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AW 101
NAMA NO PENDAFTARAN
AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN MOHD YUSOF 13BAD12F2009
MUHAMMAD IHSAN BIN JAMALUDDIN 13BAD12F2011
MUHAMMAD 13BAD12F2012
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Fractures happen when outside forces are
applied to the bone. The bone cannot
withstand the pressure and a fracture takesplace.
Fractures are commonly caused by a fall,strike from an object, or by twisting or bending
of the bone.
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There are three basic forms of greenstick fracture.
In the first a transverse fracture occurs in the cortex,
extends into the midportion of the bone andbecomes oriented along the longitudinal axis of the
bone without disrupting the opposite cortex.
The second form is a torus or buckling fracture,
caused by impaction. The third is a bow fracture in which the bone
becomes curved along its longitudinal axis.
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Greenstick fractures
cause pain at the injured
area. The area may be
swollen and either red or
bruised.
The movements of theaffected part will be
restricted and painful.
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The treatment depends on the angulations or the
bending angle of the fracture site.
Most often the affected area would be put inside acast for 3 weeks.
Most of the time there are no complications in
greenstick fractures, but in rare instances if theangles are not properly aligned, over growth of the
bone tissues can occur at the site of the fracture.
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This type of fracture is caused by a twisting
force.
It is also called torsion fracture, in referenceto the forces involved to create a spiral
fracture.
In X-ray images the fracture appear to be
parallel to the bone axis and the shape offractures is similar to a corkscrew.
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Sport injuries are the most common causes of
spiral fractures.
Falling off the stairs also results into spiralfractures.
The most common spiral fracture occurs while
skiing, because skiers lock their feet into theski boots and if the skier looses control the
leg violently twists in one direction creating a
spiral fracture.
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Spiral fractures are
extraordinarily painful,and typically a person
has to stop with any
activities for at least
several months.
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The spiral/helical shape of the
fracture causes delay in the
treatment process.
The healing time also dependsfrom where in the body the
fracture has occurred.
The fractured area has to be
casted until it completely heals.In some cases surgery is
required to put bones back to
their place.
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Fracture in which the bone breaks and penetrates
through the skin (also called open fracture).
Considered a more serious form of fracture. More likely to get infected because the bones are
exposed.
Usually caused due to high impact injuries, heavy
falls, car crashes, etc.
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Compound fractures are
extremely painful and require
immediate treatment.
They are risky because the
bone that is exposed can be
contaminated with dirt and debris
and result in an infection.
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Immediate surgery is required to
cleanse the area, prevent an infection
and realign the bone.
Treatment involves realignment of
the ends of the fractured bones, and
immobilization of the fracture.
The treatment should assist the boneto recover completely in movement,
strength, and sensitivity.
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The healing time varies according to the severity of
the fracture, and the health and age of the patient.
Compound fractures take longer to heal due to the
amount of injury to the bone and the surroundingtissue.
The possibility of complications is high.
The healing of the bone can be seen in about 6
weeks in adults, and earlier in children; however thehealing process can take up to 2 years.
