Principals to sustain crop productivityand quality
Fen BeedRegional Director for East and Southeast Asia and Oceania
Plenary 5Wednesday 16th September
Australasian Plant Pathology Society,Conference 14 -16th September, 2015,
Freemantle, Australia
Manage biological environment to ensure productivity
• Agricultural intensification through more efficient land use
• Significant increases achievable through improved management of diseases thatcritically threaten food security
• Sustainable disease management through understanding dynamic interactionsbetween crops, beneficial and antagonistic organisms
• Physical environment
• Human interventions
Slide 3 (6/2014) avrdc.org
Prosperity for the poor & health for all! Founded in 1971
Research to promote development - nonprofit
Research outputs - global public goods
Profitable value webs – affordable year round
The World Vegetable Center
Alleviate poverty andmalnutrition throughincreased productionand consumption ofhealth-promotingvegetables.
Slide 4 (6/2014)
avrdc.org
vegetables = nutrition
deficiency incalories andproteins
= HUNGER ≥ 870 millionunderweight
deficiency invitamins andminerals
= MICRONUTRIENTDEFICIENCY
2 billionmalnourished
excesscalories
= IMBALANCEDCONSUMPTION
≥ 1.4 billionoverweight
Source: FAO; IFAD; WFP, 2012
75% of diabetics will soon be in developing countries
Vegetables WIN (women, income, nutrition)
1. high value for fresh and processed products
2. short cultivation cycle and huge diversity
3. empowerment of women to manage small rural and urban plots
4. increased nutrition provided to family and consumers
Slide 6 (6/2014) avrdc.org
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The Urban and Rural Population of the World (1950 to 2030)*
*Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division(2006). World Urbanization Prospects
Slide 7 (6/2014)
Container and community gardening
Urban agriculture can takeplace in small spaces and
can be productive.
Ingenuity is the key!
avrdc.org
Slide 8 (6/2014) avrdc.org
Community Gardens
r®\AVRDC~ The World Vegetable Center
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”
“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”
• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:
• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins
• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests
• inadequate hygiene standards
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”
“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”
• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:
• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins
• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests
• inadequate hygiene standards
Inappropriate pesticide use accepted practice
Precise data not available!
Loss of producer profit
Loss of trade and value chains
Loss of country and retailer credibility
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of yield
Increased pest resistance
Health hazard to growers
Health hazard to consumers
Solutions to inappropriate pesticide use
• Precise pest and disease diagnostics
• Host resistance
• Agronomic practices
• Judicious pesticide use
• Biological control
anana bunchy top
anthomonas wilt
anana bunchy topanthomonas wilt
BTD and BXW)
What diseases pose a risk to banana?
X
D B
II X
II B
- BXW in Uganda56 % productionloss over 10 years
- With impact of6 billion dollars
(B
BXW diagnostics
Field to laboratory for confirmatory diagnostics (Xcm and BBTV)
Sample
2 min. extraction dipsticks
PhytoPASS sticks
FTA cards
ngo Kenya
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• Surveyed Field
Target Area
Development through networking
DR Co
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Research andregulatory staff from7 countries sharedexperiences,prioritised where tosurvey for bananadisease andharmonised methods
Development through capacity building, extension and advocacy
Field diagnostics supported by lab (proficiencytests) to provide credible and shared records
BBTD not in Kenya but BXW in Burundi!
Recommend control practices
Advise policy makers
Monitor, evaluate and refine recommendations
Priority areas for interventions to manage BXW
Priority areas basedon weighted
importance offactors e.g.
1/5*A + 3/5*B+ 1/5*C.
A member of the CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
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Maize lethal necrosis
MLN
Hotspot
Sugarcane mosaic virus (local / aphid) +Maize chlorotic mottle virus (international / thrip)
Diagnostics foranthracnose of chili fruit
• Multigene phylogenetics to identify causal spp of Colletotrichumin field trials (Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia)
• Validate to species level the Colletotrichum isolates in theAVRDC culture collection
• Development of qPCR diagnostic tests
• Fungal plant pathogen taxonomy and population genetics
Benefits to Australiaand SE Asia
• Identification of new fungal plant pathogens (species and pathotypes)
• Plant biosecurity and protection of country borders (quarantine)
• Understand the adaptation potential of pathogen populations toovercome genetic resistance or fungicides
• Enhance improved integrated disease control methods through betterunderstanding epidemiology
World’s largest vegetable collection(61,500 accessions, 172 genera, 439 species, 155 countries)
Global vegetables Traditional vegetables
Wild relatives, diversewith unique traits
Hibiscus sabdariffa:Source of vitamin C
AVRDC-derived cultivars released sinc
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Vegetable Traditional SweetTomato Mungbean Soybean Soybean Pepper Vegetables Cabbage Potato Onion Broccoli
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501 improved vegetable cultivarsbenefit farmers around the world
September 2013
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD)
Success in mitigating pandemic of CMD variants throughselection, multiplication and dissemination of resistant varieties
CMD resistant CMDsusceptible
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD)
Varieties with resistance to CMD susceptible to emerging pandemics of2 species of CBSD: new materials, selected, multiplied and disseminated
Agronomic practices
Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum(soil-borne, vascular bacterial disease)
Control principle Specific measures Efficacy
Pathogenexclusion
Use a plot without disease historyUse clean seedlingsNo contact with contaminated water
***
Pathogenreduction
Practice rotationRemove diseased plantsApply chemical or organic amendments
**
Host resistance Use locally effective resistant cultivars ***
Direct protection Use sterilized pruning tools *
Agronomic practicesTomato leaf curl virus caused by begomoviruses
(insect-transmitted viral disease)Control principle Specific measures Efficacy
Pathogenexclusion
Raise healthy seedlings byprotection with 60-mesh net
***
Pathogenreduction
Control whitefly, with pesticide, trapcrops, pheromone traps
Remove and destroy infected plants
*
Host resistance Use locally effective resistantcultivars
***
Direct protection Apply summer oil on leaves *
Improved tomato summer production
simple structure
staking
Heat tolerantvariety mulch
raisedbed
Agronomic practices
Graft preferred vegetable variety ontorootstock with resistance to prevalentdiseases (or flooding)
Grafting
g Vinh, IVTC trainee2007:
ng Province 4000 hacultivated with grafted seedlings
2012:Full adoption in Lam Dong andincreasing in Red River Delta
Y increased by 18 t ha-1
ed profit in Lam Dong ofUS$7.7 million
Enforce GAP
Judicious Pesticide Use
Increase awareness:
MRLs and health impactsAppropriate use of approved products at correct dose for specific cropsAppropriate timings of applications (respecting Pre-Harvest Interval)Use of correct safety and application equipmentStore and dispose responsibly
Grain legum d borer ..,e poMaruca vitrata
Apanteles taragamae
MultipleNucleopolyhedrovirus
MaviMNPV
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~rid Vegetable Center
IPM can combine chemical and biological control
International Journal of Pest Management
34
Biological controlMetarhizium anisopliae var. acridum
Senegalese grasshopper
(Oedaleus senegalensis)
Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Green muscle™ AfricaGreen guard ™ Australia
Biocontrol – ecological equilibrium
Nosema
Bombyliidae
Metarhizium Gold Sparrow
Gr. buzzard
MeloidaeCattle egret
Abdims stork
Scelionidae Sparrowlark
Acrotylus blondeli Senegalese Grasshopper Pyrgomorpha cognata
Saheliangrass
Millet Sorghum
Biocontrol for Striga hermonthica
Degraded soil increases Striga infestation
Soil suppression reduces Striga but if soil pasteurisedsuppression lost, thus biotic mechanism
Extensive field surveys across several countries followed bylaboratory, pot and field studies identified isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (Fos) as most effectiveCauses disease during all weed development stages
Host specific to Striga and does not produce toxins
Commercialisation underway in Kenya and Nigeria
Fos = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae
Seed coated with Arabic gum Pesta granules
Integrated management of Striga hermonthica in maize
SMALLHOLDERINCOME
Biocontrol
Desmo-dium
IRMaize
ResistantVariety
Legume RotationISFM
YIELD
REDUCTIONOF STRIGA
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”
“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”
• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:
• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins
• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests
• inadequate hygiene standards
Risk Factors - Foodborne Pathogens
WildlifeWorkers
Water
Waste
Harvest Post Harvest Consumption
Microbial threats to tomato production and food safety
– Ralstonia solanacearum– Xanthomonas spp.– Clavibacter michiganensis– Botrytis spp.– Phytophthora infestans– Fusarium solani– Alternaria solani– Pythium spp.– Rhizoctonia solani– Sclerotium rolfsii– Pseudocercospora fuligena
– Escherichia coli– Listeria monocytogenes– Salmonella spp.– Norovirus (GII.17 from S. China) HACCP
Food quality and safetyAflatoxin?
• Highly toxic metabolite produced byubiquitous Aspergillus flavus
• Fungus infects crops and produces toxinin field and store
• Contamination possible without visiblesigns of the fungus
TOXIGENIC
ATOXIGENIC
Inci
denc
e(%
)
Biocontrol of aflatoxin - AflasafeTM
In nature, some strains produce aflatoxin(toxigenic) and others do not (atoxigenic)
Increase frequency of atoxigenic strains thatcannot mate with toxic relatives but that areecologically competitive against them
Aflatoxin reduced in field andcarried over to stores and next season
Native strains selected for use in allvulnerable crops in target countriesand marketed as AflasafeTM
100
75
50
25
0
Natural Biocontrol
TR4 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Mozambique
SOCIETY FOR GENERALMICROBIOLOGY
12 DECEMBER 2013 VOL 504 NATURE 195
1!1'1'91101 II
Fungus threatenstop banana
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1
AC4TR4
StellenboschDeclaration
Crop Healthcare Systemnational responsibility, regional cooperation and global excellence
• risk assessment
• disease surveillance
• disease diagnosis
• control recommendations
• farmer adoption
• impact on value chain
• advocacy
• research interventions
risk assessment
disease surveillance
disease diagnosis
control recommendations
farmer adoption
impact on value chain
aadvocacy
research interventions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crop Healthcare Systemnational responsibility, regional cooperation and global excellence
ActiveLearning &CapacityBuilding!
Slide 49 (6/2014)
Principals to sustain crop productivity and quality
Thanks and Questions?
Plenary 5, Wednesday 16th September
Conference of Australasian Plant Pathology Society,14 -16th September, 2015, Freemantle, Australia