Processes

Part 4

ProcessesPart 4

• In Part 1 we looked at Residualisms, which leave scattered traces in modern dialects.

• Part 2 dealt with more prominent processes.

• In Part 3 we began looking at processs which occurred in Britain after the Atlantic Split (Amrican vs. British English)

• In Part 4 will will finish with British processes

WellsChapter 3

Middle English

Wells 3.2 British prestige innovations

Wells 3.3 Some American innvoations

Wells 3.4 Later British innvoations

1400

1600"The Great

Divide"

Wells 3.1 Residualisms

p .212

Those changes which occurred in British prestige English(RP) after the “great divide”

p.242

Changes occurring in American English after the “great divide” which did not affect British English

p 252

Later British non-prestige changes (not in RP)

p. 242

(Later, when we move to America)

p252

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

p253

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

• H-Dropping on unstressed structural words occurs in most native English accents, including RP and GA.

This is not what we call H-Dropping!Review the material on Weak Forms from the first-year Phonetics course at http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/weakforms.html

(Scroll down to (d) h-dropping)

• H-Dropping on unstressed structural words occurs in most native English accents, including RP and GA

he, his, her, have, has, had

I think he arrives on Monday

I gave it to her yesterday

Bush has changed his mind

What had Harriet got to say?

I have her certificate here

No, sorry, that’s his.

• H-Dropping on unstressed structural words occurs in most native English accents, including RP and GA

he, his, her, have, has, had

• H-Dropping on unstressed structural words occurs in most native English accents, including RP and GA

he, his, her, have, has, had

• “H-Dropping” refers to loss of h in stressed words

What had Harriet got to say?

I have her certificate here

No, sorry, that’s his.

• Repercussions: hypercorrection

Harthur and Henry

No, he hisnt

And use of h in weak fors (Adoptive RP, for instance):

I have just sent off her certificate

p256

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

p.256

p.256

FLEECE

FACE

PRICE CHOICE

GOOSE

GOAT

MOUTH

Diphthong ShiftWhat is the difference between a buffalo and a bison?

You can't wash your hands in a buffalo

bison

basin

Oh I am the cook and the captain boldAnd the mate of the Nancy brig,And the bo’sun tight,And the midshipmiteAnd the crew of the Captain’s gig.

http://www.stormy.ca/marine/nancy_bell.html

W.S. Gilbert, The Yarn of the 'Nancy Bell'

Diphthong Shift(Melchers and Shaw call this “Wide Diphthongs”)

Initial simplification:

paint

pint

point

RP London

Sub-systems

A B C D

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-system B

Sub-systems

A B C D

Sub-system C

Sub-system C

Sub-system C

Wells deals briefly with Diphthong Shift in Vol. 1 pp.256-6 and in greater detail:Vol 2 pp. 306-310 ( London)Vol 3 pp.597-8 (Australia), p. 614 (South Africa)

p259

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

p.258

Rule for allophones of l in RP:

Rule for allophones of l in accents with L Vocalization:

p.258

From Phonetics exam 2006:

Lazy girls lie all night long

on piled-up milk-white pillows

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

p.262

p.262

L = lateral, S = sibilant, true C = other consonants

L = lateral, S = sibilant, true C = other consonants

in all environments except #__V

Found in:

p.262

Non-prestige (non-RP innovations)

• H Dropping

• Diphthong Shift

• L Vocalization

• Glottalization (and Glottaling)

• The –ing variable

p.262

p.262

hi

lo

p.262

ME : -inde originally a verbal inflection,-ing originally a verbal noun.

Later both current as either.

?

p.262

p.262

Subject to the Weak Vowel Merger(Lenin-Lennon Merger):

wanted, kisses, rabbit, stop it

p.262

p.263

p.263