaped gland

that sits low on the front

of the neck.

Wraps around our

windpipe (trachea) like a

bow tie.

The small, two-inch gland

consists of two lobes, and

is well supplied with blood

vessels.

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Brownish-red in color, the thyroid is rich with blood vessels.

The thyroid tissue is made up of two types of cells: follicular cells and Para-follicular cells.

Most of the thyroid tissue consists of the follicular cells, which secrete iodine-containing hormones called Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3).

Hormones secreted by the thyroid are controlled by the pituitary glands, thyroid-stimulating hormone, which in turn is controlled by the hypothalamus.

FUNCTIONS OF THYROID GLANDS

Regulates the body's metabolism and

calcium balance.

The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every

tissue in the body to produce proteins and

increase the amount of oxygen used by

cells. 8

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THYROID DISORDERS

Around one in 20 people will experience some form of thyroid dysfunction in their lifetime.

Thyroid disease occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't supply the proper amount of hormones needed by the body.

Common problems include over activity (Hyperthyroidism)and under activity (Hypothyroidism) of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer.

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HYPERTHYROIDISM

overactive thyroid overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3

and T4. Most commonly caused by the

development of Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid to secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones.

The disease can result in the formation of a toxic goiter. 10

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SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDSM

The signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism vary widely, depending on the severity of hormone deficiency.

Fatigue Mental fogginess and forgetfulness Feeling excessively cold Constipation Dry skin Diarrhea Muscle weakness 11

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SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Excessive or

prolonged menstrual

bleeding

Depression

Excessive sweating

Heat intolerance

Rapid heart rate

Weight loss

Tremors of hands

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TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Problems with thyroid hormone levels can be diagnosed with a simple blood test.

Hyperthyroid patients may be given anti-thyroid medication to reduce the amount of thyroid hormones made by the thyroid gland.

Some patients will recover relatively quickly and will only need occasional blood tests to keep check of thyroid hormone levels.

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TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Treatment may be tedious and complicated,

and may require surgery.

It could take up to a year or more to

stabilize thyroid function. This will depend

upon the severity, and type, of condition.

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HYPOTHYROIDISM Underactive thyroid

Releases too little T4 and T3 into the

bloodstream, causing the metabolism to slow

down too much.

The most common cause is Hashimoto’s

disease.

This is an autoimmune condition in which

white blood cells and antibodies attack the

thyroid gland.

If not treated, the metabolism will continue to

slow and will ultimately (in 10 to 15 years)

lead to death.

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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

Typical symptoms are :

Decreased Basal Membrane Rate

Lethargy and fatigue

Feeling cold (even on warm days)

Unusual weight gain

Depression

Reduced concentration (brain fog) 16

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SYMPTOMS OF HYPORTHYROIDISM

Puffiness of the face

Hair loss

Dry skin

Constipation

Goiter

Decreased heat

production

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TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

Hypothyroidism is treated with hormone

replacement therapy, such as

Levothyroxine which is typically required

for the rest of the patient's life.

Thyroid hormone treatment is given under

the care of a physician and may take a few

weeks to become effective

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CRETINISM OR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Extreme hypothyroidism in fetal

life,infancy and childhood is called

cretinism.

Congenital thyroid hormone deficiency

leads to cretinism and impaired growth.

Irreversible condition. 19

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SYMPTOMS OF CRETINISM

Floppy infant

Thick, increased

tongue

Poor feeding

Constipation

Prolonged jaundice

Short physique20

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TREATMENT OF CRETINISM

Advanced diagnosis and life long cure with

thyroid hormone by mouth, afford the

child a better adventure of evolving

usually.

Newborns analyzed and treated in the first

month to month and a half typically

produce general intelligence.

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MYXEDEMA

Myxedema is the term used to describe the hypothyroidism in adult.

Reversible condition.

Bagginess of eyes Swelling of face Constipation Physical slowness

SYMPTOMS

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TREATMENT OF MYXEDEMA

Medication to replace

the reduced thyroid

hormones.

Such as levothyroixine

are prescribed at low

dosage .

Until hormone levels

stabilize in the normal

range.

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GOITER

An enlargement of the thyroid gland A shortage of iodine in the diet is a

common cause of goiter, especially in areas where the soil has little iodine.

If a person’s diet is too low in iodine, the pituitary keeps sending chemical messages to the thyroid, but without effect.

attempting to make more thyroid hormone, the gland gets larger and larger.

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GOITER This is also common with underactive

thyroids, as the pituitary attempts to speed them up.

Overactive thyroids can also produce goitres because their overactivity is often due to overstimulation.

Goiter is two types:

Endemic colloid goiter

Idiopathic nontoxic colloid goiter 25

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ENDEMIC COLLOID GOITER

This type of goiter occurred specially in certain areas due to insufficient iodine present in the food stuffs.

Other causes: Being over 40 Being Female Having a family history of goiter Living in an area where there is

endemic iodine deficiency

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SYMPTOMS OF ENDEMIC COLLOID GOITER

Breathing difficulty

Dizziness when the

arms are raised above

the head.(large goiter)

Enlarged neck veins.

Swallowing difficulties.

Thyroid swelling

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TREATMENT

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is prescribed for iodine deficiency.

If one can increase the iodine content of diet, thyroid hormone replacement therapy is no longer needed.

If the goiter producing too much thyroid hormone, treatment may be needed with: Anti thyroid medication Radioactive iodine surgery

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IDIOPATHIC NON TOXIC COLLOID GOITER

An enlargement of thyroid gland similar to

endemic colloid goiter.

There is no iodine deficiency.

The T4 may be low or normal along with signs

and symptoms of mild thyroditis.

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SYMPTOMS

The main symptom is a swollen thyroid gland.

The size may range from a single small nodule to a large neck lump.

The swollen thyroid can put pressure on the windpipe and esophagus which can lead to; Cough Hoarseness Swallowing difficulties Breathing difficulties(rarely) 30

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TREATMENT

Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland, particularly if the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone.

Surgery to remove all part of the hormone.

Thyroid hormones supplements.

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THYROID CANCER Cancer of the thyroid gland is quite

rare and occurs in less than 10% of thyroid nodules.

In most cases, thyroid cancer presents as a painless mass in the neck.

It is very unusual for thyroid cancers to present with symptoms, unless they have been neglected.

One may be able to feel a hard nodule in the neck.

Surgery, radiation, and hormone treatments may be used to treat thyroid cancer. 32

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THYROID NODULE

A small abnormal mass or lump in the thyroid gland.

Some are groups of uncontrollably overactive thyroid cells. These are called ‘hot’ nodules and cause hyperthyroidism.

Other nodules are ‘cold’. These are generally harmless.

about 20 per cent will be cancerous. Hot nodules will generally be removed

surgically or destroyed with radioactive iodine. Cold nodules are frequently left alone and simply kept under observation.

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SUMMARY

The thyroid is an organ responsible for the production of thyroid hormones.

Thyroid hormones are essential to the regulation of metabolism and other functions of the body.

If thyroid hormone levels are not in a normal range, signs and symptoms of thyroid disease may occur.

In addition to the function of the gland, thyroid structural abnormalities may occur. Structural abnormalities range from benign to malignant.

Depending on the underlying problem, blood tests, imaging, and biopsy may be used to make a diagnosis.

Treatment depends on the particular thyroid disease present. 34

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REFERENCESText Book of Medical Physiology-By Guyton and HallAnatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness-By Ross and Wilson

Medical Physiology Book

Reflex

Wikipedia

Other Health and Medical links

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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