PowerPoint Presentation

IMPROVED COOKING STOVE WITH REGULATED AIR INTAKE

ABSTRACT

The Philippines is one of many developing countries where the majority of the population has low income. With the present economic crisis happening due to the increase of oil price, also the increase cost of fuel and simultaneous decrease in earning option, housewives are very much worried in budgeting family expenditures. They find hard to budget the day to day needs of the family. Due to expected changes in population and house hold size.

ABSTRACT

Thus, theres really a need to design and develop an alternative way of cooking, using the least expensive fuel. Wood and charcoal is the predominant fuel used in domestic cooking especially to rural areas when the supply of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, and electricity is limited due to marketing issue, distribution system, financial constraints, supply constraints and consumer preferences.

ABSTRACT

Such a quite sensible solution to the spiraling fuel prices as the saying goes, necessity is the mother of all invention and the idea that we came up was created out of necessity for this project study, is the essential appliances in the kitchen used for cooking which typically called the stove. With the multi-functional cooking stove an alternative to LPG, Kerosene and electric stove. This would somehow ease the day to day expenditure from our household budget. The multi-functional cooking stove was structured and made up of scrap material that are found on junk shop, such as iron pipe, metal sheets, and iron bars. These materials are pre-fabricated and custom built for the transition from traditional cooking to a new evolution of alternative cooking stove.INTRODUCTIONThroughout the history energy has taken one of the most important part in the human life. Firstly, mankind has converted chemical energy gained by food into heat and mechanical energy. After the discovery of fire, one of the basic discovery of mankind, people began to use wood with the aim of cooking and lighting, so first fuel of human life has appeared with the use of wood and wood ash was the first waste product for energy using wood. And wood coal (charcoal) have been used intensively for cooking and after that charcoal has replace wood. In early times most people cooked their food over a fire which was either built campfire style in an open using three stone with the same height in which cooking pot can be balance over fire. INTRODUCTIONLater wood burning and charcoal stove were developed enabling cooks to place pots and pans directly on a hot flat surface. The very first enclosed stove was built by an architect in France in 1735. Many decades after the traditional stove was created new discoveries in the field of cooking was introduced. As the saying goes necessity is the mother of all invention, household are switching from a traditional wood burning stove to a more convenient and alternative way of cooking. But many of the household disgruntled over a high cost of Gas and LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas now a days prices are getting high due to the implication of various economic condition such as supply and demand varies with market value in which effect the consumer especially inside household necessity. INTRODUCTIONOf course people love to eat so everyone is affected of the high cost of LPG and the cost we spend every time we cooked. Every home in every country in the world uses some form of cooking equipment. Some people cook with electricity, while others use LPG or kerosene. However, in about half of the worlds homes people use biomass fuels such as charcoal, wood, and agricultural waste such as rice husk.INTRODUCTIONDuring the 1970s and early 1980s and 1990s it was assumed that use of these fuels was the main cause of the deforestation that threatened large areas of the forest land. As a result many government agencies concern regarding such issue and investigate what may be the cause of this problem. It has, however, found out and become clear that deforestation is mainly caused by other factors, such as clearing land for agriculture and timber extraction also land development use in building subdivision, rather than by fuel collection. Thus people who rely on biomass fuels are actually the victims of deforestation rather than the offenders.INTRODUCTION In the 21th century new renewable energy technologies begin to go forward and the role of the biomass energy in these technologies was pre dominated. As people become dependence of new fuel LPG, kerosene in terms of cooking the demand on this fuel energy become in sufficient causing the supply consumption high. In effect economic crisis resulted these trends coupled with the simultaneous decrease in earning option. Many of the rural household cannot afford marketed cooking fuel as a result consumer preferences adopted solution to these problem as an alternative to other cooking fuel. The realistic picture of these problem is to use wood and charcoal as energy fuel. It is from this realization the shift to cheap fuel.INTRODUCTIONA lot of effort and idea on how to design and develop a biomass cooking stove was introduced today. One of the principal attraction for consumer is to introduce commercially fabricated cooking stove.INTRODUCTIONThis papers present a project study report on the fabrication and performance of an improved cooking stove the term stove refer to a heated apparatus that burns fuel and generates heat for special purposes such as cooking which can efficiently and effectively conserve heat for cooking practices. A well designed cooking stove optimize combustion maximize heat transfer. With this realization the idea of expanding wider option engaged in design for fabrication of improve cooking stove. The design of the improve cooking stove was inspired by concept by recognizing the problems of consumer regarding the increase of cooking fuel and the adoption of cheap fuel availability option. The design of the stove is simple using locally available material. And configured the convenience and benefit of use of the predesigned cooking stove.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMTo design an alternative cooking stove that will used alternative fuel wood and charcoal less cheaper than LPG, kerosene and stove that uses electricity.Improving the traditionally cooking stove quality, conceptually also improve energy and fuel efficiency.Challenges associated with environment concern biomass fuel resources sustainably, efficiently and health benefit with less harmful emissions compared to the good old open campfireOffers a promising solution to poor family in rural area especially in generating additional income.Cut down cost of a much cheaper stove in parallel to material cost

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe only constant thing in the society is change and the industry has to offered products and equipment that would satisfied the needs of the consumer especially in food preparation where in new concept and idea in terms of cooking will be introduced. House hold utilizing the adoption of new challenge in terms of cooking in a more convenient and economical and sensible alternative to high cost of cooking fuel. Knowledge of the study considered the transition between traditional cooking to a more improve cooking stove, and desired for innovation will help house hold to adopt new learning practices in terms of cooking. Increase in cooking option and save few money for other option.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYIf we really want to assure the positive environmental and health benefits of improved cooking stoves, we have to go far beyond stoves and fuels. The most important factor for the overall achievements is the user, namely the cook. User or the cook behavior in turning theoretical emerging potential of improve cooking stoves into practical reality. Generally, the study aims to develop a biomass cook stove for household use that is efficient and economical.

CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

HYPOTHESIS OF THESTUDYHYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Up to now, efforts to replace solid biomass fuels have largely failed as vast numbers of people still use them. The absolute figures are even set to increase in the next decades being that solid biomass is the most abundant source of vital and renewable cooking energy worldwide.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Cooking fires and cook stoves are some of the earliest technologies. Therefore, it is often assumed that we thoroughly understand cook stoves and there is enough improvement to be made in cook stove design. Yet we continue to learn about how to build cook stoves. There are no internationally accepted design standards for stoves burning biomass. Engineers have been studying fire for many generations, and there is general agreement that certain modification will improve the effectiveness of biomass fuel stove. The following suggestion will improve intermittently fed stove that are designed to achieve more complete initial combustion and improve heat transfer efficiency to pot.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Users of this project design such guide are encouraged to think of it not as the final answer, but as a step in a journey towards better, safer and more functional cooking systems. We encourage them to contribute ideas, thoughts and experiences at any of the many forums for sharing experience with stoves, including internet based list, and websites.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY We hope that our work with stoves is helping to develop a model for how technology can be improved and implemented in a way that can change peoples lives. Household technologies are essential. By thinking beyond stoves we can have an even greater impact on the world around us. We can and we will change the world in the same way that we are changing stoves, by investing new idea what stove will work best in the kitchen. The three Ts Wood stove design know that this burnout requires TIME, TEMPERATURE, TURBULANCE. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Time indicates that the longer the exhaust gas stays hot, the longer pollutants have to burn. Temperature indicates that the gas needs to stay as hot as possible; the reactions stop when the gas gets too cool. Turbulence is an engineering term for rough flow. If the air is turbulent, pollutants have a greater chance of coming into contact with oxygen so they can burn out. Improving biomass cook stoves is an alternative approach to help reduce greenhouse gas emission considering its unpopular and negative effect to our environment (climate change) and health of inefficient wood fueled cook stoves.

ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDYASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY People are naturally drawn to the word efficiency and think that improved thermal efficiency means decreased fuel use when cooking food. Unfortunately, choosing a stove based on thermal efficiency can result in the selection of a stove that is not necessarily as fuel saving as possible. Thermal efficiency is a measure of how much energy in the wood fuel is transferred into the cooking pot. Because there is no good way to measure this heat transfer, it is often approximated by measuring the amount of water evaporated; but this technique does not indicate how much of that energy is useful for cooking. Boiling off a lot of extra steam can result in a higher efficiency number, but it will not cook food any faster than a more moderate rate of simmering.ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY However, there are more efficient methods of producing charcoal that can avoid energy losses. Examples include producing charcoal in stoves that burn the volatiles in biomass to produce heat for cooking and producing charcoal from crop residues that otherwise would be burned. Between 70% and 80% of the energy in wood is used to produce charcoal. The charcoal thus produced retains the same shape of the original wood but is typically just one-fifth the weight, one-half the volume, and one-third the original energy content. The great advantage of charcoal is that it continues burning at a steady rate, without the need to constantly feed the fire, as in a wood-burning stove. Reducing the air entering the fire prolongs the useful cooking time and provides a gentle heat suited to simmering.ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDYRemember: Combustion and charcoal gasification are controlled by the available amount of oxygen. In short: No oxygen, no gas generation from the hot char; instead, char is conserved. Gasification occurs in stages. Pyrolysis converts wood into char and gases. It is controlled by heat input and can be slowed by cooling. Char gasification converts char into ash and gases. It is controlled by oxygen and can be arrested by the deprivation of oxygen. Wood-gas refers to the gases and vapors produced by pyrolysis and char gasification. Combustion occurs when wood-gas is mixed with oxygen and ignited. Unlike open fires, all the stages of gasification and combustion can be controlled in a improve cooking stove.SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONSCOPE AND DELIMITATIONSCOPE Placing energy users at the centre of the analysis Some people feel food taste better when cooked in a solid biogas fuel compare to a liquid fuel stove. Low and middle income house hold. Fabricate biomass fuel stove and modify fuelDELIMITATION Only one cooking pot can be used at a time. Propagation risk of fire. Only the common and widely available materials are to be used.

RELATED LITERATURERELATED LITERATUREThe fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture, [2] and a fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket removes the "oxygen" part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire.

RELATED LITERATUREFUELIf fuel is removed, the fire will starve and be extinguished. With bushfires this can be done through a number of pre-emptive methods, including prescribed burning or physical removal of the fuel.During wildfire suppression the removal of fuel can be done physically through the raking of fire line or the use of bulldozers to clear a fire line.AIRIf air is removed, the fire will suffocate because of a lack of oxygen and go out. The removal of air from a bushfire is quite difficult as fires are normally quite big and encompass considerable area. The removal of heat is the most common form of fire suppression.HEATThe removal of heat or the cooling of a fire is the most common form of suppression.

RELATED LITERATUREIn most cases water is used to essentially soak up the heat generated by the fire. This heat turns the water in to steam, thereby robbing the fire of the heat used.Without energy in the form of heat the fire cannot heat unburnt fuels to ignition temperature and the fire will eventually go out. In addition, the water can act to smother the flames and suffocate the fire.

RELATED LITERATUREOne generally accepted definition of combustion or fire, is a process involving rapid oxidation at elevated temperatures accompanied by the evolution of heated gaseous products of combustion, and the emission of visible and invisible radiation. Oxidation occurs all around us in the form of rust on metal surfaces, and in our bodies by metabolizing food we eat. However, the key word that sets combustion apart from other forms of oxidation is the word rapid.

THE COMBUSTION MODEThe combustion process is usually associated with the oxidation of a fuel in the presence of oxygen with the emission of heat and light. Oxidation, in the strict chemical sense, means the loss of electrons. For an oxidation reaction to occur, a reducing agent the fuel, and an oxidizing agent, usually oxygen must be present. As heat is added, the ignition source, the fuel molecules and oxygen molecules gain energy and become active. This molecular energy is transferred to other fuel and oxygen molecules which creates a chain reaction.THE COMBUSTION MODEThe combustion process occurs in two modes: The flaming. The non-flaming, smoldering or glowing embers.

THE COMBUSTION MODE For the flaming mode it is necessary for solid and liquid fuels to be vaporized. The solid fuel vapors are thermally driven off, or distilled and the liquid fuel vapors evaporated. It is this volatile vapor from the solid or liquid fuels that we see actually burning in the flaming mode. This gas or vapor production, emitted from the fuel is referred to as pyrolysis. Once a flame has been established, heat transfer from the flame to the fuel surface continues to drive off more volatile gases and perpetuates the combustion process. THE COMBUSTION MODEFor continued burning in the flaming mode requires a high burning rate, and the heat loss associated with transfer of heat from the flame area by conduction, convection, and radiation must be less than the energy output of the fire. If the heat loss is greater than the energy output of the fire the fire will extinguish.

THE COMBUSTION MODE Both modes, flaming and non-flaming surface modes, can occur singly, or in combination. Flammable liquids and gases only burn in the flaming mode. Wood, straw, and coal are examples where both modes may exist simultaneously

THE COMBUSTION MODEFlaming combustion can occur in the following forms1. Premixed flames where the fuel and oxygen are mixed prior to ignition. For example the flame on a bunsen burner, gas stove, or propane torch.2. Diffusion flames, more common, where the fuel and oxygen are initially separate but burn in the region where they mix, like a burning of a pool of flammable liquid or the burning of a log.

3 STAGES OF FIREThere are three generally recognized stages to a fire. The incipient stage, smoldering stage, and flame stage.1. The incipient stage is a region where preheating, distillation and slow pyrolysis are in progress. Gas and sub-micron particles are generated and transported away from the source by diffusion, air movement, and weak convection movement, produced by the buoyancy of the products of pyrolysis.2. The smoldering stage is a region of fully developed pyrolysis that begins with ignition and includes the initial stage of combustion. Invisible aerosol and visible smoke particles are generated and transported away from the source by moderate convection patterns and background air movement.3. The flaming stage is a region of rapid reaction that covers the period of initial occurrence of flame to a fully developed fire. Heat transfer from the fire occurs predominantly from radiation and convection from the flame.

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONHeat Utilization EfficiencyHUE= ((MwC (tb-ti) + MvL)/(MfHvf)

Where: HUE = Heat Utilization Efficiency, %Mw = Initial weight of water, kgC = Specific Heat of Water, 1 Kcal/kg -CTb = boiling temperature of water, CelsiusTi = initial temperature of water, CelsiusL = Latent heat of vaporization of water at atmospheric pressure and 100oC, 540Kcal/kgMv = amount of water evaporated during the experiment, kgMf = amount of fuel used, kgHfv = heating value of fuel, Kcal/kg

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONFuel Consumption RateFCR= Wfc/To

Where: Wfc = Weight of Fuel consumed, kg To = operating time, hr

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONThe burning rate, R, corrected for the moisture content of the fuel was calculated using Equation.

where:Wi= initial weight of fuel at start of test, kg; Wf= final weight of fuel at end of test, kg; M= moisture content of fuel, %; t= total time taking for burning fuel,

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONThe burning rate and the net calorific value, Qnet, of the fuel were used in the calculation of thermal efficiency, th , according to Equation.

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION SFC = Mass of Consumed fuel Total mass of cooked food

SFC= W ( 1-M )-1.5W mpf-mpCHARCOAL PRE CUMBUSTION CHAMBER

TYPICAL SET UP CUMBUSTION OF CHARCOAL

WOOD PRE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

TYPICAL SET UP WOOD CUMBUSTION

PROJECT DESIGN CHARCOAL CUMBUSTION SET UP

PROJECT DESIGN WOOD CUMBUSTION SET UP

DESIGN PROJECTIMPROVED COOKING STOVE WITH REGULATED AIR INTAKE

POT LID BASE PLATE

PRIMARY PIPE HOLDER

OPTIONAL PRIMARY BURNER

PRIMARY PIPING CYLINDER

CHARCOAL BURNING CHAMBER

SECONDARY CYLINDER BASE

SLIP RING AIR CONTROL

PRIMARY CHAMBER COVER PLATE

CHARCOAL ASH TRAY

PRIMARY BASE CHAMBER

STOVE BASE PLATE BOX CASE

WOOD FEEDING BOX

PROJECT DESIGNITEM NO.PARTS DESCRIPTIONQUANTITY1POT LID BASE PLATE1 SET2PRIMARY PIPE HOLDER13OPTIONAL PRIMARY FIRE BURNER1SET4PRIMARY PIPING CYLINDER15CHARCOAL BURNING CHAMBER16SECONDARY CYLINDER BASE17SLIP RING AIR CONTROL18PRIMARY CHAMBER COVER PLATE19CHARCOAL ASH TRAY110PRIMARY BASE CHAMBER111STOVE BASE PLATE BOX CASE112WOOD FEEDING BOX1DEFINITION OF TERMSCarbon monoxide: An odorless, colorless gas that is harmful to health produced by the incomplete combustion of fuel.Convection: The heat transfer in a gas or liquid by movement of the air or water.Combustion chamber: The area of a stove where the fuel is burned.Emissions: Byproducts from the combustion of fuel that are discharged into the.Excess Air: Air used for combustion that exceeds the theoretical (stoichiometric) amount needed.Flue Gas: The hot gas from burning fuel that flows up from the combustion chamber.Mixing: The combining of air, hot gases and flame to reduce emissions. Biomass stoves do not mix air hot gasses and flame very well, so smoke and unburnt gases are often not fully combusted.