PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TOURISM IN LUMBINI

A Dissertation Submitted to

Department Of Sociology/Anthropology,

Ratna Rajaya Laxmi Campus Campus

Exabition Road , Kathmandu

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Thesis writing (SA540) of Masters of Arts in Sociology.

Name of the student:

Regd.No.:

Symbol No.:

Date: 2068

LETTER OF APPROVAL

A dissertion entitled, “ Problem and Prospects of Tourism in Lumbini” has been

submitted by ( ……….. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master in Arts Degree

in Sociology/ Anthropology in Humanities and social Sciences.

Approved

…………………

Bishnu Acharya

Disssertation Supervisor

…………………

Ram Bahadur Karki

External Examiner

…………………

Ram Bahadur Karki

Head of the Department

Department of sociology / Anthropology

Ratna Rjaya Laxmi Campus

I understand that my dissertation will become a part of permanent collection of Ratna Rajaya

Laxmi Campus Library. My signature below authorizes releases my dissertation to any reader

upon request for any scholarly purpose.

..........................

Govinda Prasad Bhandari

1st Poush 2068

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my sincere coordinate to Mr.Bishnu Acharya, for his

regular guidance, valuable time, encouragement, comments and suggestion during the

preparation of this report for making it valuable despite of his busy schedule and normal routine

responsibilities at the R.R.College, Tribhuvan University. I am also indebted for Mr.Ram

Bahadur Karki, head of the department of Sociology and Anthropology R.R.College for his

support, guidance, direction and encouragement during my study period.

My special thanks go to my friend Mr Gopal Khadka for his helpful co-operation,

suggestion, information and planning documents for the preparation of this thesis as well as

entire my study period. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all Hotels/Restaurants

employers and tourist who unhesitant responded in course of information collection. My special

thanks goes to personnel of Lumbini Development Trust, priest of Mayadevi Temple and the

other members who help me for providing information guidelines entire my field study. Shiva

Bhattrai, Planning officer of Rupendehi District Development Committee (DDC), Mr. Birendra

Misra and Kulmani Gyawali, local journalists of Lumbini Bhairahawa area, also deserve my

equal thanks for providing me necessary data, information as per my requirements and co-

operation.

I am indebted to my family members specially my wife Bhima and son Mausam for their

continued encouragement and inspiration of my whole life and the study period. I also thank

Brother Bivek Ghimire and other friends for their kindly help for the preparation of this research

work.

At last, I would like to thank my colleagues Mr. Prem Raj Bhandari, who helped me by

assisting in data collection of this thesis. I would also like to thank all those persons and

organizations who helped me directly or indirectly to prepare this thesis in this form. All have

equally contributed their valuable and remarkable suggestion and kindly help to the whole life

cycle of this thesis. This thesis would not be in present form without their proper help.

Govinda Prasad Bhandari

3rd Mangsir, 2068

ABSTRACT PAGE

Mr. Govinda Prasad Bhandari has done research for the master of Arts in Sociology

submitted on 23rd Mangsir 2068

Entitled

Problem and Prospects of Tourism in Lumbini

Abstract approved by Bishnu Acharya

Abstraction of the Dissertation

Abstract This research analyzes the problems and prospects of tourism in lumbani. Lumbini is the birth

place of Gautam Buddha so it is famous in both home and abroad. Annually thousands of tourist

visit Limbini. Tourism as both domestic and international have importance for the development.

Lumbaniis one of the tourism sites of Lumbini which is selected as the study area. Lumbani is

chosen for the study. No other researchers have conducted the research sociologically. The

research is based on exploratory as well as descriptive research designs. It combines survey and

analysis data on this study collected through questionnaire. The data collected through

questionnaire were classified and tabulated according to the needs of research.

Primary as well as secondary data were used in this study. Furthermore, information was

obtained by using structured questionnaires from the tourists visiting to Lumbani and the hotel

owners of Lumbani. Altogether, 50 different people were interviewed during the survey period.

Besides some relevant document from ministry of tourism, Annual Statistical Reports of tourism

department, different bulletins related with tourism, books available in HAN chapter Lumbani

are collected respected. All samples were selected by this method. Sampling unit for this study

consists of the tourists of Lumbani, locals and hotel owners. The logic using random sampling

for the study is to get a better result. The sampling size of this study is 50 including, 20 tourists,

20 hotels owners and 10 locals. The sample were taken in 2011 Oct 7. 20 tourists were selected

out of 110 which were not from the total tourist visit in Lumbini. Similarly, 20 hotels owner and

shopkeeper were select out of 95 and ten local were out of 50 members of Lumbini development

trusts. Observation, questionnaire and interview were primary data collection technique. The data

were collected from respondents of the random unit. The secondary data were collected from the

HAN profile, national level magazines, journals and books etc.

Data analysis shows that tourists visiting (62%) are form Europe and mostly staying in Lumbini

for Three four days period. Most of the tourists (80 Percent) are found satisfied with the

accommodation and service provided by the hotel and naturalists

Tourists entirely by air are 77.2 percent of the total arrivals where as those by land stand 22.8

percent in 2010. By age group the largest number goes to the group is 31-45 years 33.3 percent

and 46-60 years 25.2 percent of the total tourist. The 80 percent tourists is agree in service

satisfaction, 16 percent are disagree and 4% re indifference. The largest number of tourist

representing 46 percent came from Japan, 44 percent, 8 parent and 2 percent from Asia, North

America and Australia and 9 pacific respectively.

There are various problems on Lumbini area to solve these problems there is necessary to

provide training to the natives and others related to the areas. Like food and beverages, guide,

fund officers, receptionist waiter and so forth for the sake of enhancing hospitality that obviously

helps promote the tourism in the study area.

Reliable information centers of Buddism and eastern philosophy area need to be established

both the ministry of tourism area need to be established both the ministry of tourism and hotel

association of Nepal form which the tourists may the actual information.

Abbreviations

CBS = Center Bureau of Statistics

CCODER = Center for Community Development in Nepal

DDC = District Development Committee

Development

FGD = Focus Group discussion

GO = Government Organization

GON = Government of Nepal

IATA = International An Transports Association

ICIMOD = International Center for Integrated Mountain

INGO = International Non-Government Organization

IUOTA = International Union of Official Travel

MOCTCA = Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

NGO = Non-Government Organization

NPC = National Planning Commission

NTB = Nepal Tourism Board

NTFP = Non-Timber Forest Product

Organization

PATA = Pacific Asia Travel Association

TRPAP = Tourism and Rural Poverty Alleviation Project

UNDP = United Nation Development Programme

VDC = Village Development Committee

WTO = World Tourism Organization

Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Letter of Approval i

Acknowledgements ii

Abstract iii

Abbreviations v

Dedication

Declaration

Letter of recommendation

CHAPTER: I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 8

1.3 Purpose of the Study 9

1.3 Significant of the Study 10

1.5 Limitation of the Study 10

1.6 Organization of the Study 11

CHAPTER: II

LITERATURE: REVIEW

2.1 Concept of the Study 12

2.1. Nepalese Tourism before Unification 13

2.2 Nepalese Tourism after Unification 14

2.3 The General Review of the Related Past Studies 15

2.4 Conceptual Frame Work 21

2.5 Modernization and Tourism 21

CHAPTER: III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Rationale of the Selection of Study Area 25

3.2 Research Design 25

3.3 Nature and Sources of Data 25

3.4 Universe and Sampling 26

3.5 Data Collection Tools and Techniques 26

3.6 Data Analysis and Presentation 26

CHAPTER: IV

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY AREA

4.1 Physical Setting 27

4.2 Modernization and its Impact the tourism of Lumbini 32

CHAPTER: FIVE

CONTRIBUTION TOURIST IN LUMBINI AND TOURIST ARRIVAL IN LUMBANI

5.1.1 Demographic Analysis of Lumbini 40

5.1.2 Accommodation capacity 41

5.1.3 Source of Market for Goods for Hotels. 41

5.1.5 Supply goods from Local Shopkeepers 42

5.1.6 Tourist Service Available in Lumbini

5.1.7 Distribution of Tourists arrivals in Lumbini by Country of Origin 43

5.2 Total Tourist Arrivals and Length of stay in Nepal (2000-2010) 44

5.2.1 Tourist's Visiting Purpose 46

5.2.2. Tourists Arrivals by Age Group and Sex 48

5.2.3 Foreign Exchange Earning From the Tourism Sector 50

5.2.6 Number of Tourist Visiting in Lumbini 51

5.2.7 Distribution of Tourists by Major Continents in Lumbini 52

5.2.8 Tourists visiting Purpose 53

5.2.9. Means of Transportation Used by Tourist 54

5.2.10 Length of Stay of Tourists in Lumbini 54

5.2.11 Tourists Expenditure Pattern 55

5.3 Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism 56

5.4 Impact of the Tourism in Lumbini 59

5.4.1 Economic Impact 59

5.4.2 Social Impact 61

5.4.3 Environment Impact 61

5.5 Prospects of Tourism in Lumbini 62

5.6 Problems of Tourism in Lumbini 65

CHAPTER: VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

6.1 Summary 67

6.2 Conclusion 69

6.3 Recommendations 70

List of Tables

Page No.

Table: 5.1 Demographic Analysis of Lumbini 40

Table: 5.3 Market Source of Lumbini 42

Table: 5.5 Supplying Goods from Local Shopkeeper 42

Table: 5.6 Tourist Service Available in Lumbini 43

Table: 5.7 Distribution tourists Arrivals in Lumbini by country of Origin 43

Table: 5.8 Total Tourist Arrival and Length of Stay in Nepal (1984-2004) 45

Table: 5.9 Number of Tourists by Purpose of Visit 47

Table: 5.10 Tourists Arrival by Age and Sex 48

Table: 5.11 Foreign Exchange Earning form the Tourism Sector Foreign

Exchange Earnings from Tourism 50

Table: 5.12 The Number of Tourist Visiting in Lumbini 51

Table: 5.13 Tourists Visiting Lumbani by Major Continent 52

Table: 5.14 Tourist Arrivals in Purpose of Visit 53

Table: 5.15 Means of transportation Used by Tourist 54

Table: 5.16 Length of Stay Tourists in Lumbini 55

Table: 5.17 Tourist Expenditure Pattern in Lumbini 55

List of Figures

Page No.

Figure: 5.16 Tourists Visiting Lumbini by Major Continent in Lumbini 53

Figure: 5.17 Tourist Expenditure Pattern in Lumbini 56

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my life partner Bhima and son Mausam. Also I

would like to dedicate it to my grand mother who emphasized me for the study and to be self

reliant.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the candidature for any other

degree.

Name :- Govinda Prasad Bhandari Date:- 23rd Mangsir 2068

Tribhuvan University

Department of Sciology/ Anthropology

Ratna Raja Laximi Campus

Exhibition Road, Kathmandu

LETTER TO RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that Mr/Govinda Prasad Bhandari has prepared this dissertation entitled,

“Problem and Prospects of Tourism in Lumbini” Under my guidance and supervision in the

partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course of SA 540 thesis writing of master in arts in

sociology/Anthropology. Therefore, this dissertion report is recommended for its evaluation.

….........................

Bishnu Acharya

23rd Mangsir 2068

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nepal is a beautiful country with snow-clad mountains, ice-cold torrents and green vistas. It is

situated in southeastern part of Asia between two giant nations China and India. It is a country of

numerous and diverse villages having three distinct ecological regions running from South to

north namely Terai, hill and Mountain. It is located between 260 22’’ to 300 27’’ north latitudes

and 800 4’ to 880 12’ east longitudes. It covers an area of 1,47,181 sq. km with 885d.m. east

west length and 193km. mean width about 80 percent of total population is living in rural area

and 31% people are under poverty line.(Paudel,1996,pg,4)

Nepal is the largest natural and cultural museum of the world. It offers wonderful scenes and

sights and rich diversity culture and custom. Every part of our country provides enchantment, be

it Blue Mountain, or terraced farmlands of hillsides or the forests full of wildlife, flowers and

birds. So Nepal has been a tourist paradise and the first travel destination for many years. Nepal

is a home for some of the world famous Himalayan peaks ranging from 4877 meters to over

8848 meters. These perpetually snow-clad majestic peaks present a natural beauty of majestic

grandeur that can’t be seen anywhere else in the world.

a. History of Tourism in Nepal

The word ‘Tourism’ derived from French word ‘Tourisme’ has a simple meaning related to

travel and profession. As the word tourism directly concerns with ‘Tourist’ and the term tourist

as defined according to changing. “A tourist is a person who stays for a period of more than a

day and less than six months in a country he or she visits.” As defined by Swiss Professer Walter

Hunziker and Kurt Krapf. “Tourism is the sum of the phenomenon and relationship arising from

the travel and stay of nonresident, in so far as they do not lead to permanent resident and are not

connected with any earning activity.” Thus traveling has been a human phenomenon since the

dawn of the human civilization.

Nepal was long under the rule of an autocratic system that fearing foreign interference kept the

door closed to foreigners, except a very few British individuals who came for wildlife

exploration and hunting. In the modern sense, tourism started in Nepal only after democracy was

initiated in the 1950s, when Nepal’s frontiers were opened for foreigners. The airport was built

and the tribhuvan highway constructed.

Tourists visiting during the 50s were primarily motivated by the natural attractions, especially

the highest mountain peaks such as Mount Everest. The first visitors, group of mountaineers and

expenditioneers, were brought to Nepal in 1955, by Thomas cook. Once in the country, they

were captivated by the friendliness of the Nepalese people, fascinating arts and culture. On-

return to their homes, they started their discoveries with other western people and thus served as

messengers for Nepal’s immense cultural heritage. In the same way, visitors have continued to

influence a change from nature tourism to culture tourism. Tourists visiting Nepal during the

1960s were motivated by Nepal’s indigenous people and culture. The tourism package to Nepal

was most often part of a trip to India, and the main sites visited were situated in the Kathmandu

valley. The first tourism Act was endorsed in 1964.

In the mid 1960s, there was an accommodation boom with the construction many of hotels. A

large influx of hippies and “flower power” tourists followed from the end of the 60s until 1975.

They were exploring spiritually, different cultural perceptions and various low budget tourism

activities, although in 1970 still only 1% of tourists came for “trekking”. The department of

tourism was established at the beginning of the 1970s and a tourism master plan formulated

concern trekking on promotion of tourism, identification of tourism potential and establishment

of tourism information centers.(Ghimire,2002)

Types of Tourism

Satyal 1998 in his book has classified tourism on the basis of acidified which are explained

below:

i. Pleasure tourism

Under pleasure tourism, people for on holiday for enjoyment out of curiosity, to take rest,

observe something new to delight of food scenery in unknown folklore. Some tourist find in

traveling to various places. These types of tourism usually depend upon different taste to

different people.

ii. Recreational Tourism

Recreational tourism is mainly concerned with leisure and rest and to recover physical and

physic stamina. These types of tourist usually stay longer. The visitors stay by the sea and in the

mountain resorts in rest for relaxation. They have preference to go to climatic resorts.

iii. Sporting Tourism

Sporting tourism is interested in two types of sporting. One visiting sports events like Olympic

Games, world cup, football, boxing etc. which attract not only sportsmen to the host country but

also a large number of sport funs tourist to see these function; visiting well organized sporting

events in countries which have specialized facilities such as winter sports, natural sorts,

mountain climbing, hunting, fishing etc.

iv. Cultural Tourism

These types of tourism are motivated by eagerness to learn different cultures of different

countries. Mostly this type of tourists visit to learn different habits, language and customs of

people in alien lands, visiting places in historical monuments in the centers of ancient civilization

or playing visitors in art, galleries, religious centers or participants in art, music, theatre dance

and folk lore festivals.

v. Conference Tourism

International conferences are organized in different countries where such convention facilities

are available. A large number of people take part in different conferences in different countries.

Nepal is a tiny land-locked kingdom of a Asia which lies between two Asian giants China and

India. The average length from east to west is 885 km and its average breath from north to south

in 193 k. M. which in the area of 1, 47,181 square kilometers. A unique landscape unequalled in

beauty and variety, cultural diversity aesthetically built monument, rugged beauty and tranquility

of the snow capped shimmering mountain's serenity and placidness of the lakes and villages on

unmatched collection of flora and wildlife, diverse races, ethnic groups dialects and language all

combine to make Nepal a visitors dream come true. Nepal occupies a unique place in the comity

of the nations. The kingdoms unique topography malarial infested jungle in the terai in the south

and snowcapped towering mountains in the north had selected as a shield with in which it

remained unaffected. Having lived in isolation from the rest of the world this country of smiling

faces rugged beauty of its people and landscape its different regions had evolved a life style

which is unique. The country's altitude ranges between 60 meters above sea level. Eight of the

world’s ten tallest peak are located in the imposing Himalayan mountain range. So many tourists

attractions found in Nepal. What Nepal has that others don't have the tallest mountain (Mount

Everest and others 8 peaks), the highest lake (Tilicho) the highest settlement (Sherpas and

Thakalis) the deepest gorges (Kaligandaki and glaciers) the only Hindu kingdom and never

colonized history, unique flog, unique culture and mystique nature (rich biodiversity) home of

brave Gorkhas living goddess kumari, gods more than people and temples more than houses,

festivals more than the days in a year friendly people and social harmony. Nepal occupying only

0.1 percent of the total land mass of the earth is home to: 2 percent of all the flowering plants in

the world. 8 percent of the world's population birds (more than 848 species) 4 percent of

mammals on earth, 11 of the world's 15 families of butterflies (more than 50 species) 600

indigenous plant families,319 species of exotic orchids are found in Nepal. (Nepal Traveler's

Information' Tourism Board Booklet, 2005).

Tourism is a multi-faced industry, which promotes cottage industries trade and other service

fields. Tourism industry plays a vital role for the development of the national economy in Nepal.

Development of tourism sector can influence in various sectors such as increasing employment

generating foreign exchange extending tourist related business as well as to improve the balance

of payment of the country. At present, the tourism sector is contributing roughly 22 percent of

the country (4 percent of the GDP). Tourism industries are a labor intensive industry and it

provides good employment opportunities at different levels. Tourism is one of the main sources

of foreign exchange earnings for Nepal that's why it is necessary to develop the tourism industry

in the Nepal. Tourists not only bring money to region; they also carry along with them a strong

and visible life style. Their dress, food habits and merry-making style all bring some newness

and uniqueness to the area of their visit. By nature, human adopts new things or manners in

which they feel comfortable.

Tourism is a complex of social, cultural, religious and economical development that is now taken

as the world’s largest industry. Thus, it is said One can’t understand the world today without

understanding tourism."

Tourism is a labour intensive industry which is a very important source for foreign exchange

earnings. According to James Robinson, ex-president of the World Travel and Tourism

Organization, tourism industry accounts for 9 per cent of global GDP and employs 235 million

people.(Economic Survey 2008)

It can be categorized as: Leisure tourism, Sustainable tourism, Cultural and religious tourism,

Eco tourism, Heritage tourism, Medical tourism, Wildlife tourism, War tourism and Disaster

tourism etc.

In 2008, globally there were over 922 million international tourists arrival with a growth of about

2 per cent compared to the previous year. There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over

the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is common.

The WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any given time.( Economic

Survey ,2008)

Nepal is exceptionally rich in terms of archaeological monuments, historical places, unique

cultural diversity as well as natural beauty. Hence tourism in Nepal has enormous potential but it

has not yet been exploited fully. Although tourism has emerged as one of the fastest growing

industries in Nepal it has not been promoted nationally and internationally as required. This can

be done collectively by the countries in the region under the umbrella of SAARC.

As former Secretary General Nihal Rodrigo said special texture of the SAARC Region is its

diversity which ranges from Nepal’s soaring snow-caped peaks to Bhutan’s richly decorated

Buddhist monasteries, the bush grass forests and the mighty rivers of Bangladesh to the teeming

cities of India. Sri Lanka’s temples and ancient arts to the turquoise sea and brilliant white

beaches of the Maldives. This diversity need to be exploited to the maximum benefit of the

country.

Nepal has a wide range of places of importance where tourists are attracted. Tourists are drawn

to Nepal by its unparalleled natural beauty, the challenges of its mountain climbing, its rich

wildlife and biodiversity and unique religious and cultural heritage.

There is a need to develop the combination of spectacular and diverse tourism resources and a

largely rural based population and deliver benefit of development to the remote rural areas. In

view of the above, one can suggest that Nepal can benefit from different types of tourism if

available potentials are fully exploited.

The government has decided to observe the year 2011 as a National Tourism Year setting a

target of bringing in one million visitors.

Lord Gautam Buddha was born in 623 B.C. in Lumbini. It is one of the most sacred places of all

Buddhists living in the world. Worldwide attention is focused on Lumbini not only because

pilgrims and tourists from all over the world want to visit the place but also that for all mankind

Lumbini has a special meaning as a place of meditation and spiritual renewal, a centre of cultural

exchange and a symbol of peace. This is one of the most important reasons behind the high

acclamation of Nepal and is a treasured heritage for the country. Lumbini is also famous for the

highly civilized inhabitants and the natural prosperity of the place. It is said that the place holds

the devotional feelings even in air.

Today devotees and visitors from all over the world come to Lumbini the timeless place where

ancient monuments glorify the birth place of Buddha and bear witness to the record of the

noteworthy visits by famous dignitaries. They deeply immerse themselves in the calm spiritual

atmosphere of Lumbini.

Emperor Ashoka along with a team of pilgrims made a pilgrimage to Lumbini in 249 B.C. This

could be the first recorded religious tourism in the world. The next pilgrims, according to the

recorded history, were the three famous Chinese travellers; Tseng Tsai (4th century AD) Fa-

Hsien (5th century DAD) and Hiuen Tsang (7th century AD) who visited Lumbini. They are

reported to have seen the Ashoka Pillar with horse carved on top of it.

To develop Lumbini as an international pilgrimage and tourist centre, a Master Plan was

prepared in 1970 and Lumbini Development Trust was established to implement it. In 1997

Lumbini was declared as a World Heritage Site.

Sixty per cent of the tourists were interested in Buddha and Buddhism that’s why they moved to

get their feet over the land where the Buddha was born i.e. pilgrims. Out of tourists from 66

countries visiting Lumbini, Sri Lanka and Thailand have been at the top, both representing

Buddhism as religion of the majority. (Acharya, 2005)

Today’s Lumbini is a small sleepy town in the South-Western Terai plains where the ruins of the

old city can still be seen. The development of Lumbini and its surrounding area has been

formulated in the Master Plan prepared by Prof. Kenzo Tange. The Master Plan is still the basis

for all the development works being carried within the Master Plan area of 1 mile by 3 miles.

The Master Plan that should have been fully implemented by 1995 is being implemented at a

snail’s pace due mainly to lack of essential resources.

Authorities should work hard to promote and publicize Lumbini and other sites of the area as

major tourist and pilgrimage sites. Similarly, efforts should be made to implement the Lumbini

Master Plan as soon as possible so as to give a new look to the area and promote it as a number

one tourist and pilgrimage site of Nepal.

At present, Bhairahawa is the only domestic airport available to visit Lumbini. It’s facilities are

minimal. From Bhairahawa to Lumbini a 19 km road transport is not satisfactory which needs to

be improved to make travel comfortable for tourists. The construction of Lumbini International

Airport would be an added attraction to tourists so that foreign tourists can fly direct to Lumbini

and spend a few days there.

The potential for development of Buddhist tourism in Lumbini is enormous. Presently no

constructive plan has been developed or aggressive campaign has been carried out to explore the

available potential. The Government of Nepal needs to get the help of UNESCO and seeks

required resources to develop Lumbini as an attractive tourist destination.

The Lumbini Development Trust (LDT) has to play a pro-active role in promoting tourism in

Lumbini and to implement the Lumbini Master Plan. The International Committee for the

Development of Lumbini initiated after the visit of the then UN Secretary General Thant in 1970,

needs to be reactivated in order to accelerate the development process. Basic infrastructure

facilities such as roads, electricity, water supply, communication, hotels and restaurants, trained

guides have to be provided. It is also important to upgrade the existing Bhairahawa airport and

improve connectivity with Lumbini. Aggressive publicity and promotion programmes have to be

carried out by respective agencies within the country and overseas taking Lumbini as the centre

of excellence in religious tourism.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Tourism has been identified as vehicle to reduce poverty. In order to accomplish this goal,

tourism has to be managed in a sustainable manner. Tourism, being service industry, demands

pragmatic planning of tourisms development, as it is a multifaced activity with many inter-

sectoral linkages. As it has its multiplier effects, it can bring about positive changes among all

the stakeholders. The development of this sector helps contribute to raising the living standard of

the people.

However, despite the fact that Nepal holds immense tourism potentialities because of her natural

and cultural heritage, the country has not been able to reap desired benefits from tourism which

merely contributes about 3-4 percent of GDP. This bleak situation prevails because of both

internal and external factors. Some of the internal reasons for this slackness are the ongoing

political unrest, internal conflict, poor marketing performance, negative portrayal of the

country’s image in the international area and managerial weakness.

The rich cultural heritage of Lumbini attracts the religious tourists as does the sacred garden

which spreads over 8 sq. km. covering the entire valuable riches of this area. Nepalese and

international monasteries representing different architecture and culture of Buddhist and

Buddhist organizations are other attractions of Lumbini.

Lumbini is not only a sacred complex for Buddhists but also for Hindus as well as other religious

people due to the peaceful environment. The Government of Nepal is making arrangements to

develop Lumbini as the Land of Peace. It is very important as the teaching of Lord Buddha is

meant for peace and harmony. Peace pagoda, peace bell, eternal peace light was constructed by

the Japanese to symbolize Lumbini as peace city. Various conferences and seminars are

conducted in Lumbini on peace. The Cultural Centre of Lumbini is dedicated for World

Peace.Study on lumbini is a difficult task for everyone because it is one of the most famous

place of Nepal as well as south Asia also it was studied regarding the status and problems of a

particular tourist place on the basis of following research questions .

What is the present condition of tourism in Lumbini?

What are the problems of tourism development in Lumbini?

What are the socio economic impacts of tourism?

What are the prospects of tourism development in Lumbini?

1.3 Purpose of the study

General purpose of the study is o find out the problems and prospects of tourism development in

Lumbini. The specific objectives are as follows;

� To find out the present situation and condition of tourism development in Lumbini

� To find out the socio economic impact of tourism in Lumbini compearing with the past

� To explore the problems and prospect of tourism development in lumbini

1.4 Significance of the Study

Many of the tourists who arrive in Kathmandu do not include Lumbini in their destination

programme. So, the authorities should work to channelize the tourists to Lumbini. There is no

denying the fact that Tourism is growing fastest in developing countries, where it is a major

component of most economics. Domestic tourism fosters local development in poorer rural areas.

Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries, generating an estimate 11% of global GDP and

employing some 200 million people (Roe and Urquhart, 2001). Today, tourism being a major

and important industry as sources of both national/international exchanges has an important role

in economic development of the least developed countries, like Nepal.

This study has been examined the scope of domestic Tourism in Lumbini. Many studies have

been carried out on the problems and prospects of tourism have drawn but not are so much

concerned with tourism of Lumbini. This study is important for investigating the prospect

tourism of Lumbini. This study also seeks to assess the impact of tourism activities in the area

under study, both human and natural environment which were of more important for

recommending to the plan and policy makers to formulate appropriate plans for further

promotion of the similar areas of the nation.

1.5 Limitation of the Study

Despite the study’s best intention to be informative and objective enough in the analysis of

problems and prospects of Lumbini is also suffer from some limitations

This study has been done to meet the partial fulfillment for the degree of masters of arts in

sociology/Anthropology so it is performed under the time money and resources.

Only limited numbers of participant were involved in this study and it covers only Lumbini

area. Thus the findings may not be generalized to other area and other parts of nation.

1.6 Organization of the Study

This study is organized in six different chapters. Chapter one discusses about introduction,

chapter two is literature review, chapter three is research methodology. In the same way chapter

four is about general information of the study area and chapter five, is data interpretation and

analysis. Summary conclusion and recommendations are mentioned in the sixth chapter.

Bibliography and annexes are including at the end of the thesis.

CHAPTER - II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of the Study

Literature review is an important aspect, which guides the new researcher. Also, it helps to gain

insights on particular research issues, which assists in formulating the research problems and

acknowledging the previous efforts made by scholars and researchers. It can be a strong bridge

between the previous and present efforts to carry out the fundamental assumption without which

a research work never can be original.

Tourism is the largest and smokeless industry in the world. Many studies have been conducted

outside and inside the country about tourism. This part of study is concentrated on review of

related books, journals; thesis; project reports and other related books about pilgrim tourism have

been reviewed.

Nepal is traditionally a tourist destination. Nepal possesses a depository of places of widely

historic interest. It is an ancient country with a rich cultural heritage. An independent sovereign

state, united by king Prithivi Narayana Shah, the great, Nepal lies in the lap of mighty

Himalayas. She is rich in varied landscapes, lakes, waterfalls, green valleys and terraces. The

entire northern border is lined with its very peaks of the Himalayas the most fascinating of which

is Sagarmatha or Mount Everest the highest peak in the world. The culture of Nepal is made up

to the blending of the two great Hindu and Buddhist religions. Traditional folk songs and

colorful festivals are preserved all over the country (Satyal, 1988)

Nepal Tourism Development Master Plan, 1972 has summarized the potentialities of Nepalese

tourism as: organized sight-seeing tourism, independent Nepal style tourism and trekking and

pilgrimage tourism. According to the master plan (9172), there is a high prospect of developing

various types of tourism in Nepal. This plan focuses on the reality of the prospect of tourism in

Nepal as Nepal has an enormous natural beauty, century's old cultural heritage to offer to the

pleasure and cultural tourists. Similarly, Nepal is the birth place of Lord Buddha and one Hindu

Kingdom in the world which could attract large page number of pilgrimage tourists.

Tourism existed from the very beginning of human civilization. There could not have been any

civilization without personal communication, exchange and view, inter change knowledge,

experiences and skills (Shrestha, 1989). With the development of western Christianity,

pilgrimages possessed a special importance in the middle ages and got many pious journeys on

the national and international level. The Buddhist people, despite hardship, continued to make

pilgrimages to the shrines of Buddha as mecca become a powerful center of religious attraction

for the Islamic countries from the 8th century on ward. The most widely used and popular

definition of tourism is one prepared by the United Nations conference of international travel and

tourism held in Roma in 1963. International Union of Official Travel Organization (IVOTO) in

1908 recommended this definition. Again in 1993, the United Nations Statistical Commission

adopted Rome definition of tourism revised from the one is prepared by world tourism

organization (WTO) as follow up to the Ottawa International Conference on travel and tourism

statistics, jointly organized by WTO and the Government of Canada in June 1991. In the

definition, WTO has developed a schematic breakdown of all travelers. ( Who Reports,2008

2.1. Nepalese Tourism before Unification

One such legend tells the story of Manjushree Bodhi Satwa from Chian who cut an opening at

the rock-hill of Chovar by a Stroke of his sward and drained the lake water to make Kathmandu

fit for human habitation. It is said that the first rulling dynasty in Nepal was the Gopal. King

Bhuktaman who was the first king of the dynasty. After decline of Gopal dynasty Gautam

Buddha is said to have visited Nepal during the reign of Sthungko the 7th Kirat King in 7th

century B.C. In 7th century, Shankar Acharya visited this place. Lichhavies came to power in 400

A.D. A golden age in the history of Nepal was started with them. During this period it was the

golden age in the history of Nepal as far pilgrims. The nation entered a new phase of prosperity

in art and culture. In this period, contemporary Chinese visitors like 'Huent Sang, 'Wang

Hiuentse" travelled through Nepal and wrote many historical accounts about it. Arniko, the

famous Nepalese artist went to China and developed there the Pagoda architecture with a group

of Nepalese artist in the invitation of the Emperor of Mangolian Empire 'Kubla Khan' in 13th

century.

During the rule of king Anshuvarma, Srang Chong Gompo, the great emperor of Tibet visited

Nepal and later married king's daughter Bhrikuti, Fahuon and Huen-Tsang, the two Famous

Chinese travelers also visited Nepal during this period.

During the Malla Kind period a significantly remarkable development in arts and culture was

made. The Mahaboudha and Krishna Mandir Temle of Patan, Nyatapol and Durbar Square with

fifty five windows palace of Bhaktapur, Pashupati Nath and most of the other temples and stupas

of Nepal were built during the period. The above historical facts reveal that the Manjushree,

emperor Ashok, emperor Srangchang gompo, Huen Tsang etc. all traveled Nepal as Pilgrims.

2.2 Nepalese Tourism after Unification

The war that took place in 1814 came to end in 1816 after the treaty of Sugauli. After the treaty

of Sugauli, a British Resident was appointed and posted in Kathmandu. After the unification of

Nepal in addition to the neighbouring countries, visitors from Britain came in to Nepal for

political objective. Among them Knox Hamilton and Kirk Patrick were notable. During the 104

years period of the Rana regime (1846-1950 A.D) tourism was paralyzed because they were very

much conscious about politics. That is why only the selected persons from Britain were invited.

After Junga Bahadur Rana the first Rana ruler of Nepal went to England in 1850, The Rana

Prime Minister allowed the Britishers occasionally. From time to time several distinguished

botanists and naturalists were permitted to visit the country. In one occasion, King George came

to hunt in Nepal in 1911 (Satyal, 1988).

Gradually, the government of Nepal felt that the dependable source of foreign exchange earnings

would be from tourism Industry. Keeping in this mind tourism development board was

established in 1957. Nepal further succeeded to get the membership of different international

tourism development institutions such as international Union of official travel organization

(IUOTO) South Asian Travel Commission (SATC) the pacific area travel association (PATA)

and the American society of Travel Agents (ASTA).

During the period of 1950 to 1965, Nepal had improved great deal in tourism industry. The

number of tourist increased from the year 1952 to 9,388 in the year 1965. During the period

1966-1968 the government policy was made to increase the accommodation. Tourism industry

was leading foreign exchange earner and source or government revenue (Nayave, 1984).

2.3 The General Review of the Related Past Studies

The modern age is an age of interdependence and mass communication. The economics of the

tourism industry has played an important part in the field of the mass tourism. Transport

technology change by air as well as by land and sea have accelerated travel at reduced cost. It

barely takes seven days to circle the world. Many studies have been conducted on tourism by

different people and foreigners. In order to make the study more reliable a few available

dissertations, articles, bulletins, reports and other studies abut tourism have been reviewed. A

comment was published in orbit (issue 69, second quarter 1998) on the topic ‘Tourism.' Tourism

is one industry which can last a lifeline to the world's poorest and least educated. A person, who

spends a day out, for example by the seaside, might be considered a tourist by some. But the

world tourist organization the international body representing tourism defines a tourist as a

person who visit a destination and stays there at least one night before returning home. The

businesses that provides several facilities for the travelers they is by earning money are known

as tourism business. The continuing process of travelers traveling creates the tourist industry.

Tourism is the world's largest export industry which according to WTO, generated abuts US $

372.6 billion during 1995 by some 567 million tourists worldwide in the same year travel and

tourism is said to have provided direct and indirect employment for 212 billion people

accounting for 10.7 percent of the global work force. Tourism thus, provides a major

contribution to foreign exchange earning of several developing and even developed countries. In

1988, world tourism generated 12 percent of world gross national product (GNP). Domestic

tourism is assumed nine times greater than international tourism (Gosh, 1964: 4).

Tourism is regarded as a very important industry to virtually all economic regardless of their

level of economic development. It is an export industry and helps to correct any adverse trade

balance in an economy. Even a highly developed economy like the United State relies partly on

an increasing number of Japanese tourists to correct its trade deficit with Japan. In the

developing countries with large trade, deficits with the developed countries the authorities

emphasized tourism as a source of additional external revenue. In addition to generating foreign

exchange, tourism is expected to create additional employment and income and generate

multiplier effects in the economy. Some country have a comparative advantage in the

development of the tourism because of their natural geography such as mountains, sandy beaches

and lovely landscape, their rich cultural heritage and so on.

However, tourism is not blessing as it is blamed for causing environmental pollution and many

social evils such as prostitution (Poudyal, 1998: 64). Village tourism really gives the tourism a

live picture of Nepal. Since village life far from the hustle and bustle of the city life, the visitors

can feel relaxed in the fresh environment. The tourists are very interested in seeing the culture

and way of life of the people rather than seeing the polluted scenes in the urban areas. They

naturally come to have experience in the new places.

For some time now, many villages like Tashi of Sankhuwasabha and Ghandruk and Sunsari in

Kasi district are being promoted and improved as Site for village tourism. We can gain many

advantage from village tourism as people can get employment opportunities. It can dramatically

improve the economic status of the villages.

Nepal society for applied economics has recently published facts about Nepalese Economy

(1998). A study in the title "Hotel and Tourism" presents that tourism in Nepal in one of the key

sectors along with only second to carpet and garment in terms of the exchange earnings. Because

of the natural beauty has been known. Foe many lover of nature. The location of the world's

highest peak on the top of the Himalayas and the road to Tibet via Nepal has been an everlasting

source of earning foreign currency.

A hen has been laying golden eggs so far. But it is high time we take care of the hen so that it

will continue to lay eggs in the future, we have been neglecting tourism for now (Sunday despite,

October 6-12-1996). The study also shows that the hotels, room and beds increased by 14.5

percent. 13.21 percent and 12.9 percent respectively between 1971 and 1989. Nepal further

recorded that the growth rate in accommodation. Outside Kathmandu hotels increased from 644

in 1971 to 1989 and for Nepal. As a whole, the capacity increased from 728 beds in 1971 to

9,408 beds in 1989. ( Gimire ,2002)

The study also showed employment generation. Altogether 11,174 people were directly

employed in the tourism industry of which 53 percent were found to be employed in hotel and

rest in travel and trekking and dirtiness. The hotel owner employed the largest number of persons

i.e. 5,912 and followed by dirtiness 2,738 persons. They argued that one tourist bed in Nepal

created less than two jobs which to fairly low compared to other developing countries. The

tourism industry in relatively more capital intensive than the tourism related industry. The

average capital requirement per unit of labour was Rs. 213.5 and Rs. 212.4 thousand in the

airline and hotel industries respectively. In conclusion the average income generated per

employee in the hotel industry has been about Rs. 108 thousand. (Gimire, 2002)

Nepal tourism statistics 1996, published by department of tourism, Nepal’s Government has

said that tourism continued to remain the most important segment of Nepalese economy in 1996.

To sustain its continued growth the tourism sector got involved in diverse activities in this

period. This statistical report showed that. In 1996, the total tourists number was 393,613, among

them the highest number of visitors came to Nepal from Asia (5.3%) followed by Western

Europe (33.4%) North America (7.8%) and the Australia and the pacific (3.1%). The number of

tourist arrivals increased in 1996 in comparison to 1995. ( Report ministry of Tourism, 2008)

Nepal Rastra Bank has made a study on "Income and employment generation form Tourism in

Nepal". The study deals with the composition of tourism duration of their stay tourist

expenditure and the impact of tourism industry on income and employment the proportion of

younger visitors, under the age group of 21.40 years shared as high as 67.4 percent.

The percentage of tourist spending Rs. 301 to 1500 per day is 36.7 percent and more than Rs.

1500 is 32.1 percent. It has been estimated that tourism and related industries have earned Rs.

2798.3 million in 1987/88 of which tourism sector alone shared 92.7 percent (Rs. 2585.3 million)

of the amount earned by tourism sector. Earning of hotel consists of 24.6 percent and travel

agencies accounted 17.3 percent. This study also determines that tourism industry has provided

job for 11,176 persons among whom 61.7 percent were the basic level manpower, 29.5 percent

middle level and the rest 9.1 percent top level of manpower. Among the employers, 10.8 percent

were females.

Women participation was limited to one women of which only 10 percent total were local Tharu

tribe. As of 1993 a total of 4 hotels or resorts were operating around Lumbini with on overall

direct employment for 400 persons. The average accommodation capacity of the resorts or

lodges was 16 beds or eight huts. Average employment at each resorts/lodge was 10 persons with

a maximum of 11 percent at Lumbini garden and 30 persons at.

In general, tourism denotes the movement of journey of human beings from one place to another,

whether it may be within own country or second countries, for various purposes. The popular

word Tourism of the present day is derived from the French word 'Tourism' which organized in

the 19th century. Later, this word was popularized in the decade 1930s but its significance was

not fully ealized until today when 'tourism' has a wider a meaning and significance derived from

the root 'anta' which means going or leaving home for some other place. The three types of

tourists are (Sharma2001Pg, 23).

� Parent: It means going out for pleasure and knowledge.

� Destine: It means going out of the country primarily for economic gains.

� Trichina: It means going out to place of religious merits.

There was no plan and policy regarding tourism in Nepal till 1950s. For the first time the written

study on tourism was made on the late 1950s. In Nepal, 'General plan for the organization of

tourism in Nepal" prepared by French national George Lebrec in 1959, was the first tourism

plan. Lebrec has described Himalayan peaks and flora and fauna and to the use of Films and

documentaries prepared by the mountaineering expedition for promotion Later George Lebree

visited Nepal in 1964 and 1966 and prepared two reports on tourism entitled "Report on the

development of tourism' and 'report on tourism in Nepal' respectively. In these reports, lebrec

had recommended that tourism in Nepal had started growing at faster pace (Pokharel).

While formulating the tourism strategy it is essential that our tourism marketers keep abreast the

fast changing trends, particularly the changing trends in tourism market. Tourism markets should

be responding the changing economic scenario of the world" (Shrestha 1995: 85). Similarly, in

view of Sharma (1992: 112) "An integrated approach, with the twin objectives of environmental

protection and sustainable economic development, should be based on appreciation of the

broader implications of tourism for the environmental, demographic, economic and distribution

concerns in mountain ecosystems." Hence, development of tourism in Nepal should take into

account promotional and marketing issues as well as deal with the inherent problems and

challenges.

Similarly, Pradhan (1997), in her study observed, the concept and theories of tourism and efforts

made by the planers, the legal framework and institutional arrangements for tourism

development in Nepal.

A traveler is defined as "any person on a trip between two or more countries or two or more

localities with in his/her country of unusual residence" (WTO Framework for the collection and

publication of tourism statistical: 4).

World tourism organization has defined 'Tourist' in precise terms as 'Any person who travels to a

country other than in which he/she has his/her usual residence, but outside his/her usual

environment, for a period of at least one night but not more than one year and whose main

purpose of visit is other than the country visited. The term includes people traveling for: leisure,

recreation and holidays, visiting friends and relatives, business and professional, health treatment

religion/pilgrimages and other purpose" (WTO 1996: 24).

Village tourism is coming up as a new concept for the promotion and development of tourism

sector. This concept is more relevant in the contest of a country like Nepal, which is made up of

pristine village and life style. A partfrom this village tourism is possible without building up any

concrete infrastructures. So a meaningful preposition can give a boost to the Nepalese tourism.

Pradhananga (1993) analyses the changing pattern of tourist's consumption and its economic

impact on employment, exports and national revenue. The basic objectives of the study were to

examine the consumption pattern of tourist to analyse the use of local resource in tourist

consumption and their effects on employment to probe into capacity utilization of hotels in

relation to the tourist's number and length of stay and to examine the change in government

revenue reseating from the tourist export. This study dealt with different tourism aspects i.e.

hotels and lodges, airline, travel agencies, trekking agencies, carpet and garment industries and

transport agencies working in Nepal. According to him leakage of foreign exchange earning high

import contents, seasonal fluctuations in demand for tourism and over dependence on season

factor have been the major weakness the tourism industry.

Tuladhar (1993), discusses the development of international tourism in kingdom of Nepal, the

level of its explorations utilization and possibilities of improvement. This study has been done

against the background of the overall conditions and its development including natural and

anthropological resources, economic development of the country, tourist's demands and supply.

To achieve the objectives of this study, a systematic method of investigation in the theoretical

scheme was used. His major finding included the use of dispersion as a basic of the balancing of

prognoses may promote foreign visitor's quality and the possibilities for attempting and for the

future development of international tourism in Nepal. Tuladhar had given various suggestions in

his study to promote flights with RCNP by tour operations. Assuming the low travel cost,

increasing expenditure for advertisement and publicity for the stimulation for the tourist travel to

Nepal, to provide more cultured shows and other types of suitable entertainment to increase the

length of stay of tourists and to increases their expenditure to establish summer resorts like

suitable tourist hotels and village on the bank of lakes and rivers to develop the national concept

and to develop human resources by emphasizing on tourism education.

2.4 Conceptual Frame Work

2.4 Moderniza modernization and Tourism

Above diagram shows that tourism is interrelated to various factors like economy time access

and it is based on religion, natural beauty. If we properly manage these factors which mention in

Time access Economy

Touri

sm

Transportation

Facilities

Religion

Natural beauty

communication

Curiosity

the diagram that open the new ground for the development of tourism. In the same way there is

not properly manage these sectors it creates problems on it.

2.5 Modernization and Tourism

Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies.

The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance,

"traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed

countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to

social process and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social

evaluation. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and free-

market ideologies, world system theorists, globalization theory and dependency theory among

others. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to

that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and

the adaptation of new technologies. A be defined as the integration of economic, political and

social cultures and is related to the spreading of modernization across borders. It theorizes the

development of a global economy in the sense that the world is moving in the direction of more

efficient use of resources and the means of production.

Mass tourism could not have developed without air travel. Annual trans border tourist arrivals

rose to 456 million by 1990 and are expected to double again, to 937 million per annum, by 2010

(Knowles, 1994: FT,7 January 1997: V11). Communication is another major area that has grown

due to modernization. Communication industries have enabled capitalism to spread throughout

the world. Telephony, television broadcasts, news services and online service providers have

played a crucial part in globalization. There are many positive attributes to globalization

negative too , consequences. Economic development can often initially highlight the disparities

between a society's rich and its poor. In major cities of developing countries there exist pockets

where technologies of the modernized world computers, cell phones and satellite television exist

right alongside stark poverty. This often begets an acute awareness of those in society initially or

chronically left behind by economic progress.

Globalization has many advocates some of which are globalists, transformation lists and

traditionalists. Globalists are globalizations modernization theorists so are therefore very positive

about the concept. They argue that globalization is good for everyone as there are benefits for all

including vulnerable groups such as women and children. This is done because globalization is

typically western and it's the western values which are transmitted therefore allowing women to

rights they wouldn't have had before e.g. re-production rights.

Modernization theorists often saw traditions as obstacles to economic growth. Furthermore,

while modernization might deliver violent, radical change for traditional societies it was thought

worth the price. Critics insist that traditional societies were often destroyed without ever gaining

promised advantages if, among other things, the economic gap between advanced societies and

such societies actually increased. The net effect of modernization for some societies was

therefore the replacement of traditional poverty by a more modern form of misery, according to

these critics. Others point to improvements in living standards, physical infrastructure, education

and economic opportunity to refute such criticisms.

Due to the modernism traditional instrument are replace by modern technology. Many musical

instrument are replace by modern equipment. People attraction goes on new things that create a

new thread to preserve traditional music and belief also. New technology is a major source of

social change. Since modernization deals with social change from agrarian societies to industrial

ones, it is important to look at the technological viewpoint. New technologies do not change

societies by itself. Rather, it is the response to technology that causes change. Frequently,

technology will be recognized but not put to use for a very long time. Take for example the

ability to extract metal from rock. It was not just a new technology at one time, but one that had

profound implications for the course of societies. It was always there, but went unused for a great

period of time. Technological change is not additive; it is ecological. A new technology does not

merely add something; it changes everything". People in society are always coming up with new

ideas and better ways of making life easier and more enjoyable. Technology makes it possible

for a more innovated society and broad social change. What becomes of this is a dramatic change

through the centuries that has evolved socially, industrially, and economically, summed up by

the term modernization. Cell phones, for example, have changed lives of millions throughout the

world. This is especially true in Africa and other parts of the Middle East where there is a low

cost communication infrastructure. Therefore, widely dispersed populations are connected, it

facilitates other business's communication among each other, and it provides internet access,

which also gives greater value in literacy. In addition to technology being a great social and

economic advancement, it also grants these more dependent societies to become more

modernized despite internal conflicts or repressive governments, allowing them to reap the

benefits of such technological advancements.

Education, profession also related to modernization. Due to modernization the affluent of

education develop among people that determine the attitude toward tourism.

CHAPTER - III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology refers to the various sequential steps which are adopted by a researcher in

studying a problem. It would be appropriate to mention that research projects are not susceptible

to be studied. Thus, an entire process by which we attempt to solve the problem is called

research methodology. This chapter is devoted to the methodology applied in the study to

achieve the goals. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used in the study. Opinion

survey techniques were adopted while collecting primary data. It facilitates the research work

and provides reliability and validity to it. Research methodology employed in this study is

presented below:

3.1 Rationale of the Selection of Study Area

Tourism as both domestic and international have importance for the development. Lumbaniis

one of the tourism sites of Lumbini which is selected as the study area. Lumbani is chosen for

the study. No other researchers have conducted the research sociologically on this title before so

it is necessary to study on the topic and chosen the title for study .

3.2 Research Design

In this research, issued descriptive and exploratory research design. The research was

descriptive in the sense that the research described socio- economic impact of tourism.

Moreover, research was explorative in this sense that it was also explored the problems and

prospects of tourism in the study area. Apart from this , the researcher made an attempt to

explain the collected data

3.3 Nature and Sources of Data

Primary as well as secondary data were used in this study. Furthermore, information was

obtained by using structured questions from the following agencies:

a. The tourists visiting to Lumbini

b. The hotel owners of Lumbini

c. The students and shopkeepers of Lumbini.

To meet the objective of this study 50 respondents (from tourist, hotel owners and shopkeepers

andothers) were interviewed during the survey period. Besides some relevant document from

ministry of tourism, Annual Statistical Reports of tourism department, different bulletins related

with tourism, books available in HAN chapter Lumbini are collected respected.

3.4 Universe and Sampling

Lumbini is located in western development region of Nepal, has been selected as for the study

area. There are can find a large number of tourists as well as resorts. Random sampling method

was used in the study. All samples were selected by this method. Sampling unit for this study

consists of the tourists of Lumbani, locals and hotel owners. The logic using random sampling

for the study is to get a better result. The sampling size of this study is 50 including, 20 tourists,

20 hotels owners and 10 locals. The sample were taken in 2011 Oct 7. 20 tourists were selected

out of 110 which were not from the total tourist visit in Lumbini. Similarly, 20 hotels owner and

shopkeeper were select out of 95 and ten local were out of 50 members of Lumbini development

trusts.

3.5 Data Collection Tools and Techniques

To generate the primary data, the structured questionnaire and field observation as well as focus

group discussion were applied.

Observation and interview were the techniques of primary data collection. The data were

collected from respondents of the random unit. The secondary data were collected from the HAN

profile, national level magazines, journals and books etc.

3.6 Data Analysis and Presentation

Collected data and information were presented by using simple mathematical and statistical tools

such as percentage, table, graph etc and briefly analyzes this tables and figures.

CHAPTER - IV

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY AREA

4.1 Physical Setting

Lumbini birth place of Gautam Buddha is located in Lumbini zone and Kapilbastu district.

Lumbini is considered the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. Many a times referred as 'The Light of

Asia', Buddha was the founder of Buddhism faith. His period is estimated to be approximately

between 563 and 483 BC. Lumbini is located 25kms east of the municipality of Kapilvastu.

Kapilvastu was the seat of governance of the then kingdom of Nepal. In the year 1896, the Indo-

British archaeology team discovered a great stone pillar at the site. Later that pillar was attributed

to Ashoka, the Mauryan ruler and propagator of Buddhism. Lumbini is geographically located

25 km east of the municipality of Kapilavastu, Nepal; where the Buddha lived until the age of

29. Lumbini has a number of temples, including the Mayadevi temple and others under

construction. Also located here is the Puskarini or Holy Pond where the Buddha's mother took

the ritual dip prior to his birth and where he, too, had his first bath, as well as the remains of

Kapilvastu palace. Map of Lumbini in Nepal and the map of kapilbastu district are as follows:

Location of Kapilbatu in National Map

(Location of Lumbini in National Map) Source: www. Googlemap.com)

( Map of kapilbastu district )

Source: Www.wickpedia .com.

At other sites near Lumbini, earlier Buddhas were, according to tradition, born, achieved

ultimate awaking and finally relinquished earthly form. There is big banyan tree in the side that

people believed the birth place of Buddha. the scene of tree s follows:

( A scene of big Baniyan of Lumbini ): Source: Field survey: 2011

In the Buddha's time, Lumbini was situated between Kapilavastu and Devadaha. It was there that

the Buddha was born. A pillar now marks the spot of Asoka's visit to Lumbiní. According to an

inscription on the pillar, it was placed there by the people then in charge of the park to

commemorate Asoka 's visit and gifts. The park was previously known as Rummindei, two miles

north of Bhagavanpura.

( Image of Ashka’s Pillar ): Source : Field Survey :2011

The records maintained by Fa Hein were also taken in to consideration in the process. For

Buddhists, this is one of four pilgrimage sites based around the life of Gautam Buddha, the other

three being Kushinagar, Bodh Gaya, and Sarnath. The place is famous for Maya Devi temple. It

is believed that the present temple has been built at the place where Queen Maya gave birth to

lord Buddha. Another important structure is the Ashoka pillar. Apart from that Lumbini has ruins

of various Stupas and monasteries. Then there is Pushkarni pond where Queen Maya took bath

before giving birth to Buddha. The Lumbini region comes under Lumbini Trust, an NGO.

Foreign pilgrims here have constructed new temples and monasteries. The Buddhist associations

of China, Myanmar and Gautami Nuns have their separate pagodas. The ones by Japan, Sri

Lanka and Vietnam are under construction.

( Bihr made by China )

Source : Field Survey :2011

It is the place where Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautam, who as the Buddha

Gautam founded the Budist tration. The Buddha lived between roughly 563 and 483 BCE.

Lumbini is one of four magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the

Buddha, the others being at Kush bihar Bodha Gaya, and Sarnath.

In the Sutta Nipata (vs. 683) it is stated that the Buddha was born in a village of the Sákyans in

the Lumbineyya Janapada. The Buddha stayed in Lumbinívana during his visit to Devadaha and

there preached the Devadaha Sutta.

In 1896 Nepalese archaeologists (effort by Khadga Samsher Rana) discovered a great stone pillar

at the site attributed to Asoka. Records made by the Chinese pilgrim Faxian were also used in the

process of identifying this religiously acclaimed site. The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a

large monastic zone in which only monasteries can be built, no shops, hotels or restaurants. It is

separated into an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the Thervadin

monasteries, the western having Mahayan and Vejrayan monasteries. The holy site of Lumbini

has ruins of ancient monasteries, a sacred Bodhi tree, an ancient bathing pond, the Asoka Pillier

and the Mayadevi temple, where the precise place of birth of Buddha is located. From early

morning to early evening, pilgrims from various countries perform chanting and meditation at

the site. ANon- governmental organization called "Asia Pacific Exchange and Cooperation

Foundation" (APECF) backed by chairman of the unified communist party of Nepal Moist and

then Prime Minister Prachand, the Chinese government and a UN group called "United Nations

Industrial Development Organization" (UNIDO) signed a deal to develop Lumbini into a

"special development zone" with funds worth $3 billion.. The venture was a China-UN joint

project. The scene of way of modern Lumbani as follows:

( a scene of Modern Lumbini)

Source : Field Survey

4.2 Modernization and its Impact the tourism of Lumbini

Ancient Lumbinigrama had buried in the earth before the exploration of Führer in the last

decade of the nineteenth century. Yadav, Lodha, Muslim, Kewat, Harijan, Brahaman, Kurmi,

Mallha, Paswan, Teli, Tharu, Dhobi, Kumal etc. castes reside around the sacred complex of

Lumbini (CBS, 2002:82-94). Some of them had immigrated from India and migrated from the

hills of Nepal. Tharu is known as an aboriginal caste of this Terai region. Fuhrer has purposed

that Tharu were ancestor of the Śākyas of Kapilvastu, belonged to Buddha. This study is

depend on the life style and changes of the local people around the master plan of Lumbini

project especially Ama, Bhagawanpur, Ekala, Khudabagar, Lumbini adarsa and Madhuwani

VDCs. priest, monks, nuns and other people who reside in project area are also observed to

know their changes and modernization including physical development of the complex.

Several kinds of changes have slowly crept into the traditional beliefs customs, food and

drinks, dress and ornaments, position of family members, literacy rate, vocational training,

organization of functional groups, increasing of income sources and cultural activities due to

the verbal communication and project works of the guests, who come to visit Lumbini.

Elements of modernization is clearly reflected in the management and maintenance of the

life-style of the people, monks, nuns, hotels, shop-keepers and worker who reside in Lumbini

area.

( A Scene of old Lumbini )

Source : Field Survey :2011

Before the formation of Lumbini Development Committee, local people were not conscious

to change and modernize their life-styles lack of verbal communication of pilgrims and

donated-property in the project area. After launching various programs and project-works at

Lumbini, they got chance to employ as well as project-activities in their villages. The effect of

modernization has been felt not only in the nuclear part of Lumbini but also in the life-style of

the people of the villages located on the outskirts of Lumbini complex. Master plan,

attractions of UNO donor agencies, schooling , networks of roads, metallic road from

Siddharthanagar, plane-service, fast means of communications, i.e. telephone , television, e-

mail, internet and various activities, conducted by NGOs are the main contributing factors to

this change and modernization. These modern facilities have played a vital role in the

acceleration of complete life-style and socio-cultural activities of Lumbini.

Due to the keen interest of donor agencies, NGO, INGO and governmental authorities have

been launching various development activities through the channel of Rupandehi DDC and

separately in their interest. District Health strengthening program (DFID), Nepal Safe

Motherhood program (DFID), TRPAP, UNDP, SNV, Livelihood community forest program

(DFID), Rural urban partnership program, PPPP, RK , IBS, PVDP, Crossflow, FINIDA, BP

with poor and LDF programs have been launching in this area. Their main target is to change

and modernize the life style of the people who reside in the core and outskirts of Lumbini.

The elements of changes and modernization are reflecting on social, economic and cultural

aspects of the people.

Social Aspect

Social activities have been running under the aegis of Rupandehi DDC, which are initiated by

the donor agencies.

114 groups formed consisting 24 female, 63 male and 27 mixed groups. Women of Muslim

family are also associated in female and mixed groups. 21% is single female group, which

plays a significant role to abolish parda pratha in this community. 31% of total members of

the groups are female and 27 are in leadership.

Meetings of STDC, CMC, CO, FG and Eco-clubs were conducted in 285 times to create

awareness and to evaluate their functions. 4290 members were participated on these

occasions.

Workshops, seminars and conferences were conducted in 2004. 29.58% female were involved

in progress-review, workshop, annual planning of VDCand district level planning meetings.

Sustainable Tourism Development Committee meetings were conducted in seven times at

seven VDCs. FINIDA had launched water-supply and arsenic test programs. 9798 people

were benefited from this project work. Ekala was their focus point in tube-well scheme.

Their life-style, food and drink, dress and ornament, social behaviors as well as traditions, viz.

bala vivaha, anamela vivaha, dowary system and parda pratha have also under gone changes

and modernization due to these social activities. Here only a few people are seen dressed their

traditional objects. The youths of Lumbini area visit monastery zone for employment. They

generally interact the pilgrims and the people who come to enjoy the fair and festivals,

especially Buddha Jayant, by organizing dramas , dances and music programs and other kinds

of activities. In this process TRPAP has formed a group of Biraha Geeta, traditional song of

indigenous people, and sing on special request of the visitors in charge. Management capacity

enhancement training, group management, book keeping, strategic plans etc. are few

examples of the training. Involvement of more women in the decision making level is the

main focus of TRPAP. At present household women have been able to come out of their

houses and participate in the different training program such as women empowerment

Economic Aspect

Centre of Rural Development and Self-help, collective Development and Multi-purpose co-

operative, Pragatishil women Development co-operative, Indreni Rural Development centre,

TRPAP, FINIDA etc. have launched various programs to promote the economic status of the

people. These programs have been supported to the objectives of poverty alleviation

underlined in the Ninth and Tenth Five year plans of HMG. The self-reliant concept is needed

in order to match with there source base of the poor communities, VDCs and DDCs,

especially in the remote area. In order to focus further on the weaker section communities, the

programs have made a special provision of support fund for poor. TRPAP , FINIDA, RK,

IBS, Cross Flow, Bisweswar with poor etc. programs have played a significant role for

sustainable development and income generation. Almost the plans and programs have

concentrate to the sacred complex of Lumbini, associated with Buddha and Buddhism.

FINIDA and BP with poor programs had conducted rainwater using and household latrine

schemes to be deprived and disadvantaged community together with the collaboration of

DDC. Such collaboration among the same agencies has added a new dimension in addressing

the needs of the poorer communities in rural area.

The economic condition of the people is very poor and opportunities of employment are

limited. Among them 17% people are using only agriculture land. More than 50% among

them depends on land and livestock. Livestock and poultry farming people are only 1.63%

and 0.22% separately. They can not save money from agricultural activities. Their incomes

decide the life-style and status in the society. 5.91% and 2.14% household people are engaged

in business and services respectively. Industrial and transportation area is very weak.

The authority has also launched the programs to promote the life-style and economic status of

the local people. Program under the aegis of DDC total 25 experts have been trained within a

short span of time in 2003- 2004. Female are also trained in audit. They can do up- to- date

their group- account as well as family budget.

Seven persons of Tenuhawa were trained in bee-keeping sector. Bee-keeping is a suitable and

cash-oriented industry in this area. 25 members were also skilled in modern concept for live-

farming sector.

TRPAP has been given different types of skill development training to the people of Lumbini

area to enhance their skills and help them generate income for their living. The various

training includes hotel management, fish farming, rickshow pulling, banana farming,

vegetable farming, making statues of clay, making dhakkis and basic hospitality. These

training programmes have been awared about the importance of their skills and increasing

sense towards the values of cultural heritage. MCET, mushroom cultivation, account-keeping,

small hotel and lodge management, local guide, artistic handicraft, ICS making and tourism

sector were launched. 37.25% female have involved in these training, which is function-

oriented training. Apart from the preceding sectors grocery, bangle selling, goat rising, grill

industry, food -grain selling, barber, mobile cart and canteen were also supported to enhance

their sources of income in proper situation.

After providing training, TRPAP has offered proper venture capital fond for the people of

seven VDCs. Social Mobilizers of TRPAP have done research about their potentiality and

finding their ability help them providing soft loan for proper jobs and business. Sustainable

Tourism Development Committees (STDc) have been financed to develop infrastructure of

their employment. Not only the TRPAP but also other agencies have also launched various

programmes to promote their economic status under the umbrella of Rupandehi DDC.

Community Organizations have been saving proper amount for their needs and promotion.

726 members in agriculture, 409 members in livestock and 693 members in trade are involved

in informal saving plans. 515 members are also participated in this saving activity. Local

people use this saving fund in order to solve their daily problems. One of the success stories

of these sectors is group install Dhiki pump. The members of Suryamukhi vegetable

producers and Functional Group of Ekala-4 are proud to be in group following the imitation

of TRPAP activities in their village. The group was contributed Rs.20,000 for the installation

of a Dhiki pump (Water pump) for the members of the FG in the village. All these activities

have been carried out focusing the birthplace of Lord Buddha and Buddhism by various

agencies and organizations. Thus it is undoubtedly the consequence of sacred complex of

Lumbini.

Lumbini is famous place of Nepal. There are various aspect of visit lumbini some aspects are

mention as follows:

CulturalAspect

Almost the Hindu and Muslim people reside in the outskirts of Lumbini complex. Buddhists

are also coming from various sites to reside in the monasteries and in their own houses. The

atmosphere of Lumbini area is favorable to create unity in diversity due to the tolerance of

various sects, groups and communities. On the occasions of fair and festivals, local clubs and

groups generally entertain the pilgrims by organizing traditional dance, music and drama.

Dance and music are organized in Buddhist tradition based on Jataka stories. The mother

tongue of the natives is Bhojapuri. Now-a-days they use Nepali, Hindi, English and Bhojapuri

language due to the verbal communication among domestic and international visitors. The

youths who work in the hotels, restaurant and monasteries speak Japanese, Chinese, Korean,

Tibetain and Tamil languages in proper situation. Realizing the necessity and importance of

the cultural elements, an organization named" Lumbini cultural Buddha Biraha Geet Sadak

Natak" is established for the conservation, promotion and to show in proper situation.

Master Plan Area

Due to the modernization of the area, many settlements have been populated in the vicinities

of this sacred complex. Mayalawar, Padariya, Parsa etc. residences have been changing their

physical structures day by day. Modern buildings in the market area and important villages of

the area have greatly altered the physical look of Lumbini. In the three zonal areas of master

plan, viz. archaeological garden, monastic zone and new Lumbini village, many buildings

have been built on the basis of agreement with LDT. Re-storied Mayadevi temple has added

super structure component like a Stūpa in stead of old temple. On the north-east corner of the

temple a wooden decorated ladder is made to go up-stair. Foundation and structure of the

original temple is preserved to show visitors and devotees. Puskarini pond has been cleaned

and the artificial - mound on the south of Mayadevi temple, which was formed in course of

excavation by Kaisher Shamsher Rana from 1933 to 1939, is also removed by cutting soil.

Circular pond is going to be completed as mentioned in the master plan. Ring-road is made of

gravel on the bank of circular-pond.

On the east of monastic zone, Myanmar government has completed Lokamuni pagoda temple,

vihar and guest houses. International Nuns Association and Maha Bodhi Society of India have

completed their physical construction. Sri Lanka and Thailand monasteries and vihars are

under construction. These are going to be completed in near future. Central canal is also

cleaned on the occasion of the Second World Buddhist Summit in 2004.

This eastern portion is known as Hinayān or Theravadi complex. Many Stupas, monasteries,

guest-houses, temples and meditation centres have been constructing by various national and

international agencies. Among these Mananga sewa samaja, Chinese temple, Tara foundation

of Germany and Korean guest houses have completed and operated. Vietnam temple, France,

Japanese -Sokayo, Bhutan and Korean temples are under construction. Lumbini International

Research Institute, Museum, Nipponzon Myohoji (world peace Stūpa) and Hokke hotel have

been operating their proper duties. Hotel Mikasha is also completed. Sri Lankan pilgrimage

house is completed, but not in operation at present due to the case between LDT and

contractor. In the western portion of the boundary wall is also partially constructed. Local

people have got opportunity for employment in physical constructions of all the unskilled,

semi-skilled and skilled manpower in their proper sectors. Physical development of Lumbini

is not only supported internal facing, but also the life-style and models of the people by

providing the sources of income have also played a vital role in modernization of this area.

Sacred functionaries have also done various activities in order to change and modernize the

life style of the people.

The monks and nuns of the Hinayān and Mahāyan monasteries are coming from the related

countries. Their life-style, food and drinks, habits and social behaviors have also under gone

changes .Old priest of Mayadevi temple is also changing his life-style in Buddhist rules and

regulations, who was Hindu at the beginning. Mixed-Buddhist culture and traditions have

been practiced in this complex. Physical progress has brought a tremendous change and

modernization. In the process of modernization, several kinds of changes have crept into

social, economic, cultural life of the people of Lumbini. The changes are not only in the life-

style but also in its physical development, food, drinks, dress, ornaments and aesthetic

traditions. Almost the elements of changes and modernizations have depended in the process

of development of Lumbin.

CHAPTER - FIVE

CONTRIBUTION TOURIST IN LUMBINI AND TOURIST ARRIVAL IN LUMBANI

In this chapter collected primary and secondary data were presented by using table and graph

which help to understand present situation of tourism industries in Lumbani.

5.1.1 Demographic Analysis of Lumbini

Table: 5.1

Demographic Analysis of Lumbani

S.

No.

Name of Hotel Own

house

Rented Staff

1 Hotel Buddha Maya 1 16

2 Hotel Barahi 1 10

3 Hotel tulsi 1 21

4 Lumbini garden hotel 1 25

5 Paban international hotel 1 10

6 Bluebird hotel 1 21

7 Hotel nirmana lunbini 1 52

8 Hotl splendid view 1 15

9 Hokke hotel 1 12

10 Yati hotel 1 19

11 Hotel Ashoka 1 12

12 Garden Hotel 1 19

10

13 Total

Source: Field Survey, 2011

In total 10 house are found own and 3 house rented among 12 hotels. The highest number of staff

re 52 in hotel Nirmana Lumbini there are 25 are the staff of in lumbini garden hotel etc.

respectively.

5.1.2 Accommodation capacity

The accommodation capacity of hotels is in also a responsible factor for earning foreign

exchange. Accommodation capacity of hotels varies across different class of hotels in Lumbani.

The price variation of accommodation is also a crucial factor for the growth of lodges as well as

tourism industry. There are no rules and regulations for pricing the rooms and the beds. Although

there is an association of the hotel owners and lodges, it is very passive. There is another fizzed

rent in a year. The rents of rooms depend upon the seasons and the inflow of tourists.

The history of tourism in Lumbani is relatively short the first tourist lodge of four bedrooms was

built at hotel Lumbini in the early 1960s, presently, there are several hotel in Lumbani. The

names of those hotels are hotel Lumbini Hotel, Garden resort etc.

The Existence of Hotels lodges or resorts in Lumbani are a recent phenomenon. Now there are

altogether 60 hotels, loges or resources operating in and around Lumbini. Among them, some

hotels also found to be owed by the local tribe. Most of the hotels are built on the on the

periphery of Lumbini garden. They are scattered around and belong to owners form Kathmandu.

Most of the hotels are scattered around within the circumference of about 12 km from the grave

ofLumbini Garden. All the hotels have their common dining halls, bedroom and bath rooms.

Among these hotels, some are restaurant operating as bars. The available facilities and services

differ from one hotel to another. Generally, it is different to categories the hotels operating in

Lumbani.

5.1.3 Source of Market for Goods for Hotels.

The tourism on Lumbini has played a visitors role in the expansion of market such as Bhairawa

Butwal, Devdaha and local market place.

Table: 5.3

Market Source of Lumbani

Market Number Percentage of Goods Purchased Bhairawa 12 60 Butwal 4 20 Dedaha 3 15 Outside of District 1 5 Total 20 1000 Source: Field Survey, 2011.

60% of goods needed for hotel/lodger age purchased from Bhairaw and 20% from Butwal , 15%

from Devghat highly benefited from tourism at Lumbani.

5.1.5 Supply goods from Local Shopkeepers

Various local shopkeeper supplies goods to the hotels for tourist purpose

Table: 5.5

Supplying Goods from Local Shopkeeper

Particular No. of Respondent Percentage

Green vegetable 3 15

Firewood 1 5

Rice and whet 3 15

Fish and Meat 2 10

Other (handicraft) 11 55

Total 20 100

Source: Field Survey, 2011.

Green vegetable supplying shops constituted 15 percent, the firewood 15%) the rice and wheat

15%, fish and meat 10% and the other things 55% other things constitute the highest percentage

of among them. The green vegetable, rice, and wheat show same percentage (15%) the fish and

meat are the third position.

5.1.6 Tourist Service Available in Lumbini

Different tourist come to visit Lumbini for their different purposes some come to Lumbani for

research , some come to Lumbini pilgrimage , peaceful environment etc.

Table: 5.6

Tourist Service Available in Lumbini

Degree of Agree/disagree No. of Respondents Percent

Agree 40 80

Disagree 8 16

Indifference 2 4

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey of Lumbini, 2011.

The 80 percent foreigners are agreeing in service satisfaction 16 percent are disagreeing and 4

percent are indifference during the survey period.

5.1.7 Distribution of Tourists arrivals in Lumbini by Country of Origin

Nepal always welcomes tourists from different nation. In this section, the number of tourist

arrivals in Lumbani. The information has been obtained from the secretary office of Lumbini.

Table: 5.7

Distribution tourists Arrivals in Lumbini by count ry of Origin

Male Female Total Japan 50 30 80 South Korea 36 22 58 Britain 74 56 130 Netherlands 41 42 83 Australia 34 7 47 Spain 33 24 57 Thailand 3 1 4

Italy 29 2 31

Taiwan 27 27

Denmark 8 24 32

New Zealand 9 4 13

China 5 11 16

Germany 21 4 25

America 29 8 37

France 6 27 33

Canada 9 1 10

Switzerland 4 7 11

Israel 41 9 50

Argentina 6 49 55

Singapore 9 4 13

Sweden 5 8 13

Belgium 8 7 15

Portugal 3 3 6

Malaysia 5 1 6

Leland 4 3 7

Honking 6 2 8

Chili 5 6 11

Source: Lumbini Develop trust , 2011

5.2 Total Tourist Arrivals and Length of stay in Nepal (2000-2010)

The inflow of tourists and the length of their stay should be increased in order to generate more

foreign income. Table NO. 1 shows the total travel in Nepal by air transport and by land by

length of stay in different years. The table also shows arrivals in Nepal since 1999 to 2009.

Table: 5.8

Total Tourist Arrival and Length of Stay in Nepal (1984-2004)

FY

Tourist from India

Annual growth rate (%)

Tourist from countries other than India

Annual growth rate (%)

Total tourist

Annual growth rate (%)

By air by land Average stay in day

2000

28.6 71.4 100.0 85.7 14.3

2001 95915 -31.81 367731 +4.81 463646 -5.67 376914 86732

20.7 79.3 100.0 81.3 18.7

2002 64320 -32.94 296917 -19.26 361237 -22.09 299514 61723

17.8 82.2 100.0 82.9 17.1

2003 66777 +3.82 208691 -29.71 275468 -23.74 218660 56808

24.2 75.8 100.0 79.4 20.6

2004 86363 +29.33 251769 +20.64 338132 +22.75 275438 62694

25.5 74.5 100.0 81.5 18.5

2005 90326 +4.59 294971 +17.16 385297 +13.95 297335 87962

23.4 76.6 100.0 77.2 22.8

2006

102540 +23.01

223991 +6.56

326531 +11.23

289381 37150

31.4 68.6 100.0 88.6 11.4

20007

117260 +14.36

246135 +9.89

363395 +11.29

325035 38360

32.3 67.7 100.0 89.4 10.6

2008

122512 +4.4

271101 +10.14

393613 +8.32

343246 50367

31.1 68.9 100.0 87.2 12.8

2009

133438 +8.92

288419 +6.39

421857 +7.18

371145 50712

31.6 68.4 100.0 88.0 12.0

2010 143229 +7.34 320455 +11.11 463684 +9.91 398008 65676

Note: Number Represent the Percentage of Total. Compiled by research and information

division of FNCCI from Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation. Source: Nepal and the

World a Statistical profile, 2011.

Table 1 reveals that the tourist inflow is decreased (-1.54%) in 1984. In 1985 it increased up to

2:47 percent. Similarly, the annual growth rate is increased in 1986 and 1987. Then negative

impact of tourist inflow in 1999, 2002, 2001, 2002, it decreased. In last two years 2007 and 2008

it increased.

5.2.1 Tourist's Visiting Purpose

The tourists visiting Nepal have different purpose such as holiday pleasure, trekking and

mountaineering pilgrimage official conference and other. The tourist arrival by purpose of visit

gives the major guideline for the policy formation in the tourism sector. Table 2 shows the tourist

arrivals by purpose of visit. The trend of tourist's arrivals by purpose of visit is clear from the

following table.

Table: 5.9

Number of Tourists by Purpose of Visit

Purpose of visit

Year

Holiday pleasure

Trekking and mountaineering

Business Official Pilgrimage Conference meeting and seminar

Other Total

2000 290862 107960 23813 24132 19198 5965 19574 491504

59.2 22.0 4.8 4.9 3.9 1.2 4.0 100.0

2001 255889 118780 29454 20832 15801 5599 17291 463646

55.2 25.6 6.4 4.5 3.4 1.2 3.7 100.0

2002 187022 100828 18528 18727 12836 - 23296 361237

51.8 27.9 5.1 5.2 3.6 - 6.4 100.0

2003 110143 59279 16990 17783 12366 - 58907 275468

40.0 21.5 6.2 6.5 4.5 - 21.4 100.0

Tourists visiting in Nepal come for different reasons like holidays, trekking and mountaineering,

business, pilgrimage official, conferences and others.

5.2.2. Tourists Arrivals by Age Group and Sex

The study of tourist’s arrival by age and sex is quite important as it determines the nature and

interest of tourist in the distinction.

Table: 5.10

Tourists Arrival by Age and Sex

2004 57904 65721 19387 21967 21395 - 111758 338132

29.0 19.4 5.7 6.5 6.3 - 33.1 100.0

2005 167262 69442 13948 17088 45664 - 71893 385297

43.4 18.0 3.6 4.4 11.9 - 18.7 100.0

2006

168155 76865 23522 20431 5475 5361 26722 326531

51.5 23.5 7.2 6.3 1.7 1.6 8.2 100.0

20007

183207 84787 21829 20090 5257 5272 42953 363395

50.4 23.3 6.0 5.5 1.5 1.5 11.8 100.1

2008

209377 88945 25079 20191 4802 6054 39165 393613

53.2 22.6 6.4 5.1 1.2 1.5 10.0 100.0

2009

249360 91525 27409 24106 4068 5824 19565 421857

59.1 21.7 6.5 5.7 1.0 1.4 4.6 100.0

2010 261347 112644 24954 22123 16164 5181 21271 463684

56.4 24.3 5.4 4.8 3.5 1.1 4.6 100.0

Source : Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation,2010

Year Sex Total Age group

Male Female 0-15 16-30 31-45 46-60 61 & above

2000 205389 121142 326531 20097 96016 106260 66174 37984

62.9 37.1 100.0 6.2 29.4 32.5 20.3 11.6

2001 224769 138626 363395 22878 106603 120212 76647 37055

61.9 38.1 100.0 6.3 29.3 33.1 21.1 10.2

2002 233055 160558 393613 22185 94924 116307 89751 70446

59.2 40.8 100.0 5.6 24.1 29.5 22.8 17.9

2003 251358 170499 421857 23840 121286 126828 107111 42792

59.6 40.4 100.0 5.7 28.8 30.1 25.4 10.1

2004 267871 195813 463684 26763 122103 151846 121190 41782

57.8 42.2 100.0 5.8 26.3 32.7 26.1 9.0

2005 286161 205343 491504 30967 150307 155985 113317 40931

58.2 41.8 100.0 6.3 30.6 31.7 23.1 8.3

2006

266937 196709 463646 24997 147174 144118 109948 37409

57.6 42.4 100.0 5.4 31.7 31.1 23.7 8.1

20007

213465 147772 361237 14608 95801 115678 93621 41529

59.1 40.9 100.0 4.0 26.5 32.0 25.9 11.5

2008

174710 100758 275468 12425 67774 99622 67016 28630

63.4 36.6 100.0 4.5 24.6 36.2 24.3 10.4

2009

204732 133400 338132 16056 78357 99740 85753 58226

60.5 39.5 100.0 4.7 23.2 29.5 25.4 17.2

2010 255303 129994 385297 38734 84125 128267 96920 37251

66.3 33.7 100.0 10.0 21.8 33.3 25.2 9.7

Note: Figures in the parenthesis are percentage of the total.

Compiled by research and information division of FNCCI from Ministry of Culture, Tourism and

Civil Aviation.

5.2.3 Foreign Exchange Earning From the Tourism Sector

As we know that the tourist industry is a main source of income in Nepali economy. the foreign

exchange can be earned by different sector such as trekking agencies, hotel industry travel

agency and other sector, which is related with tourism.

Table: 5.11

Foreign Exchange Earning form the Tourism Sector

Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

Year Total foreign exchange

earnings from tourism (Rs. in millions)

As % of total value of

merchandize export

As % of total value of exports of goods and non-factor services

As % of total foreign

exchange earnings

As % of GDP

2000 8251.7 42.7 22.4 18.9 4.1

2001 8973.2 50.0 21.6 17.3 4.1

2002 9521.2 47.9 23.3 21.4 3.8

2003 8523.0 37.6 13.7 17.6 3.0

2004 9881.6 35.9 17.4 15.2 3.3

2005 12167.8 34.1 18.5 15.9 3.6

2006 12073.9 24.2 13.0 8.8 3.2

2007 11717.0 21.0 12.0 7.4 2.9

2008 8654.3 14.9 10.6 6.1 2.1

2009 11747.7 23.1 15.2 8.2 2.6

2010 18147.4 32.9 20.3 11.4 3.7

Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation,2010

5.2.6 Number of Tourist Visiting in Lumbini

Among the different religious places Lumbani occupies the large share of tourist visiting in

Lumbani. Lumbani heritage which are the main season for the large share of tourist arrivals in

Lumbini . Tourism in Lumbani has been started since the early 1970, especially after the

establishment Lumbini board, the volume of tourists visiting Lumbani ever growing.

Table: 5.12

The Number of Tourist Visiting in Lumbini

Year Total tourists arrivals in

the Country

Arrival sin Lumbani Percentage in total

tourist visit in Nepal

2000 363395 64749 17.81

2001 393613 83859 21.30

2002 421857 96062 22.77

2003 463684 104646 22.44

2004 491504 105084 21.38

2005 463646 117512 25.34

2006 361237 1062421 29.44

2007 275468 58317 21.17

2008 338132 48921 14.46

2009 385297 57846 1.1

2010 42644 15.1

Source: Park Entrance Ticket and Hotel Association of Lumbani Lumbani, Field survey.

The share of tourist visiting Lumbani is in the increasing trend except in some year which is

shown the above table. After 2004, this year the numbers of tourists are decrease to visiting

Lumbani. The main reason is the government isn't being able to launch the effective programme

and the increasing violence and in security in the country, the total no. of tourists is

comparatively less. But now days, peace is slightly maintained in the country and political

situation is being developed. Therefore, let's hope that the maximum number of tourists will

come in our country. So, to increase the number of tourists, we should take the country in the

path of peace and security.

5.2.7 Distribution of Tourists by Major Continents in Lumbini

Tourists visit Nepal form different places like Japan Western Europe, Australia and pacific Asia,

North American, Africa and others. In this study, 50 tourists from different continents were

interviewed using questionnaires. The distribution and percentage of this sample by different

continents is given in the following table

Table: 5.13

Tourists Visiting Lumbini by Major Continent

Continents No. of Respondents Percentage

Western Europe 23 46

Asia 22 44

North America 4 8

Australia & Pacific 1 2

Total

Source: Field Survey,2011

It can be seen that the majority of tourists visiting Lumbini were form western Europe 46

percent) followed by Asia 44%, North America 8% and Australia and Pacific 1%

Tourists Visiting Lumbini by Major Continent in Lum bini

5.2.8 Tourists visiting Purpose

Most of the tourists visiting Nepal have the objectives of entertainment, trekking and

mountaineering. The tourists visiting the Lumbani may have the purpose of pilgrimage peace

full environment recreation etc. In this sec

are given in table 5.17

Purpose

Birth place of Buddha

Pilgrimage

Peaceful environment

Recreation

Slight seeing

Exchange peace

44%

8%

Western Europe

50 100

It can be seen that the majority of tourists visiting Lumbini were form western Europe 46

percent) followed by Asia 44%, North America 8% and Australia and Pacific 1%

Figure: 5.16

Tourists Visiting Lumbini by Major Continent in Lum bini

5.2.8 Tourists visiting Purpose

Most of the tourists visiting Nepal have the objectives of entertainment, trekking and

mountaineering. The tourists visiting the Lumbani may have the purpose of pilgrimage peace

full environment recreation etc. In this section, the tourist arrivals in Lumbani by purpose of visit

Table: 5.14

Tourist Arrivals in Purpose of Visit

No. of Respondent Percentage

18

8

4

2

2

14

46%

8% 2%

Asia North America Australia & Pacific

100

It can be seen that the majority of tourists visiting Lumbini were form western Europe 46

percent) followed by Asia 44%, North America 8% and Australia and Pacific 1%

Tourists Visiting Lumbini by Major Continent in Lum bini

Most of the tourists visiting Nepal have the objectives of entertainment, trekking and

mountaineering. The tourists visiting the Lumbani may have the purpose of pilgrimage peace

tion, the tourist arrivals in Lumbani by purpose of visit

Percentage

36

16

8

4

4

28

Australia & Pacific

Other/study, research 2 4

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey, 2011

The highest number of visitors came to Lumbini with the purpose of visiting the place and

observing holy place. Out of 5 respondents interviewed, 36 percent reported Lumbini visiting.

5.2.9. Means of Transportation Used by Tourist

There are different kinds of transportation used by tourists. There are vehicles due to the facility

of mutable roads to access Lumbani. Tourists are traveling in Lumbani through local bus, plane,

car, vehicle, tourists but, motorcycle and others. There are many minibuses from Kathmandu to

Bhairawa. The different means of transportation used by tourists is presented in the following

table.

Table: 5.15

Means of transportation Used by Tourist

Means of Transportation No of Respondents Percent

Local bus 19 38

Plane 3 6

Car/own vehicles 6 12

Tourist bus 22 44

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey 2011

The majority of the tourist (44 percent) visited Lumbani by tourist bus, followed by local bus (38

percent) and car vehicle (12 percent) and plane only 6 percent.

5.2.10 Length of Stay of Tourists in Lumbini

The length of stay is crucial factor in Tourism development. In order to develop tourism

industry. It is necessary not only to increase the number of tourists’ inflow but also to increase

their length of stay. The length of stay depend onetime, money and desire of tourist. There are

almost 65 hotels/restaurant/ lodges. The length stay by tourists visit in Lumbani may be seen in

the following table.

Table: 5.16

Length of Stay Tourists in Lumbini

Stay period No. of Respondents Percentage

One-two day 17 34

Three four days 31 62

Five days-one week 2 4

More than one week 1 1

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey 2011

5.2.11 Tourists Expenditure Pattern

The tourists expenditure pattern depends upon available facilities and their purposes. This

subjects in directly related the length of stay of tourist in Lumbini. We can understand form

following table about the tourists of expenditure patterns.

Table: 5.17

Tourist Expenditure Pattern in Lumbini

Amount of Daily expenditure by one tourist (in

45$)

No. of

Respondents

Percentage

US $ 0 to 20 18 36

US $ 21 to 40 14 28

US $ 41 to 50 9 18

US $ 51 to 60 7 14

More than 61 2 4

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey, 2011

Tourist Expenditure Pattern in Lumbini

The 36 percent tourist spend up to 0 to 20 US$ 28 percent more than 20 dollars and less than 40

dollars, 18 percent spend more than 40 dollars and less than 50 dollars, 14 percent spend more

than 50 and less than 60 dollars and 4 percent spend more than 61

5.3 Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism

Tourism has emerged as one of the most vibrant activities in the country as it carries enough

strength to address necessities of the deprived and poor segment of the Nepalese population. This

sector is economic activity for national development. Due to its

and thereby increasing rural livelihood, tourism has become a priority agenda of government of

Nepal for the median term. The beauty of tourism also lies on the fact that it contributes to

foreign currency earning without

people with foreigners contributes to introduce local aesthetics to the outside world. Evidences

also show that a significant mass of non

The nation’s priorities in tourism have been in increasing the number of tourists and improving

quality of service. This sector is considered as a major source of foreign exchange earnings and

creation of employment. Policy makers and planers often emp

18%14%

4%

Figure: 5.17

Tourist Expenditure Pattern in Lumbini

The 36 percent tourist spend up to 0 to 20 US$ 28 percent more than 20 dollars and less than 40

dollars, 18 percent spend more than 40 dollars and less than 50 dollars, 14 percent spend more

than 50 and less than 60 dollars and 4 percent spend more than 61 dollars.

Economic Impact of Tourism

Tourism has emerged as one of the most vibrant activities in the country as it carries enough

strength to address necessities of the deprived and poor segment of the Nepalese population. This

sector is economic activity for national development. Due to its potential to increase employment

and thereby increasing rural livelihood, tourism has become a priority agenda of government of

Nepal for the median term. The beauty of tourism also lies on the fact that it contributes to

foreign currency earning without exploiting any natural resources for export mutual interface of

people with foreigners contributes to introduce local aesthetics to the outside world. Evidences

also show that a significant mass of non-urban population are gaining through tourism activitie

The nation’s priorities in tourism have been in increasing the number of tourists and improving

quality of service. This sector is considered as a major source of foreign exchange earnings and

creation of employment. Policy makers and planers often emphasize lasso on its multiplier

36%

28%

4% US $ 0 to 20

US $ 21 to 40

US $ 41 to 50

US $ 51 to 60

More than 61

The 36 percent tourist spend up to 0 to 20 US$ 28 percent more than 20 dollars and less than 40

dollars, 18 percent spend more than 40 dollars and less than 50 dollars, 14 percent spend more

Tourism has emerged as one of the most vibrant activities in the country as it carries enough

strength to address necessities of the deprived and poor segment of the Nepalese population. This

potential to increase employment

and thereby increasing rural livelihood, tourism has become a priority agenda of government of

Nepal for the median term. The beauty of tourism also lies on the fact that it contributes to

exploiting any natural resources for export mutual interface of

people with foreigners contributes to introduce local aesthetics to the outside world. Evidences

urban population are gaining through tourism activities.

The nation’s priorities in tourism have been in increasing the number of tourists and improving

quality of service. This sector is considered as a major source of foreign exchange earnings and

hasize lasso on its multiplier

US $ 0 to 20

US $ 21 to 40

US $ 41 to 50

US $ 51 to 60

More than 61

effects. Incentives are provided for investors in tourism establishments. Foreign direct

investment is sought in big projects especially hotels. However, mothers like equitable

distribution of tourism benefits and enlarging the distribution of tourism benefits and enlarging

the base by including poor and disadvantaged groups had never attracted concerns prior to the

tenth plan. Harnessing participation and equitable distribution of tourism benefits are more

manageable in new locations than in running ones. Hence, extending tourism to newer areas

helps attracting support of locals in the programme, there by contributing to sustainability.

However, Nepal has a poor record in adding new sites for tourists. Analysis in this segment is

restricted to aspects that have linkage with communities’ distribution of income, livelihood and

sustainability.

Tourism provides both direct and secondary employment. Direct employment includes

accommodation, restaurants, bars, shops, night clubs, transport operators and government

administration of tourism. Secondary employment embraces the construction, agriculture and

fishing, manufacturing and processing sectors.

The volume of secondary or direct employment generated depends on the degree of linkage

between the concerns meeting find tourist demand and the producers. The higher the degree of

integration and diversification in the economy the higher the amount of indirect employment

generated. In Nepal the major linkage developed by hotels are with the large centralized

wholesale sector.

Nevertheless, the volume of secondary employment generated can exceed the number of direct

tourism jobs. In Nepal, total employment generated by tourism in not known

Direct or Indirect Economic Benefits of Tourism

� Increased government revenue through various types of taxation.

� Tourism helps to reduce national trade decadency to the economy.

� Create jobs and increase family and community income.

� Helps to diversity and stabilize the rural economy.

� Provide the opportunity for innovation and creativity.

� Brings more money particularly foreign currency to the economy.

� Provides the support for existing business and services.

� Helps to develop local crafts and trade.

� Helps to develop other sector of the economy.

� Helps to develop national economy through development of infrastructure.

� Develop international peace and understanding.

� Tourism fosters a sense of national identity.

� Creates regional balance.

Economic Costs of Tourism

� Involves risk for the operator and community.

� Places/creates demands on public services.

� May only give part time employment.

� Many increase cost of living for community residents because of inflation of property and

goods and services costs.

Direct or Indirect Social Benefits of Tourism

� Helps to build up a community infrastructure.

� Provides the opportunities for cultural exchange.

� Develop international peace, friendship and understanding.

� Promotes a team community spirits particularly through the development of cultural and

entertainment activities.

� Creates conditions for safe guarding and enhancing local cultural identities.

� It brings in attitude and behaviour.

Social Cost of Tourism

� Tourism may cause the introduction of conflicting ideas and styles into the community.

� It may cause the increase of crime.

� Overcrowding and congestion.

� Infringement/break in privacy in household and in the sharing the important community

resources with outsiders.

� Institutional community and family jealousies as all may not share the benefit equally.

This study covers the period between2000-2010. Available information from primary and

secondary data is included in this chapter. The information on the number, length of stay,

purpose of visitors, age-sex tourism arrivals by major continents, foreign exchange earnings,

seasonal variation of tourist are analyzed in this chapter.

5.4 Impact of the Tourism in Lumbini

Before declaration of the park and the introduction of the tourism in Lumbini, the Tharus were

leading a peaceful environment with distinct Tharu identity. In fact, they were isolated not only

form the tourist but also from the non-Tharus. After 1973 most of the non-Tharus started to shift

either form hill regions or out-side Lumbani to the premises of this are in the expectation of

getting good sportily of the job.

The culture of the Tharus converted into prevailing culture than can be observed in Lumbani. It

is focused that the tourism industry has made several impacts in the local community of Lumbani

may be positive or negative that is why the researcher has attempted especially to reveal the

social and cultural impacts of tourism in Lumbini.

The impact of tourism in local cultural traditional and values is difficult to assess. Not only

tourists but also local people who travel for different purpose bring in new ideas wand behaviors

that affect cultural practices. Changes in people behavior dress, lifestyle family and social

stronger and values and expectations the degradation in local support for local rational and

institutions people preference for tourist related jobs over education, pollution of screed places

and changed in traditional architecture are generally cited as instances of tourisms negative

impact on culture.

5.4.1 Economic Impact

There is no doubt that tours industry in Lumbini has become job oriented industry by which the

great number of young men in Lumbini had been secured financially. Employment ranges from

the manpower working for the lodges or resorts, to those engaged indirectly in the tourist sector.

The numbers of trained guides in Lumbani are about 124 persons but presently only 75 were

found working. Generally, every resort hotel or lodge has got jeep or van. Approximately 69

persons are employed as a jeep or van driver. The majority of local people are employed in the

low level management. In the top level management employees of the resorts or hotels are form

Kathmandu. The landless people (by fire wood) the farmers (by supplying vegetables and foods)

the farming industries such as fish farming, livestock farming, and fruit farming are highly

benefited by tourism in Lumbini.

As the tourism industry is labour intensive, tourism can absorbed unemployed labour resources

which are particularly valuable in as with surplus unskilled labour. In the case of Lumbani also

more than 1200 people were employed although their large number was employed temporarily

on daily wages basis. However the salary pattern of employees is marginal the tourism in

Lumbani has provided employment especially for young people who were completely jobless.

Besides employment, the local people indicted following economic impact of tourism in

Lumbani.

� Increase in the price of land

� Increase in the rental opportunities of land and buildings.

� Increase in opportunity of selling local culture to the tourists.

� Increase in opportunities in business.

Finally, the tourism is Lumbani has left positive effect in the economy, specially the jobless men

and women eagerly taken up a job of guiding tourisms as well as helping them to transport their

language.

Ecological Impact

Lumbani is world renowned for its unique diversity of its flora and fauna. It represents a heartily

pristine ecosystem of the river valley and Siwalik Hills. The rich bio-diversity of Lumbani

garden is however under increasing threat due to over exploitations. The growing scale of

garbage disposal by different hostel in the Lumbini Garden is affecting the entire aquatic ecology

of the river. Although this is too common in all hotels and lodges but there is massive burning of

woods it the name of campfire and for other alternatives sources of energy.

5.4.2 Social Impact

Tourism has its impact on socio-economic conditions of Lumbini. The development of tourism

industry in thesis remote areas has brought a number of changes in Lumbini. Conservative social

structure has changed by tourism on Lumbini such as the life style of people has changed the

land has become expensive traditional culture has become wider in sense and the man secular

impact in Lumbini is that the man who does not know the English alphabet like a,b,c, but speak

English excellent. In this way by the development tourism infrastructures like transpiration,

communication, jeep riding from Lumbini to regular visiting facility on Lunbini garden, which

facilitated the villages. Modern and the women are seen wearing Sari, Lumbani garden printed

vest frock and the children are seen in school dress. The villagers are close with the tourism

industry because they provide firewood and other necessary things by which they are influenced

by the foreigners.

The village’s respondents fee that there are some harms associated with tourism development.

The majority of them specially children and teenagers might learn bad habits from the tourists.

Some residents viewed that the development of tourism may take their villagers unsafe. Though,

some harms are associated with elopement of tourism they are actually insignificant in

comparison to benefits.

5.4.3 Environment Impact

It is very difficult to find out the environmental impact by tourism in Lumbini. Before 1971, the

jungle was destroyed recklessly and after the establishment of Lumbini Garden in 1973, the

government stared to pressure the jungle as well s wild animals by using the Army. The natural

beauties of Lumbini garden was being destroyed by deforestation resulting from comprises for

tourists every night, over grazing of cattle's and agricultural practice by local people. No

additional plantation resulted thus the defloration led to landslides and gradually the natural

beauties of Lumbini were being degraded.

5.5 Prospects of Tourism in Lumbini

Lumbini is rapidly expanding village situated on the Northern edge of The Lumbini in the low

lands of southern Nepal. Today Lumbini Garden stands as a successful testimony of natural

conservation in South Asia. Lumbini is rapidly growing as the second important tourist’s

paradise in Nepal. Lumbini as a tourism sector has played a vital role for earning foreign

currencies which is the main source of government revenue. Infrastructure and amenities play

vital role to increase the visitors. There are many prospects of tourism development in Lumbini.

The prospects for the promoter, development and diversification of tourism in Lumbini are

presented as follows:

Prospects

1. Navigation

Devdaha navigation is a good opportunity for the development of tourism in Lumbini.

Management steamers or any other auto-boards parodied tremendous influence in our tourism.

Further, more it is a good water transport to Indian borders for recreational and amusement

purpose. The feasibility study of this navigation has already been made in 1998 and

recommended highly feasible for enhancing tourism.

2. Explore, Organize and Manage trekking tour to Tilaura Kot

Other is some attractive trekking routes in Lumbini and others are free examples. Hiking to

Lumbini in plane region followed by trekking by the attraction of tourist.

3. Set up a Summer Hill Station in Tilaura Kot

This plane can be effective for high quality goriest interested to relax few days in Roadside

mountain. It provides good income to the local villagers and on the way communication for

NGO's interested to promote community income.

4. Manage study Biddhist philosophy

Books and articles are collected in Lumbini for study on Buddhist philosophy that is also

important for Buddhist study.

5. Establish a Model holiday Tour for Ancient capital of Tilaurakot

A model holiday village, probably not far from Lumbini is another effective plan for stooping

tourists a long duration. Entrance fee for tourists can be charged and the related communities will

be benefited keeping home lodges and restaurants. PRA/RRA method can be adopted to select

such a single village among proposed few villages for the success of this plan.

6. Establish effective recreational facilities

Tourists cannot stay longer and spend huge money unless they have attractive recreational

facilities. Few prospects on this regard are presented below:

� Observing Maya Devi

� Sunbathe facilities

� Study of Buddist philosophy

� Equipped sit oxen a cart transport in specific areas

� Gunba visiting

� Balloon flying Golf playing facilities

7. Amusement

Establish a modern culture hall in Lumbini and manage daily cultural show of the different tribes

of Lumbini such as, Newar Kumar, Darai, Gurng, Tamang, Bhraman, and Chhetries together

with folk Nepali music and dances

8. Establish a Model Tourist Information Center in Municipality with the following

Facilities:

� Twenty-four hour tourist informant service.

� Up to date data bank on tourism.

� Modern tourism research center with-equipped library

� Eco-museum with wildlife together with the cultural clothing and housing appliances of

Lumbini

� A to Z tourist informant of Nepal.

� Service oriented tourist information center as a branch in municipality and Lumbini.

9. Publication and Distribution

Publication and distribute the following paper aids and visual aids and distribute them inside and

outside the country.

� Effective books in English, French, and Spanish, describing the attractions of Lumbini.

� It makes films on Lumbini to show the country and abroad in-media round all the

continent of the world.

10. Publish Scientific Map of

� Lumbini district is attractive areas. Treeking map of proposed trekking routes Lumbini

and Tilaurakot.

� It showing the probable locations of different wild animals.

11. Publish Small Booklets:

Providing information of tourism in Lumbini to distribute freely at the Tribhuvan International

Airport and other overland entry points

12. Establish a Tourism Training Center

Establish a tourist-training center in Lumbani for professional management of tourism and for

the production of adequate manpower with sufficient and appropriate skills on tourism handling.

There is such a center at Kathmandu but it is only able to provide the theoretical knowledge.

Here, we can provide the trainees both the theoretical and practical knowledge on the related

field. An example is the establishment of mountaineering school is Manning instead of

Katmandu of broth the theoretical and practical knowledge on mountaineering.

� Build a standardized Ayurved, Herbal natural and Yoga treatment center in Lumbini

Garden Also develop Bhairawa tourist came medical city

� Construct a modern tourist park and if technically possible a Botanical garden in Lumbini

area, north of Ganes than at Bhairawa , where a public land of about 20 Bigha (14

hectors) is deserting in vain. Develop it as a tourism area for all and staying report for

thesis writer students and book writer experts.

� Develop Ram Nagar as monkey research center where Nepali scholars as well as the

German students are already researching on monkeys since the last five years.

� Preserve and restore religions atmosphere in that is of almost importance for holy tourists

and a place of enormous interests for all.

� Control tourist pricing in accordance with the facilities and eliminate bargaining system.

� Open a tourist campaign site and youth hostel in Butwal municipality

� Keep signal board in each and every square of Bhairawa and Nagar municipalities with

the name of related square (chock) and the roads projected form there.

� 21. Develop Lumbini as the tourism center and gate way to the tourists traveling eastern

and western region of Nepal.

� Take immediate actions for making Lumbin is the gateway for visit Nepal 1998 and

Tourisn year 2011.

� Transfer the Bhairawa Airport to Lumbini Garden and develop Airport with modern

facilities. Develop Bhairawa Airport as a modern city park.

5.6 Problems of Tourism in Lumbini

There are many problems associated with tourism development in Lumbini. Tourist could not

enjoy as they expect due to the lack of modern facilities. It recreational faculties are totally

provided in Lumbani the length of stay in Lumbani may increase. The major problems associated

with the tourism in Lumbini are given below:

1. There is a problem of water supply in Lumbini. All the hotels have their hand pipe or

well. Due to the lack of water supply, the second and third category hotels are unable to

fulfill the demand for pure drinking water and hot and cold water for bath.

2. Jeep and cart are less provided by government for tourists.

3. Lack of physical faculties

4. Not suitable for bus park and city guides pick up form there.

5. Most parts of Lumbini are not linked with the regular memorable roads. There are no

telephone factories sufficiently.

6. There are no sufficient health care centers in Lumbini. All the tourists’ sites need to have

health care center.

7. There is lack of trained manpower like guide and naturalist who can explain dentally

about the vegetation and wild animals of Lumbini.

8. Lumbini suffers from sanitation problems. The entrance of Lumbini and the edge of the

river are full of wastage despots.

9. Inundation problem during the summer seasons.

10. All of the hotels in Lumbini where have not sufficient rooms to accommodate the

distinction bound tourists during the peak season. It is the great problem for the tourists.

11. Lack of banks to exchange visa credit and master cards.

12. Lack of meditation place for tourist.

13. Hospital is needed in Lumbini.

14. Expensive of entry fee.

CHAPTER - VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

6.1 Summary

Tourism industry is going to be most important in the world today. The large numbers of

counties of the world have given some priority to the development of tourism in their own

country by allocating and investing more money in this sector. All the counties of the world have

accepted tourism industry as a mains sector of learning foreign currencies along with a generator

of new employment opportunities.

Most tourists visiting (62%) are form Europe and mostly staying in Lumbini for Three four

days period. Most of the tourists (80 Percent) are found satisfied with the accommodation and

service provided by the hotel and naturalists. Basically, they expressed their nation that they

prefer to stay in new modern lodges instead of Buddhist community.

Tourists entirely by air are 77.2 percent of the total arrivals where as those by land stand 22.8

percent in 2010. By age group the largest number goes to the group is 31-45 years 33.3 percent

and 46-60 years 25.2 percent of the total tourist. The 80 percent tourists is agree in service

satisfaction, 16 percent are disagree and 4% indifference. The largest number of tourist

representing 46 percent came from Japan, 44 percent, 8 parent and 2 percent from Asia, North

America and Australia and 9 pacific respectively.

Some natives have been employed in hotels. Their mode of employment is as following. Jeep

driving naturalist, machete, city guiding, grade her, room boy etc. and very few natives have

been found operating the hotels and restaurants. The salary that they achieve even in peak season

is nation sufficient to meet the household cost. For the slack season, they need to look for other

job.

Host culture is replaced by the western culture and to an extent by hill magentas sculpture.

Park people conflict can also be noticed in. This indicates that there is dire need of appropriate

legal forma work addressing the compensation of the crops and livestock depredation to the

natives.

Kerosene and gas stoves are introduced in some houses instead of fire wood because the natives

are not allowed to enter the part for the collection of resources. It is found that the natives have

followed the modern system and techniques instead of rational are the modern system comprises

of good irrigation system, improved seeds and chemical fertilizer and so on. Similarly, means of

Agriculture such s tractor, sue of hand pump and others are introduced lately in this community.

Mother group of Lumbini in order to generate the income is very active to conduct adult class

and training of knitting, sewing and weaving etc. Among the total shopkeeper 15 percent green

vegetable supply to customer’s percent firewood 15 percent rice and wheat 0 percent fish and

meat and 55 percent other (handicraft)

In 2008, the large number of tourist’s arrivals in Lumbini by purpose was visiting Maya Devi

temple, observing Buddha birth place were 36 percent, 29 percent and 16 percent respectively.

Roughly, 44 percent of total tourists were found to travel by tourist bus and 38 percent by local

bus during the survey period.

The 62 percent tourists were found to stay for three-four days and 34 percent were found to

spend one-two days and 4 percent were found to spend five days-one week out of 50

respondents. The majority Tourist (36.5 percent US $ 0 to 20, 28 percent tourist spent US$ 50,

14 percent tourist spent US $ 51 to 60 and 4 percent tourist spent more than 61.

The large numbers of tourists are happy to the service with service of. There is a lack of well

organized peaceful environment and physical evidence. The hotel/lodge buy different kinds of

gods form shopkeeper then tourist and local people.

The most promising season for tourist is autumn, according to the field survey of 2068.

The large number of hotel and lodges are town houses of Lumbini people. There are around 40

hotel/lodges. The price variation range from US$ 2 to 25 for single bed rooms and US$ 3 to 35

for double bed room. The local Bhairawa Bazaar is found to be nearest market and therefore

seems to benefit from tourism. In the hotels/lodges the charge for tourists is high where as for

the same facilities the charge is less for Nepalese in comparison with that of tourists.

6.2 Conclusion

This study I was analyzed and socio economic impact of tourism in Lumbini comparing with the

past. In the same way it explores the problems and prospect of tourism development found out

the problems and prospects of tourism development in Lumbini. It is analyzed the present

situation and condition of tourism development in Lumbini.

An important part of the tourism development in Neal to increase number of tourist arrivals to

length their stay to give a good image of Nepal to the visitors so as to attract them for re-visit

and to make them spend more on Nepalese goods and service. Most of the local people believe

that tourism in Lumbini has a good impact on local residents with the growth of tourism in

Lumbini the land value has increased. A number of industries, Flourished especially hotel,

industry, frits farming, vegetable farming, poultry farming and livestock farming. The industries

have been providing employment to local youths. However it is interesting to hotel that the

salary patterns of employees are low and local area.

The tourists sector of Nepal is to heavily reliant on heritage man-made as well as nature. The

structure and pattern of tourist activities has essentially remained the same over the years. A total

of 385,297 visited Nepal and total foreign exchange earning form Tourism 6683.2 (Rs in million)

in 2008/09. There is high degree of significant relationship between the hotels facilities and the

tourist arrivals in Lumbini . It shows that hotels industry plays a vital role in promoting tourism,

industry. The number of hotels is increasing every year in this local area and yet it has bright

prospects for the well facilitated hotels and lodges.

The peoples is Lumbini area have been turned and attracted towards tourist trade which has

increasingly assisted people to uplift the standard of life and strengthen themselves

economically. The local people have been benefited from the development of tourism

infrastructure such as transportation, communications and electric facilities.

The tourism in Lunbini has effect in the economy of research area . Increase in the price of land,

increase in the rental opportunities of land and buildings, increase in opportunities in business,

increase in opportunity of selling local cure to the tourists.

6.3 Suggestions

On the basis of opinion expressed by respondents and also according to the findings of the study

the following suggestions are recommended in a way to promote the tourism in general and raise

the awareness to the natives about their culture in Particular.

1. Different types of training should be imported to the natives and others related as the

areas. Like food and beverages, guide, fund officers, receptionist waiter and so forth for

the sake of enhancing hospitality that obviously helps promote the tourism in the study

area.

2. Reliable information centers of Buddism and eastern philosophy area need to be

established both the ministry of tourism area need to be established both the ministry of

tourism and hotel association of Nepal form which the tourists may the actual

information.

3. Keeping the view of poor communication facility, telephone and related services should

be facilitated in the area. This is particularly of vital importance especially for the

foreign tourists.

4. The flood of Lumbini Garden is also destroying the natural beauties of the park every

year. Various flood control measures to be taken up for flood by the tourism and hotel

association of Lumbini in collaboration with government of Nepal.

5. The most valuable Buddhist Philosophy is going to be disappeared from the world, only

found in Lumbini Garden. So they must be preserved.

6. Keeping in view of religions tourism the visit of different pilgrimages such as Dvdha,

Ramgram, Tilaura Kot etc and so forth can be introduced the new places as new

destinations. This will also help increase the average stay of the tourists.

7. The majority of the tourists do not feel secure. So the noted association should think

about the matter.

8. A international Airport should be constructed in Lumbini Garden for the development of

tourism. The air service at present is insufficient for large number of tourist arrivals in

Lumbini .

9. The government leadership should be launched effective policy and programme for the

development of Tourism Lumbini Garden .

10. All obstacles which is effect the tourist, these obstacles should be remove.

11. Local people, hotel owners to be aware for the development of Tourism in Lumbini .

Apart from this there is also a need to make the locals aware of different aspects of tourism its

significance native’s role to promote tourism and others. These double fold approaches need

careful execution with the harmonization of policy, plan programs and activities of a number of

nodal institutions like MOCTA, NTB, NIDC and some related NGOs and INGOs.

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Questionnaires

Questionnaire for Hotel Owners

1. Name of the respondent.

2. Age ( ) 16-25, ( ) 26-30 , ( ) 30-45,

( ) 46-55, ( ) 56 and above

3. Sex ( ) male, ( ) female

4. Normally, which type of tourists visit in this area?

( ) Domestic, ( ) Foreign

5. Generally, how long do the tourists stay in this area?

( ) Few hours, ( ) One night

( ) Two nights, ( ) Three nights, ( ) More than three nights

6. What are your rent for rooms and beds?

Double bed ( ), Single bed ( ), others ( )

7. How many rooms and beds are available in your hotel/lodge?

8. How much do you earn per month from tourism business?

a. Rs. 500-Rs 1000

b. Rs. 1000-Rs. 1500

c. Rs. 1500 and above

9. Are people got benefited from Tourism business?

a. Yes b. No

10. If not, What are the reasons behind?

a. Domination of elites b. Low income

c. Lack of awareness d. Lack of training

11. What things do you think, to attract for the tourists?

( ) lake, ( ) forest,, ( ) wildlife

( ) local culture, ( ) others

12. What is liked by the tourists most in Lumbini?

( ) physical thing, ( ) natural thing, ( ) medical thing,

( ) cultural thing, ( ) don't know

13. Is any scope of domestic tourism in Lumbini?

a. Yes b. No

14. What can we do for the development and improvement of tourism profession in future?

( ) preservation of lake, ( ) preservation of forest

( ) preservation of wild animal ( ) preservation of culture and traditions

( ) all the above

15. Are any potential sites for tourism activities in Lumbini?

16. What do you thing the fundamental thing for tourism development?

18. Have you any recommendation for the promotion of tourism in Lumbini?

Questionnaire for Visitors

1. Name of respondent:

2. Age: ( ) 16-25, ( ) 26-30, ( ) 30-45,

( ) 46-55, ( ) 56 and above

3. Sex a. Male b. female

4. Educational status: a. literate b. illiterate c. primary

d. Higher secondary e. SLC f. IA g. BA

h. BA and above

5. What is your marital status?

a. Married b. Unmarried

c. Widow

6. Caste: a. Brahmin/Chatri b. Magar c. Gurung

d. Tharu e. Newar f. Others