TECHNOLOGY

1 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

TECHNOLOGY.TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

1. Technology in response to human needs

Technology is a body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills, and extract or collect

materials. It is also the application of science (the combination of the scientific method and

material) to meet an objective or solve a problem.

Primary needs allow survival:

Secondary needs increase satisfaction and well-being:

PRIMARY NEEDS

HEALTH FEEDING CLOTHING HOUSING

SECONDARY NEEDS

WORK COMMUNICATION TRANSPORTCULTURE AND

ENTERTAINMENTSECURITY

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2. Technology, Science and Socity

Differences between science and technology

Technology Science

Solve problems. Generates curiosity.

Create a new reality. Explain and predict reality.

The technological method explores

alternatives and concretes solutions.

The method of scientific work establishes a

hypothesis.

Obtain artificial products. Make laws, principles, theories, theorems.

Technology aims to develop products to meet human needs based on scientific and technical

knowledge.

BENEFITS INCONVENIENCES Increased production.

Reducing the labor.

Better quality of life.

Air pollution.

Abusive use of natural resources.

Hazardous materials.

Excess waste pollutants.

3. Technological activity and products

Types of products Crafts Industrial products Major works

Made in small installations.

A single person perform all

operations.

Few parts that do not need a

complicated assembly.

Large facilities.

Manufactured in large

quantities.

Production of many identical

products.

Construction of buildings

and civil engineering.

Large number of

professionals.

Different materials (brick,

cement, sand, steel, wood,

etc.)

Process of creating technology

products

Invention InnovationMaterials and

tools

Planning and organization of

work

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4. Technological evolution

Paleolithic: It is characterized by the use of stone in the manufacture of items for survival.

Neolithic: It is still used stone as the main material. Wheel appears.

Age of metals: comprises three periods depending on the metal used: the Copper Age, Bronze

Age and Iron Age

Old Age: A great technological advancement in civilizations like those of Egypt, Greece and

Rome is generated.

Middle Ages: Occurs great technological and scientific advances.

Modern Age: Scientific revolution leading to the creation of objects that have been transcendent

for progress develops.

Contemporary Age: It begins in the industrial revolution and reaches our days. It consists on a

new organization of work.

5. Technological process:

The technological process consists in five important steps:

1. Need: detect a problem or need; define the problem.

2. Idea: investigate ideas.

3. Develop the idea: specify the solution

4. Construction: planning and building

5. Check

6. Analysis of objects

Descriptive analysis: the study of the shape and dimensions of the object, its constituent

parts, materials used, types of joints.

Functional analysis: what is it the object, how it works, what options it offers, how it is

used, if it meets safety standards.

Socioeconomic analysis: satisfying need, where it is purchased, price, problems that can

cause to the environment, when it was invented.

Comparative analysis: a study of the advantages and disadvantages comparing objects

with the same purpose.

TECHNOLOGY

4 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

TECHNICAL APPLICATION MATERIALS: WOOD AND WOOD

PRODUCTS:

1. How are materials obtained?

2. Types of materials:

Materials Classification

CERAMIC AND STONED MATERIALS

Are obtained from rock, sands or clays.

Examples: natural stone (granite, slate); construction

materials (cement); ceramic (porcelain); glasses.

ORGANIC MATERIALS

Derived from plant or animal parts.

Examples: wood and wood products (paper,

cardboard); leather; cork; cotton fabrics.

•Raw material: material resources used for the production of materials.

•Minerals and rocks are mined in quarries, mines or wells (granite, silver).

•The materials of plant or animal origin are collected after planting or breeding (silk or wood).

EXTRACTION

•The raw materials are subjected to physical or chemical processes to get materials for technical use.

•Examples: metals from minerals in the metallurgical industries; plastics

from oil in petrochemical industries.TRANSFORMATION

•Once processed, the materials come in various commercial forms (strips of wood, cotton, sheet metal).

•With these, different technological products are made.ELABORATION

•Many times, the materials from Discarded products can be recovered for use as feedstock in the production of new materials.

RECYCLING

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5 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

METALS

Are obtained after separating them from the metallic

minerals that contain them.

The most important is steel, but also important are

aluminum, copper, brass and bronze.

SYNTHETIC OR PLASTIC MATERIALS

They are chemically combined substances derived

primarily from petroleum or natural gas.

Examples: Polyethylene, PVC, acrylic, polyurethane,

fibers and synthetic fabrics (nylon, lycra).

3. The properties of materials:

HARDNESS RESISTANCE TO

EXTERNAL FORCES

TENACITY OR

FRAGILITY

Resistance presented by

materials to be scratched, cut

or punctured. The metals are

harder than wood or plastic.

Capacity of a material to

support weight or pressures

without breaking. The steel is

more resistant than the

aluminium or the wood.

Aptitude to absorb blows or

impacts without breaking.

The metals or the wood are in

the habit of being tenacious

(they do not break easily),

whereas the glass and the

ceramics are very fragile.

ELASTICITY OR

PLASTICITY

THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY CHEMICAL STABILITY

Capacity of a material to

recover the aspect when it

stops the force that deforms

it. If it recovers its shape is

named elastic, in opposite,

plastic. If it suffers almost no

deformation, it is rigid.

To allow or to block the way

of the heat or of the electrical

current across a material. The

metals are good drivers and

the plastic ones are

insulating.

Capacity of a material to

resist the chemical action of

the oxygen of the air

(oxidation) or of the

humidity (corrosion) or of

other aggressive substances

(acids, solvents).

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6 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

4. Working with materials:

PROCEDURE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE MATERIALS

Fit the dimensions. Draw the pieces from the

edges and one from each

other as close as posible.

Cut the pieces carefully.

Keep and take advantage of

the cuts.

Recover chunks of material

from previous works.

Classify and arrange all the

materials.

SAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE WORKSHOP

Keep the tools arranged. Hold the pieces with

firmness.

Clean the tools once used.

Put attention when using the

tools.

Use protection elements

(gloves, glasses).

Use the tools with correction.

5. Wood properties and applications:

PRODUCTION OF PAPER

AND PAPERBOARD CONSTRUCTION

MANUFACTURE OF

OBJECTS

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7 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

GETTING WOOD BOARDS

DEBARKING SHREDDING DRYING

WOOD APPLICATIONS

FUEL PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD

CONSTRUCTION

BUILDINGS, SHIPS, DOORS, WINDOWS,

FLOORS, ETC

MANUFACTURE OF OBJECTS

FURNITURE, HOUSEHOLD

UTENSILS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC

The paper

industry

Reduce wood

into tiny cellulose fibers up

to forming a

pasta named pulp.

Substances

(coloring) are added

to the pulp to achieve desired

properties

The pulp obtained is pressed to get a

thin sheet of paper.

Paper is stored for later sale.

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6. Types of Wood and Wood derivatives:

Natural Wood: solid wood obtained from sawing logs. According to the source tree, can be

classified into

CONIFERS HARDWOOD TROPICAL

They come from evergreens

(pine, fir, cypress, cedar) that

provide light, soft and easy to

work with wood.

They are extracted from

deciduous (oak, beech,

walnut, poplar, chestnut,

olive, ash) which often give

heavy, hard and sometimes

difficult to work with wood.

They are hardwood from

rainforests (mahogany,

ebony, teak, samba, raft,

ocume, sapele). The

properties of the wood are

more diverse, there are hard

or soft, heavy or light,

different colors and veining.

Used in construction

structures, interior or exterior

carpentry, rustic furnishings.

Used in interior carpentry,

furniture, tool handles,

housewares, shipbuilding,

sticks, matches.

Used in interior carpentry,

furniture, packaging, DIY

Parts, carvings and frames.

Woods Transformed have some advantages over natural: they can be prepared in large boards,

better use of wood, rot and deform less, are cheaper.

PLYWOODS

Plywood is a board made from

thin sheets of wood glued

transversely to the fibers on

each other with synthetic resins

under strong pressure and heat.

Having crossed veins deform

less and have equal strength in

both directions. They can be

deformed to obtain curved

pieces.

AGGLOMERATES

Boards are manufactured with

small wood chips glued

together under pressure and

without further finishing.

It is the cheapest board. Its use

is not recommended in wet

conditions, as absorbed

humidity, it swells and does not

recover with drying. They

break easily and do not support

unions with nails and screws.

BOARDS AND FIBER

MOLDINGS

Fiber board is constructed from

woods that have been reduced

to fibers and subsequently

reconstructed by applying

pressure and glue.

Deforms less and resist

moisture better than

agglomerates. They can be

worked similarly to the natural

wood. You can paint, varnish

or lacquer it.

EDGE-GLUED PANELS They are realized joining strips

of natural wood for its singing

with the help of resins.

It looks like a natural wood

board. They have the same

properties of wood with which

they are made. They work like

natural wood.

TECHNOLOGY

9 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

Commercial forms:

7.

7. Woodworking:

MARKING AND TRACING

The measurements are

transferred from the edges or

reference lines using the ruler

or meter, and marked with

pencil.

To allow the saw cut it is

recommended to left two or

three millimeters of

separation between the

different pieces.

The layout square moves on

the wood to trace

perpendicular lines to the

same line.

SAW TOOLS

The handsaw is used to cut

large pieces of wood and

when the court does not

require high precision. The

backsaw is a tool similar to

the handsaw, differing from

it by bringing a metal

reinforcement called rib on

top of the sheet.

The backsaw is used to make

straight, accurate cuts. The

start of the court should be

slow, making sure it is

aligned.

To cut slats or moldings

cutting guides should be

used, which direct the

movement of the backsaw

with great precision.

MAKING HOLES

Choose the right bit and set it in the drill. Hand drill:

Place he tip of the drill on the center of the

hole

Press vertically

Turn the handle

BOARD SLAT MOLDING

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FILE TOOLS

WOOD FILE: LOWER THE WOOD TO

ACHIEVE THE DESIRED SHAPE.

SANDPAPER: THE EDGES ARE

SHARPENED, ELIMINATING CHIPS OR

DEFECTS. TO FACILITATE THE WORK,

IT IS MOUNTED ON A WOODEN

BLOCK.

8. Work with wood: joints and finishes

NAILED AND GLUED JOINS (PERMANENT JOINS)

Before joining together the pieces, start

nailing at the edge of one of them, without

allowing it to pass through.

White glue is applied on one of the pieces.

One piece rests on the other to finish nailing.

Then the excess glue is removed.

SCREW CONNECTIONS (DISMOUNTABLE JOINS)

Place the higes on the pieces together and

mark the position of the holes.

In the market there are a variety of hinges,

depending on the pieces to join.

A small hole is made on the marks using the

auger or drill. After THAT, the HIGES are

placed and pieces ARE screwed.

APPLYING PAINT AND VARNISH

Paints and varnishes are

extended with paintbrushes. It

should be done in ventilated

places and gloves should be

used.

The paint is applied with a

lightly loaded brush in the

same direction. For

consistent color, several

layers are needed.

Pieces should be stored dry.

The brushes are cleaned

with water or solvent,

depending on the paint used

and stored dry.

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9. Environmental impact of the exploitation and use of wood

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE EXPLOITATION AND USE OF WOOD

Deforestation of primary or virgin forest Pollution of water and air

More than a third of timber world trade comes

from illegal logging.

Produced by the processing industry of

wood, especially paper, employing highly

polluting chemicals such as chlorine.

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION OF WOOD AND PAPER

Acquire certified wood products Use artificial boards Recycle and use recycled paper