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Print Media. General Principles.The Situation in the U.S.

American Studies, MA I

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Introduction

What is a newspaper?

 “Newspapers of modern times have seen importantcharacteristics that distinuish them from other

media. That is! a true newspaper of eneralcirculation" #1$ is pu%lished at least weekly ! #2$ isproduced on paper %& a mechanical printing process or ‘delivered’ online in digital form! #'$ is availa%le#free or for a price$ to people of all walks of life! #($prints news of general interest  rather than items on

speciali)ed topics such as reliion or %usiness! #*$ isreada%le %& people of ordinary literacy ! #+$ is timely !and #,$ is stable over time.- #e/leur and ennis2002" +1$

/irst newspaper" The Oxford Gazette #1++*$/irst dail& newspaper" The Daily Courant  #1,02$

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The olonial Press in merica

3conomic! political and cultural conte4t 5favoura%le to news #tradin! shippin! ta4es!war$

ublick Occurrences !oth "oreign and Domestic  #1+60! “without authorit&-! aainst the rown$

The !oston #ews$%etter  #1,0(! pu%lished %&

authorit&$ The #ew &ngland Courant  #1,21$ 5 7ames/ran8lin and 9en:amin /ran8lin 5 first mericannewspaper to fulfil the function of watchdog ofthe public interest 

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The Principle of /reedom of the Press

7ohn Peter ;ener 5 the #ew 'ork (eekly )ournal  #set up in opposition to the officialnewspaper$ 5 a part& newspaper

seditious libel the trial" 1,'(

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The Principle of /reedom of the Press

Congress shall make no law respecting anestablishment of religion, or prohibitingthe free exercise thereof- or abridging

the freedom of speech, or of the press- or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petitionthe Government for a redress ofgrievances+ 

#U.S. onstitution! mendment 1$

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The Penn& Press

The 1?00s"

the Industrial @evolution

rowth of population #miration waves!movements of population$

technoloical proress 5 steam

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The Penn& Press

,

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Bellow 7ournalism

7oseph Pulit)er #1?(,

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Bellow 7ournalism

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The @ise of H%:ectivit&

The #ew 'ork *imes

%ouht %& dolph Hchs in 1?6+

 “Throuh strateic hirin! Hchs and his editorsre%uilt the paper around su%stantial newscoverae and provocative editorial paes. To

distance his New Bor8 paper from the &ellowpress! the editors also downpla&ed sensationalstories! favorin the documentation of ma:orevents or issues.- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 22?$

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The @ise of H%:ectivit&

affluent! intellectual readership 5 upper middleclass! then e4tended to middle class

 “an informational paper that provided stoc8 andreal estate reports to %usinesses! court reportsto leal professionals! treat& summaries topolitical leaders! and theater and %oo8 reviews

to educated eneral readers and intellectuals- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 22?$

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Interpretive 7ournalism

H%:ectivit&"

facts! scientific

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Hther evelopments

advocac& :ournalism

precision :ournalism #%ased on poll surve&s and

Juestionnaires$ citi)en :ournalism

The /.0 *oday #16?2$"

• colourful

• mimics TK st&le

#visual la&out! writin st&le$

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The Press in the Twentieth entur&

T&pes of newspapers"

9roadsheets

Ta%loids #in the U.S. 5 “supermar8etta%loids- 5 the #ational &n1uirer $

General newspapers

Specialised newspapers

3thnic newspapers

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The Press in the Twentieth entur&

Local #the 2ansas City .tar $

@eional #the !oston Globe! the .eattle*imes$

National #/.0 *oday ! the (all .treet )ournal, the Christian .cience 3onitor $ the #ew 'ork *imes! the (ashington ost 

International

Metropolitan dailies #the Chicago *ribune!the %os 0ngeles *imes$ 5 2*0!000 copies

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The Press in the Twentieth entur&

Press aencies #wire services$

/eature s&ndicates

hain ownership of newspapers #ma:ortransformations in the production andcirculation of news$

9i conlomerates 5 the News orporation

#@upert Murdoch$ ecline 5 strateies need to %e developed to

ensure the survival of newspapers

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The Press in the Twentieth entur&

 “espite their current predicaments! newspapers and theironline offsprin pla& man& roles in contemporar&culture. s chroniclers of dail& life! newspapers %othinform and entertain. 9& reportin on scientific!

technoloical! and medical issues! newspapersdisseminate specialied !nowled"e to the pu%lic. Inreviews of films! concerts! and pla&s! the& shapecultural trends. Hpinion paes trier pu#lic de#atesand offer differin points of view. olumnists provide

ever&thin from advice on raisin children to opinionson the U.S. role as an economic and militar&superpower. Newspapers help readers ma!e choicesa%out ever&thin from what 8ind of food to eat to what8ind of leaders to elect.- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 221$

1,

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The Press in the Twentieth entur&

http"DDnewspaperdeathwatch.comD

http"DDwww.:ournalism.orDmedia

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@eferencesamp%ell! @.! Martin! .@.! /a%os! 9. 2012. 3edia andCulture4 0n introduction to mass communication #?th ed.$. 9oston New Bor8" 9edfordDSt. Martin=s.

e/leur! M.L. and 3.3. ennis. 2002. /nderstanding 3assCommunication4 a liberal arts perspective #,th ed.$.9oston and New Bor8" >ouhton Mifflin.

3mer&! M.! 3mer&! 3. and N.L. @o%erts. 2000. *he ress and

 0merica+ 0n 5nterpretive 6istory of the 3ass 3edia #6thed.$. 9oston" ll&n and 9acon.

The Pew @esearch 7ournalism Pro:ect"

http"DDwww.:ournalism.orD