Product Manual Chronic

8/14/2019 Product Manual Chronic

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Ofloa|nei

J| jq o qze|hi|ja ?3"foa|nei l{yc |ho| jq o oflnq|i{nei oe|ocnejq| je o afoqqnd who{boaiy|jaof aoffil bjei{ofnan{|janjl {iaiw|n{ oe|ocnejq|& yqilw{jbo{jfz |n |{io| hio{| dojfy{i& oqaj|iq je wo|jie|q sj|h fjti{ ljqioqi& oq

siff oq hjch kfnnl w{iqqy{i%

Biahoejqb nd oa|jneQwj{nenfoa|nei jehjkj|q |hi iddia| nd oflnq|i{nei kz anbwi|jec dn{je|{oaiffyfo{ B[ {iaiw|n{%B[ {iaiw|n{q o{i fnao|il o| to{jnyq wfoaiq hieai qwj{nenfoa|nei nddi{qbyf|jwfi kieidj|q%

Who{boan`jei|ja= Okqn{w|jne Siff okqn{kil \jbi |n {ioah wio`

wfoqbo fitifq

?"1h

Kjnotojfokjfj|z :?) Wfoqbo w{n|ije

kjeljec

:7)

Wfoqbo hofd fjdi (|?.;* ?%1 |n ?%


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Ifjbjeo|jne Bojefz je y{jeiAT iddia|q nd Oflnq|i{nei=

Ieln|hifjof lzqdyea|jne Toqayfo{ jedfobbo|jne Bznao{ljof jqahibjo

Eia{nqjq Jea{ioqi anffocie qze|hiqjq Jea{ioqi je WOJ ? oa|jtj|z Lia{ioqi je ko{n{iaiw|n{ qieqj|jtj|z Jea{ioqi je [NQ Jea{ioqil ao{ljnaz|i ownw|nqjq

Jeljao|jne $ Lnqoci

Iqqie|jof Hzwi{|ieqjne= 97"?77bc.loz NL n{ Ljt% Lnqiq AHD $ n|hi{ nilibo|nyq q|o|iq=?77 ";77bc.loz

Aj{{hnqjq= ?77 "


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Sho| jq |hi {nfi nd Ofloa|nei je oqaj|iq>

Oqaj|iq jq |hi bnq| anbbne anbwfjao|jne nd aj{{hnqjq% Boeocibie| nd oqaj|jiq jq

lji|o{z qof| {iq|{ja|jne oel ljy{i|ja |hi{owz% \hi ljy{i|ja nd ahnjai jq Ofloa|nei&qjeai qianelo{z hzwi{oflnq|i{nejqb (hjch fitifq nd oflnq|i{nei* jq oe jbwn{|oe|aoyqi nd qnljyb oel so|i{ {i|ie|jne je qyah wo|jie|q% Itie jd wo|jie|q {iyj{iollj|jneof ljy{i|jaq& qwj{nenfoa|nei qhnyfl ki ane|jeyil% [iqwneqi jq bioqy{ilkz bnej|n{jec lojfz {ilya|jne je knlz sijch|%

\hi jej|jof lnqi nd Ofloa|nei jq yqyoffz 97bc wi{ loz% \hi lnqi boz kijea{ioqil |n oq byah oq

Biahoejqb nd oa|jne=

Jehjkj| oflnq|i{nei {iaiw|n{q je ljq|of anetyfo|il |ykyfi (LA\* $ anffia|jec lya|(A\* nd eiwh{ne

Ljy{iqjq sj|h @

+

{i|ie|jne

Kfnnl tnfybi

Ao{ljoa ny|wy| (AN*

Kfnnl W{iqqy{i (KW*

\n ki iddia|jti oq oe oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti ocie|& Ofloa|nei (bjfl ljy{i|ja* jqanbkjeil sj|h oen|hi{ ljy{i|ja& ciei{offz o |hjo}jli ljy{i|ja% \hi lnqoci ndOfloa|nei je hzwi{|ieqjne jq 97"?77 bc.loz%

Sho| jq |hi {nfi nd Ofloa|nei je |hi boeocibie| nd eiwh{n|ja qzel{nbi>


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Ofloa|nei jq yqil oq o ljy{i|ja |n {ilyail qnljyb oel so|i{ {i|ie|jne je |hjqanelj|jne%Anetie|jneof ljy{i|jaq o{i anbbnefz yqil je |hi |{io|bie| nd wo|jie|q sj|heiwh{n|ja nilibo% Qwj{nenfoa|nei boz w{itie| n{ an{{ia| ljy{i|ja jelyailhzwnòfibjo oel boz hoti oe ollj|jti ljy{i|ja iddia| shie olbjejq|i{il

aneanbj|oe|fz% Hnsiti{ Qwj{nenfoa|nei qhnyfl en| ki yqil je wo|jie|q sj|h {ieofdojfy{i kiaoyqi nd {jq` nd hzwi{òfibjo% \hi lnqoci nd Qwj{nenfoa|nei je |hjqanelj|jne jq ?77";77bc.loz%

\hi [oelnbj}il Ofloa|nei Itofyo|jne Q|ylzNkmia|jti " \hi Iddia| nd Qwj{nenfoa|nei ne Bn{kjlj|z oel Bn{|ofj|z je Wo|jie|qsj|h Qiti{i Hio{| Dojfy{i%

Liqjce " \hi [oelnbj}il Ofloa|nei Itofyo|jne Q|ylz ([OFIQ* soq liqjceil|n |iq| |hi hzwn|hiqjq |ho| lojfz |{io|bie| sj|h ;9 bc nd qwj{nenfoa|nei snyfl

qjcejdjaoe|fz {ilyai |hi {jq` nd lio|h d{nb off aoyqiq obnec wo|jie|q shn holqiti{i hio{| dojfy{i oq o {iqyf| nd qzq|nfja fid| tie|{jayfo{ lzqdyea|jne oel shnsi{i {iaijtjec q|oelo{l |hi{owz& jeafyljec oe OAI jehjkj|n{& jd |nfi{o|il%Liqjce"

En% nd wo|jie|" ?441 Wo|jie| |zwi " Ljocenqil dn{ HD je foq| qjx sii`q |jbiq% Wo|jie| EZHO afoqq" 1 $< Imia|jne d{oa|jne" 19) \{io|bie| " OAIJ& Ljy{i|ja& Ljcj|ofjq Ly{o|jne" 14 bne|hq

[iqyf|q \hi |{jof soq ljqane|jeyil io{fz kiaoyqi oe je|i{jb oeofzqjq

li|i{bjeil |ho| qwj{nenfoa|nei soq iddjaoajnyq%

\hi{i soq 17 wi{aie| {ilya|jne je |hi {jq` nd lio|h obnec wo|jie|qje |hi qwj{nenfoa|nei c{nyw%

Je ollj|jne& wo|jie|q shn {iaijtil qwj{nenfoa|nei hol o qjcejdjaoe|jbw{ntibie| je |hi qzbw|nbq nd hio{| dojfy{i& oq oqqiqqil ne |hikoqjq nd |hi Eis Zn{` Hio{| Oqqnajo|jne dyea|jneof afoqq%

Aneafyqjneq Kfnaòli nd oflnq|i{nei {iaiw|n{q kz qwj{nenfoa|nei& je ollj|jne |n

q|oelo{l |hi{owz& qykq|oe|joffz {ilyaiq |hi {jq` nd kn|h bn{kjlj|zoel lio|h obnec wo|jie|q sj|h qiti{i hio{| dojfy{i% (E Iecf M Bil?:::=1


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[nfi wfoz dn{ Ofloa|nei=Ofloa|nei je wnq| BJ

\KB= Lna|n{ jd zny offns bi J snyfl fjì |n èns shi|hi{ Ofloa|nei dn{bq owo{| nd zny{ nw|jbof |hi{owz od|i{ BJ>L[= Ziq J [x j| oq o ljy{i|ja dn{ hzwi{tnfibja wo|jie|q%\KB= Dj{q| nd off |hoe`q dn{ qifia|jec Ofloa|nei oq o wo{| nd zny{ nw|jbof |hi{owzdn{ wo|jie|q od|i{ BJ% Ky| qj{ jd zny offns bi J snyfl fjì |n |h{ns qnbi fjch| neiddia|q nd Ofloa|nei kiznel o ljy{i|ja%

Lna|n{ oq zny o{i siff oso{i |ho| ?4"

Ofloa|nei $ jeajlieaiq nd hzwi{òfibjo

\KB = Lna|n{ J snyfl fjì |n fio{e d{nb zny |ho| dn{ o wo|jie| nd Wnq| BJ n{ HDhns nd|ie ln zny w{iqa{jki bz Ofloa|nei>L{= Ziq J ln w{iqa{jki od|i{ BJ n{ je HD wo|jie|q dn{ o| fioq| 1 bne|hq%\KB = Lna|n{ J ob qy{i zny èns |ho| |hi{i jq lidjej|i oltoe|oci nd w{iqa{jkjecOfloa|nei |n zny{ HD wo|jie|q oq j| lia{ioqiq |hi ao{ljoa bn{|ofj|z kz 17) oelhnqwj|ofj}o|jne kz 19) shjah soq itjlie| d{nb [OFIQ |{jof& qn Qj{ jd zny offns

bi boz J èns shz zny w{idi{ Ofloa|nei dn{ qhn{| qwoe nd |jbi>L{= J ob sn{{jil okny| fjdi |h{io|iejec hzwi{òfibjo oqqnajo|il sj|h yqi ndOfloa|nei%\KB= Lna|n{ J {ioffz oww{iajo|i zny{ aneai{e dn{ |hi qodi|z nd zny{ wo|jie|q& ky|hi{i J snyfl fjì |n k{jec |n zny{ en|jai ai{|oje doa|q okny| Ofloa|nei%

Lna|n{ J snyfl fjì |n qho{i sj|h zny |hi doa| oaan{ljec |n [OFIQ |{jof |hijea{ioqi je |hi wn|oqqjyb fitif soq nefz 7%1 bI.F $ |hi oti{ocikoqifjei @ fitif je |hi c{nyw soq


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{icyfo{ nkqi{to|jne je [OFIQ |{jof% Je doa| Qj{ dnffnsjec |hi [OFIQ |{jofkiaoyqi nd Ofloa|neiq kieidj| |hi w{iqa{jw|jne jea{ioqil 9 |jbiq shi{ioq|hi jeajlieaiq nd hzwi{òfibjo ljl en| jea{ioqi je |hi qobi {o|jn shjahjeljao|iq o wnn{ an {ifo|jne ki|siie yqi nd Ofloa|nei $ jeajlieaiq ndhzwi{òfibjo% Ofqn Qj{ EIMB o{|jafi je Oyc ;77< qozq |ho| lnen| sj|hhnfl

|hi wo|jie|q d{nb |hi kieidj|q nd qwj{nenfoa|nei%

Jeq|iol |hi aneay{{ie| [x shjah snyfl fiolq |n hzwi{òfibjo qhnyfl ki{ilyail& {icyfo{ @ fitifq qhnyfl ki bnej|n{il% Qj{ J ob qy{i zny{ wo|jie|jd w{nwi{fz ilyao|il okny| |hi qzbw|nbq nd Hzwi{òfibjo snyfl w{idi{ |nbnej|n{ hjq @ fitifq {o|hi{ |hoe hoti sn{qiejec nd qzbw|nbq $qykqiyie| hnqwj|ofj}o|jne%

L{= \ho| jq |{yi ky| J ob oww{ihieqjti okny| w{iqa{jkjec j| oq |hi{i o{i {iwn{|q ndhzwi{òfibjo sj|h qwj{nefoa|nei%\KB= Qj{ jd zny snyfl en| bjel J snyfl fjì |n k{jec |n zny{ nkqi{to|jne |ho| |hi{i

o{i {iwn{|q shjah qycciq| |ho| w{iqa{jkjec wfoje EQOJLq boz ofqn cjtihzwi{òfibjo shjah jq bn{i w{nenyeail |hoe qwj{nenfoa|nei% Ky| L{q q|jffane|jeyi |n w{iqa{jki j| oq |hi kieidj|q do{ ny| soz |hi ljqoltoe|ociq oqqnajo|ilsj|h EQOJL% Qjbjfo{fz qj{ sj|h bz Ofloa|nei |hi kieidj|q sho| zny hoti sj|h{ico{lq |n lia{ioqil AT bn{|ofj|z $ bn{kjlj|z ny|sijch {jq` nd hzwi{òfibjo%

Lna|n{& koqil ne |hjq qodi|z lo|o& ln zny |hje` bz Ofloa|nei sjff djel sjli{yqoci obnec zny{ wo|jie|q sj|h HD.BJ> N[\hyq Lna|n{ je |hjq eis fjch| nd itjlieai aoe J ci| oqqy{oeai dn{ zny{ane|jeynyq wo|{neoci dn{ iti{z wo|jie| nd zny{q hotjec HD.BJ (_yoe|jdz jd{iyj{il& liwieljec ywne [AWO*

Ofloa|nei $ HD

\KB= Lna|n{& kijec oe ibjeie| Aneqyf|jec Whzqjajoe je bz {icjne& J snyfl fjì |nfio{e qnbi|hjec d{nb zny& qn aoe J hoti |hi w{jtjfici |n oq` o dis yiq|jneq>L{= N` cn ohiol%\KB= Lna|n{ ln zny w{iqa{jki Ofloa|nei je off zny{ wo|jie|q nd HD>L{= Qii en{boffz J w{iqa{jki shie J ob hotjec wo|jie| sj|h qiti{i HD j%i% EZHOafoqq 1 n{


7/56

K{oyesofl Hio{| qycciq|q |ho| Ofloa|nei aoe ki w{iqa{jkil itie je bjfl |nbnli{o|i HD qjeai j| boz qfns |hi w{nc{iqqjne nd HD oel lia{ioqi |hi ahoeaind qyllie lio|h%Lna|n{& koqil ne |hjq iddjaoaz $ qodi|z lo|o& ln zny |hje` bz Ofloa|nei sjff djelsjli{ yqoci obnec zny{ wo|jie|q sj|h itie afoqq ? $ ; HD.BJ>

DO_=

?% Sho| jq |hi anbbyejao|jne nkmia|jti nd |hi k{oel>Oeq= [iqjq|oe| Hzwi{|ieqjne= Oll zio{q |n fjdi

Hio{| Dojfy{i= Oll zio{q |n fjdiLjoki|ja w{n|ijey{jo= Oll zio{q |n fjdiOqaj|iq lyi |n fjti{ aj{{hnqjq= \hi ljy{i|ja nd ahnjai& [ibntiq dfyjl&

Ollq fjdi

;% Shn o{i zny{ |o{ci| oyljieai (Lna|n{* oel |hi wo|jie| w{ndjfi je shjah

|hi k{oel jq |n ki w{iqa{jkil>Oeq= Whzqjajoe= [iqjq|oe| Hzwi{|ieqjneAo{ljnfncjq|= Hio{| Dojfy{iLjoki|nfncjq|= Eih{nwo|hz& Ljoki|ja W{n|ijey{joCoq|{nfncjq|= Oqaj|iq lyi |n fjti{ aj{{hnqjq

1% Ixwfoje |hi wnqj|jnejec nd |hi qwiajdja w{nlya|>Oeq= [iqjq|oe| Hzwi{|ieqjne= Oll zio{q |n fjdi

Hio{| Dojfy{i= Oll zio{q |n fjdiLjoki|ja w{n|ijey{jo= Oll zio{q |n fjdiOqaj|iq lyi |n fjti{ aj{{hnqjq= \hi ljy{i|ja nd ahnjai& [ibntiq dfyjl& Ollq

fjdi%


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4% Shz Ofloa|nei je aoqi nd {iqjq|oe| hzwi{|ieqjne

Oeq= Hzwi{|ieqjne jq aoffil {iqjq|oe| jd o wi{qne#q kfnnl w{iqqy{i {ibojeq oknticnof liqwj|i |hij{ |o`jec |h{ii biljao|jneq |n fnsi{ j|% Hjch kfnnl w{iqqy{i |ho| jqyeli{ ane|{nf& ky| {iyj{iq dny{n{ bn{i biljao|jneq |n |{io| j| jq ofqn aneqjli{il

{iqjq|oe| |n |{io|bie|% [iqjq|oe| hzwi{|ieqjne {iyj{iq qwiajof aneqjli{o|jne je|i{bq nd itofyo|jne oel |{io|bie|% Ljy{i|jaq o{i nd|ie yeli{yqil je winwfi sj|h{iqjq|oe| hzwi{|ieqjne& oel qnbi wo|jie|q boz kieidj| d{nb olljecbjei{ofnan{|janjl {iaiw|n{ oe|ocnejq|q (B[Oq* |n |hij{ |{io|bie| {icjbieq%L{& je {iqjq|oe| hzwi{|ieqjne w{iqa{jki Ofloa|nei |ho| oll zio{q |n fjdiOfloa|nei fnsi{q kfnnl w{iqqy{i& jbw{nti ieln|hifjof dyea|jne& {ilyaiq o{|i{jofq|jddeiqq oel jq qodi oel siff |nfi{o|il

3% Hns Ofloa|nei sn{`q |n {ilyai |hi ilibo nd |hi knlz>

Oeq=Ofloa|nei kfna`q |hi oflnq|i{nei {iaiw|n{q nd ljq|of anetnfy|il |ykyfi $anffia|jec lya| nd |hi `jleiz oel |hyq {ilyaiq |hi {iokqn{w|jne nd qnljyb $so|i{& jea{ioqjec |hi {o|i $ dn{bo|jne nd y{jei% \hyq ixaiqqjti dfyjl jq |h{nse ny|nd |hi knlz%

8% Hns Ofloa|nei sn{`q je AHD (Aneciq|jti hio{| dojfy{i*>

\hi{i o{i byf|jwfi biahoejqbq nd oa|jne je AHDJ| {ilyaiq |hi fnol ne hio{| kz |h{nsjec ixaiqq dfyjl ny| nd |hi knlz& {ilyajec|hi fnol ne |hi hio{|J| kfna`q |hi oflnq|i{nei {iaiw|n{q nd |hi hio{|& |hi{ikz {ilyajec ao{ljoa{ibnlifjec (ahoeciq je ao{ljoa q|{ya|y{i $ dyea|jne*

J| jbw{ntiq |hi ieln|hifjof lzqdyea|jne (dyea|jne nd |hi jeei{ fjejec nd |hi kfnnltiqqifq*J| jbw{ntiq ifia|{nfz|i kofoeai fj`i Boceiqjyb |hyq {ilyajec |hi ahoeaiq ndqyllie lio|h kiaoyqi nd |hi o{{hz|hbjo

:% Sho| jq |hi boeocibie| nd Czeoianboq|jo>

Oeq=Czeoianboq|jo& o kiejce iefo{cibie| nd |hi bofi k{ioq| oq o {iqyf| ndw{nfjdi{o|jne nd |hi cfoelyfo{ anbwneie|& jq anbbne& kijec w{iqie| je 17"97) ndhiof|hz bie% J| boz ki oe jeajlie|of djeljec& oe oay|i yejfo|i{of n{ kjfo|i{of|ieli{ k{ioq| iefo{cibie| n{ o w{nc{iqqjti wojefiqq iefo{cibie| nd |hi bofi

k{ioq|%\hi boeocibie| nd Czeoianboq|jo aoe ki lnei biljaoffz& qy{cjaoffz n{ kz{oljo|jne liwieljec ywne |hi aoyqi% Oel{ncieq& oe|j"niq|{ncieq& o{nbo|oqijehjkj|n{q oel loeo}nf hoti off kiie yqil |n |{io| czeoianboq|jo

?7% Sho| jq |hi boeocibie| nd Hzwi{`ofibjo>


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Oeq=" Hzwi{òfibjo jq lidjeil oq o wn|oqqjyb fitif c{io|i{ |hoe 9%9 bI.F%[oeciq o{i oq dnffnsq=

9%9"4%7 bI.F " Bjfl anelj|jne 4%?"3%7 bI.F " Bnli{o|i anelj|jne

3%7 bI.F oel c{io|i{ " Qiti{i anelj|jne

Wo|jie|q boz ki oqzbw|nbo|ja n{ {iwn{| |hi dnffnsjec=

n Ciei{ofj}il do|jcyi

n Sioèiqq

n Wo{iq|hiqjoq (\jecfjec $ of|i{il qieqo|jneq je |hi knlz*

n Wo{ofzqjq

n Wofwj|o|jneq (j{{icyfo{ hio{| kio|q je |hi knlz*

O wo|jie| sj|h ènse hzwi{òfibjo n{ {ieof dojfy{i sj|h qyqwia|il hzwi{òfibjoqhnyfl hoti je|{otienyq oaaiqq iq|okfjqhil oel qhnyfl ki wfoail ne o ao{ljoabnej|n{% Je |hi w{iqieai nd hzwn|ieqjne n{ bo{ìl _[Q sjliejec (IAC ahoeciqqiie je hzwi{òfibjo*& je|{otienyq kjao{kneo|i& aofajyb& oel jeqyfje cjtie|nci|hi{ sj|h 97) lix|{nqi boz ki oww{nw{jo|i% Aofajyb boz ki otnjlil jdljcnxje |nxjaj|z jq qyqwia|il% Boceiqjyb qyfdo|i (; c nti{ 9 bje* boz ki yqilof|i{eo|jtifz je |hi doai nd ljcnxje"|nxja ao{ljoa o{{hz|hbjoq

Sho| o{i |hi boje nkq|oafi sj|h {ico{lq |n @ensfilci& q`jff& $ o||j|yli shjah{iq|{ja| |hi liqj{il {i|y{e ne jetiq|bie|>

??% Sho| qwiajdja anbwi|j|n{ k{oelq . bnfiayfiq o{i zny cnjec |n |o{ci|>Oeq= Off Ljcnxje w{iqa{jki{% \hi k{oel eobi o{i oq dnffnsq

FoenxjeLjxjeAo{ljeLjcnxjeAn"w{iqa{jw|jne sj|h OAIJ oel O[K


10/56

QWJ[NBJLI

Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeq=

D{yqibjli= ;7bcQwj{nenfoa|nei= 97bc

D{yqibjli

D{yqibjli jq o fnnw n{ hjch aijfjec ljy{i|ja oel o{i nei nd |hi wn|ie| ljy{i|jaq

Biahoejqb nd oa|jne

D{yqibjli=D{yqibjli jehjkj|q Eo+.@+.Af" an|{oeqwn{| je |hi |ykyfo{ yqiq je |hi oqaieljecfnnw nd Hiefi oel lia{ioqi Eo+.@+ .Af" {iokqn{w|jne% Qjei 17"


11/56

Fnec |i{b ljy{i|ja |hi{owz aneq|j|y|iq oe jbwn{|oe| |{io|bie| nw|jne jehzwi{|ieqjne oel ai{|ojefz je ilibo% \hjo}jliq oel fnnw ljy{i|jaq o{i bnq|anbbnefz ibwfnzil% \hjo}jliq o{i ènse |n ki oqqnajo|il sj|hhzwnòfibjo& hzwi{y{jaibjo& jbwoj{il cfyanqi |nfi{oeai oel of|i{il fjwjlw{ndjfi% D{yqibjli& o fnnw ljy{i|ja hotjec qjbjfo{ iddia|q& ofqn aoyqiq

hzwnòfibjo% Hzwnòfibjo (boz fiol |n tie|{jayfo{ o{{hz|hbjoq oel qyllieao{ljoa lio|h je AHD* jq |hi boje yeliqj{okfi qjli iddia| nd |hjo}jliq oelD{yqibjli% Wn|oqqjyb qof| qywwfibie|o|jne jq en| siff |nfi{o|il kz CJ |{oa|%Hieai& @+"qwo{jec ljy{i|jaq fjì qwj{nenfoa|nei o{i w{idi{okfi% \hiz ofqn cjtiollil eo|{jy{iqjq& |hyq offnsjec fnsi{ lnqi nd |hi n|hi{ ljy{i|ja% \hi fnsi{lnqi bjejbj}iq hzwnòfibjo oel {jq` nd hzwi{y{jaoibjo oel jbwoj{ilcfyanqi |nfi{oeai |nn%D{yqibjli oel qwj{nenfoa|nei anbkjeo|jne hoq kiie qhnse |n ki iddia|jti jehzwi{|ieqjne oel AHD%Qwj{nenfoa|nei ollq |n |hi ljy{i|ja iddjaoaz nd D{yqibjli& qwo{iq wn|oqqjyboel boceiqjyb oel w{itie|q ifia|{nfz|i jbkofoeaiq oqqnajo|il sj|h fnec

|i{b ljy{i|ja |hi{owz% Qwj{nenfoa|nei hoq oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti oa|jne& anye|i{qoflnq|i{nejqb (aoyqi nd hzwi{|ieqjne*& oel ljy{i|ja {id{oa|n{jeiqq ieqy{jecfnec |i{b iddjaoaz% Kiaoyqi nd j|q fneci{ hofd"fjdi& j| aoe ki olbjejq|i{il neailojfz% Qwj{nbjli aoe ofqn ki cjtie neai lojfz jbw{ntjec |hi{owz anbwfjoeai%

Jeljao|jneq

Boeocjec ljqn{li{q sj|h oken{bof dfyjl {i|ie|jne (ilibo* oq je Aneciq|jti hio{| dojfy{i Hiwo|ja aj{{hnqjq sj|h oqaj|iq Eiwh{n|ja qzel{nbi

Je hzwi{|ieqjne ljy{iqjq aoyqiq {ilya|jne je kfnnl tnfybi fioljec |n{ilya|jne je kfnnl w{iqqy{i

Aneciq|jti Ao{ljoa dojfy{i

Oq of{iolz ixwfojeil je aneciq|jti ao{ljoa dojfy{i lyi |n doffjec ao{ljoa ny|wy||hi{i jq aneciq|jne nd fyecq& fjti{ i|a fioljec |n k{io|hfiqqeiqq (wyfbneo{znilibo* oel lia{ioqil ixi{ajqi |nfi{oeai (aowoaj|z*% Lyi |n oa|jto|jne nd[OOQ oel qzbwo|hi|ja nti{oa|jtj|z |hi{i jq oken{bof qof| oel so|i{ {i|ie|jnesn{qiejec |hi anelj|jne%

Qwj{nbjli kz aoyqjec ix|{ibi ljy{iqjq j| w{nbw|fz {ifjitiq wyfbneo{znilibo oel lia{ioqi tienyq w{iqqy{i%

Hiwo|ja aj{{hnqjq " \hjq jq o ljqioqi nd fjti{& je shjah en{bof wo{ieahzbo jqlobocil oel kz djk{nyq |jqqyi& ljq|n{|jec |hi en{bof o{ahj|ia|y{i nd fjti{%

I|jnfncz " Ah{neja ofanhnfjqb jelyail fjti{ loboci


12/56

" Hiwo|j|jq K oel jedia|jne

Lyi |n oeo|nbjaof ljq|n{|jne wn{|of kfnnl aoeen| kzwoqq fjti{ aoyqjec jea{ioqilwn{|of tienyq w{iqqy{i oel djf|{o|jne nd dfyjl je wi{j|neiof aotj|z aoyqjec oqaj|iq%Lyi |n lia{ioqil fjti{ dyea|jne oliyo|i obnye| nd w{n|ijeq o{i en|

qze|hiqjqil& lia{ioqjec |hi nqbn|ja w{iqqy{i nd kfnnl& dotny{jec litifnwbie| ndoqaj|iq%Anffia|jne nd dfyjl je oklnbie aoyqi lia{ioqil kfnnl tnfybi oel lia{ioqil

kfnnl w{iqqy{i fioljec |n oken{bof qof| oel so|i{ {i|ie|jne ([OOQ*%Oflnq|i{nei fitifq o{i oken{boffz jea{ioqil% D{yqibjli oel Qwj{nenfoa|neilia{ioqi dfyjl nti{fnol oel oe|ocnejqi oflnq|i{nei {iqwia|jtifz%

Eiwh{n|ja qzel{nbi

\hjq jq o ljqioqi nd {ieof |ykyfiq lyi |n to{ji|z nd aoyqiq je shjah oken{bofyoe|j|jiq nd w{n|ije oel so|i{ o{i ixa{i|il% Je aoqiq nd eiwh{n|ja qzel{nbi lyi

|n lia{ioqil nqbn|ja w{iqqy{i nd kfnnl (lyi |n lia{ioqi w{n|ijeq* dfyjl qiiwqje|n je|i{q|j|jof |jqqyi.nilibo dn{bo|jne* fioljec |n oa|jto|jne nd [OOQ oeloken{bof qof| oel so|i{ {i|ie|jne% Qwj{nbjli {iti{qiq |hiqi oken{bof ahoeciq%

Lnqoci

?"< |okfi|q je qjecfi n{ ljtjlil lnqiq%

Anbwi|j|n{q=

Oyobjli Qye

D{yqifoa Fywje

Foqjfoa|nei Qoendj Otie|jqObjd{y Ifli{Foqj{jli Qoendj Otie|jq?% Sho| jq LAB >

Oeq" Ljfo|il ao{ljnbznwo|hz n{LAB jq o anelj|jne je shjah |hi hio{| kianbiqsio`ieil oel iefo{cil& oel aoeen| wybw kfnnl iddjajie|fz% \hi lia{ioqil hio{| dyea|jne

aoe oddia| |hi fyecq& fjti{& oel n|hi{ knlz qzq|ibq%

LAB jq nei nd |hi ao{ljnbznwo|hz& o c{nyw nd ljqioqiq |ho| w{jbo{jfz oddia| |hi

bznao{ljyb (|hi byqafi nd |hi hio{|*% Ljddi{ie| ao{ljnbznwo|hjiq hoti ljddi{ie| aoyqiq

oel oddia| |hi hio{| je ljddi{ie| sozq% Je LAB o wn{|jne nd |hi bznao{ljyb jq ljfo|il&nd|ie sj|hny| oez nktjnyq aoyqi% Fid| n{ {jch| tie|{jayfo{ qzq|nfja wybw dyea|jne nd |hihio{| jq jbwoj{il& fioljec |n w{nc{iqqjti ao{ljoa iefo{cibie| oel hzwi{|{nwhz& o w{naiqq

aoffil {ibnlifjec%

;% Sho| jq TWA>


13/56

Oeq" O W{ibo|y{i Tie|{jayfo{ Ane|{oa|jne (WTA*& ofqn `ense oq o w{ibo|y{itie|{jayfo{ anbwfix& tie|{jayfo{ w{ibo|y{i ane|{oa|jne (n{ anbwfix n{ anbwfixiq*(TWA*& tie|{jayfo{ w{ibo|y{i kio| (TWK*& n{ix|{oqzq|nfi& jq o {ifo|jtifz anbbne

itie| shi{i |hi hio{|kio| jq jej|jo|il kz |hi hio{| tie|{jafiq {o|hi{ |hoe kz |hi QO enli&|hi en{bof hio{|kio| jej|jo|n{% \hi ifia|{jaof itie|q nd |hi hio{| li|ia|il kz |hi IAC

offns o WTA |n ki ioqjfz ljq|jecyjqhil d{nb o en{bof hio{| kio|%

O WTA boz ki wi{aijtil oq o +q`jwwil kio|+ n{ dif| oq wofwj|o|jne je |hi ahiq|% Je oen{bof hio{|kio|& |hi tie|{jafiq ane|{oa| od|i{ |hi o|{jo hoti hifwil |n djff |hib kz

ane|{oa|jec0 je |hjq soz |hi tie|{jafiq aoe wybw o boxjbj}il obnye| nd kfnnl kn|h |n |hi

knlz oel |n |hi fyecq% Je o WTA& |hi tie|{jafiq ane|{oa| dj{q|& shjah bioeq |ho|

aj{ayfo|jne jq jeiddjajie|%

1% Sho| jq T\>

Oeq" Tie|{jayfo{ |oahzao{ljo (T"|oah n{T\* jq o |oahzao{ljo& n{ doq| hio{| {hz|hb& |ho|

n{jcjeo|iq je nei nd |hi tie|{jafiq nd |hi hio{|% \hjq jq o wn|ie|joffz fjdi"|h{io|iejeco{{hz|hbjo kiaoyqi j| boz fiol |n tie|{jayfo{ djk{jffo|jne oel qyllie lio|h%

Afoqqjdjao|jne

Tie|{jayfo{ |oahzao{ljo aoe ki afoqqjdjil koqil ne j|q bn{whnfncz=

Bnenbn{whja tie|{jayfo{ |oahzao{ljo bioeq |ho| |hi owwio{oeai nd off |hikio|q bo|ah ioah n|hi{ je ioah fiol nd o qy{doai ifia|{nao{ljnc{ob (IAC*%

Wnfzbn{whja tie|{jayfo{ |oahzao{ljo& ne |hi n|hi{ hoel& hoq kio|"|n"kio|to{jo|jneq je bn{whnfncz% \hjq bnq| anbbnefz owwio{q oq o azafjaof w{nc{iqqjtiahoeci je ao{ljoa oxjq& w{itjnyqfz {idi{{il |n kz j|q D{ieah eobi |n{qoliq li

wnje|iq (|sjq|jec nd |hi wnje|q*% Hnsiti{& ensolozq& |hi |i{b |n{qoliq jq

{iqi{til dn{ wnfzbn{whja T\ naay{{jec je |hi ane|ix| nd w{nfnecil {iq|jec _\je|i{tof
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle


14/56

Libo|n{

Libo|n{ (\n{qibjli* jq o wz{jljei"qyfdnezf y{io |zwi fnnw ljy{i|ja bojefzyqil je |hi boeocibie| nd ilibo oqqnajo|il sj|h aneciq|jti hio{| dojfy{i% J|jq ofqn yqil o| fns lnqiq dn{ |hi boeocibie| nd hzwi{|ieqjne%

Biahoejqb nd oa|jne

\n{qibjli jehjkj|q Eo+.@+.Af" an|{oeqwn{| je |hi |ykyfo{ yqiq je |hi oqaieljecfnnw nd Hiefi oel lia{ioqi Eo+.@+ .Af" {iokqn{w|jne% Qjei 17"


15/56

to{jokfi kjnotojfokjfj|z& shjah fiolq |n yew{ilja|okjfj|z nd {iqwneqi% \hjqboz oddia| |hi nti{off ny|anbiq sj|h d{yqibjli%

\n{qibjli jq wn|oqqjyb qwo{jec je eo|y{i= |hjq jq o||{jky|okfi |n j|qoflnq|i{nei"jehjkj|jec w{nwi{|z% \n{qibjli ofqn w{itie|q aofajyb fnqq%

Q|yljiq hoti qhnse |ho| je aneciq|jti hio{| dojfy{i& |n{qibjli"|{io|ilwo|jie|q si{i fiqq fj`ifz |n ki {iolbj||il dn{ hio{| dojfy{i oel dn{ offao{ljntoqayfo{ aoyqiq% \n{qibjli jq ofqn oqqnajo|il sj|h lia{ioqilbn{|ofj|z {o|iq% J| ofqn {iqyf|q je {ilyail nti{off anq|q%

\n{qibjli jq ixa{i|il bojefz tjo |hi hiwo|ja {ny|i0 hieai hjch lnqiq yw|n ?77";77 bc je oltoeail ah{neja {ieof dojfy{i boz ki yqil% D{yqibjli&ne |hi n|hi{ hoel& oaaybyfo|iq je {ieof dojfy{i oel aoyqiq |nxjaj|z%

\n{qibjli hoq kiie yqil je anbkjeo|jne sj|h qwj{nenfoa|nei je aj{{hnqjqnd fjti{ sj|h oqaj|iq% \hjq lia{ioqiq wn|oqqjyb fnqq oel dy{|hi{ jbkofoeai

nd ifia|{nfz|iq% D{yqibjli ne |hi n|hi{ hoel aoyqiq wn|oqqjyb fnqq oelollq |n jbkofoeai nd ifia|{nfz|iq%

\n{qibjli jq |hi dj{q| fnnw ljy{i|ja jeljao|il dn{ |hi |{io|bie| ndhzwi{|ieqjne% Lnqiq {iyj{il o{i qyk"ljy{i|ja lnqiq (;%9 |n 9 bc* oel lnen| hoti oez kjnahibjaof n{ ifia|{nfz|i olti{qi iddia|q% \n{qibjli bozki yqil ofnei n{ je anbkjeo|jne sj|h n|hi{ l{ycq dn{ hzwi{|ieqjne

LNQOCI OEL OLBJEJQ\[O\JNE

Aneciq|jti Hio{| Dojfy{i

\hi yqyof jej|jof lnqi jq ?7 bc n{ ;7 bc nd neai"lojfz n{of n{je|{otienyq LIBO\N[% Jd |hi ljy{i|ja {iqwneqi jq jeoliyo|i& |hilnqi qhnyfl ki |j|{o|il ywso{l kz oww{nxjbo|ifz lnykfjec ye|jf |hiliqj{il ljy{i|ja {iqwneqi jq nk|ojeil% Qjecfi lnqiq hjchi{ |hoe ;77bc hoti en| kiie oliyo|ifz q|yljil%

Ah{neja [ieof Dojfy{i

\hi yqyof jej|jof lnqi nd LIBO\N[ jq ;7 bc nd neai"lojfz n{of n{je|{otienyq LIBO\N[% Jd |hi ljy{i|ja {iqwneqi jq jeoliyo|i& |hilnqi qhnyfl ki |j|{o|il ywso{l kz oww{nxjbo|ifz lnykfjec ye|jf |hiliqj{il ljy{i|ja {iqwneqi jq nk|ojeil% Qjecfi lnqiq hjchi{ |hoe ;77

bc hoti en| kiie oliyo|ifz q|yljil% Hiwo|ja Aj{{hnqjq

\hi yqyof jej|jof lnqi jq 9 bc n{ ?7 bc nd neai"lojfz n{of n{je|{otienyq LIBO\N[& olbjejq|i{il |nci|hi{ sj|h oe oflnq|i{neioe|ocnejq| n{ o wn|oqqjyb"qwo{jec ljy{i|ja% Jd |hi ljy{i|ja {iqwneqijq jeoliyo|i& |hi lnqi qhnyfl ki |j|{o|il ywso{l kz oww{nxjbo|ifzlnykfjec ye|jf |hi liqj{il ljy{i|ja {iqwneqi jq nk|ojeil% Qjecfilnqiq hjchi{ |hoe


16/56

Ah{neja yqi nd oez ljy{i|ja je hiwo|ja ljqioqi hoq en| kiie q|yljilje oliyo|i oel siff"ane|{nffil |{jofq%

Hzwi{|ieqjne

\hi yqyof jej|jof lnqi jq 9 bc neai lojfz% Jd |hi 9 bc lnqi lniq en|

w{ntjli oliyo|i {ilya|jne je kfnnl w{iqqy{i sj|hje < |n 4 sii`q&|hi lnqi boz ki jea{ioqil |n ?7 bc neai lojfz% Jd |hi {iqwneqi |n?7 bc jq jeqyddjajie|& oe ollj|jneof oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti ocie| qhnyfl kiollil |n |hi |{io|bie| {icjbie%

Qjli iddia|q

Lj}}jeiqq& Hioloahi& Eoyqio& Sioèiqq& Tnbj|jec& Hzwi{cfzaibjo&Ixaiqqjti y{jeo|jne& Hzwi{y{iaibjo & HzwnòfibjoIxaiqqjti |hj{q|& Hzwntnfibjo Jbwn|ieai Iqnwhociof hibn{{hoci& oel

lzqwiwqjo

L[YC JE\I[OA\JNEQ Wo|jie|q {iaijtjec hjch lnqiq nd qofjazfo|iq boz ixwi{jieai qofjazfo|i

|nxjaj|z shie LIBO\N[ jq aneanbj|oe|fz olbjejq|i{il% \hi eo|{jy{i|ja iddia| nd LIBO\N[ (fjì |ho| nd boez n|hi{ ljy{i|jaq* jq

wo{|joffz jehjkj|il kz |hi aneanbj|oe| olbjejq|{o|jne nd jelnbi|hoaje% An olbjejq|{o|jne nd w{nkieiajl {ilyaiq qia{i|jne nd LIBO\N[ je|n |hi

w{nxjbof |ykyfi oel |hi{ikz lia{ioqiq |hi ljy{i|ja oa|jtj|z nd LIBO\N[%

\n{ja q|ylz

\N[JA (\n{qibjli je Aneciq|jti Hio{| Dojfy{i* En nd wo|jie|q 2?133 sj|h EZHO afoqq JJ"JJJ AHD

Ljy{i|ja |hi{owz sj|h |n{qibjli ?7 bc n{ d{yqibjli


17/56

Yqi nd libo|n{ |n lia{ioqi djk{nqjq=\N[JA q|ylz hoq of{iolz iq|okfjqhil |hi oe|j"oflnq|i{nei iddia| nd \n{qibjli%Oq si off `ens |ho| jea{ioqil fitif nd oflnq|i{nei jq oqqnajo|il sj|h jea{ioqilw{nlya|jne nd BBW $ jea{ioqil qze|hiqjq nd anffocie shjah fiolq |n ao{ljoa{ibnlifjec% Oflnq|i{nei kz lia{ioqjec EN kjnoa|jtj|z fiolq |n ieln|hifjof

loboci $ ofqn aoyqiq jea{ioqil w{nlya|jne nd ieln|hifje $ jeoa|jto|jne ndk{olz`jeje shjah ofqn ane|{jky|iq |n ieln|hifjof loboci% \n{qibjli kz tj{|yi ndj|q oe|j"oflnq|i{nei iddia| wfozq oe jbwn{|oe| {nfi je |hi boeocibie| nd o{|i{jofdjk{nqjq $ ao{ljoa {ibnlifjec%

Anbwi|j|n{q=

Ljy{o|n{ Ifli{

Lz|n{ Ajwfo

\jli \n{{ie| \n{jli [oekoxz (at*\n{qjeix Bja{n (at*

FNQO\IAIoah |okfi| ane|ojeq=

Fnqo{|oe Wn|oqqjyb= ;9bc. 97bc

FNQO\IAFnqo|ia& |hi dj{q| nd |hi qifia|jti OJJ {iaiw|n{ oe|ocnejq|q |n kioww{ntil kz YQ DLO dn{ afjejaof yqi ne ?


18/56

Ly{o|jne nd oa|jne 4"8h{qW{n|ije kjeljec ::)

Jeljao|jneq

Fnqo|ia jq jeljao|il dn{ |hi |{io|bie| nd hzwi{|ieqjne0 j| boz ki yqil ofnei n{je anbkjeo|jne sj|h n|hi{ oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti ocie|q% Fnqo|ia jq jeljao|il jeljoki|ja eiwh{nwo|hz%

Lnqoci nd Fnqo|ia

Yqyof q|o{|jec lnqi jq 97 bc neai lojfz%Fnqo|ia aoe ki olbjejq|i{il sj|h n{ sj|hny| dnnl neai n{ |sjai lojfz sj|h |n|oflojfz lnqiq {oecjec d{nb ;9 |n ?77 bc%Je wo|jie|q sj|h wnqqjkfi liwfi|jne nd je|{otoqayfo{ tnfybi0 wo|jie|q neljy{i|jaq n{ sj|h o hjq|n{z nd hiwo|ja jbwoj{bie| n{ je qnbi qieqj|jti ifli{fz

|hi q|o{|jec lnqi qhnyfl ki ;9 bc neai lojfz%

Ane|{ojeljao|jneqHzwi{qieqj|jtj|z |n Fnqo|ia n{ oez jec{iljie|q nd |hjq w{nlya|%

Olti{qi L{yc [ioa|jne

\{io|bie| sj|h Fnqo|ia jq yqyoffz siff |nfi{o|il% \hi nti{off jeajlieai ndolti{qi iddia|q soq qjbjfo{ |n wfoaikn je afjejaof q|yljiq% Ljqane|jeyo|jne nd|hi{owz kiaoyqi nd afjejaof olti{qi ixwi{jieaiq soq ;%1) sj|h Fnqo|ia oel;) sj|h wfoaikn% \hi {iwn{|il olti{qi iddia|q jeafyli ljo{{hnio& lzqwiwqjo&

bzofcjo& koa` woje& byqafi a{obwq& fic woje& lj}}jeiqq& jeqnbejo& oel ywwi{{iqwj{o|n{z |{oa| jedia|jne% \hi jeajlieai nd l{z anych sj|h Fnqo|ia soq en|qjcejdjaoe|fz ljddi{ie| |hoe wfoaikn% Oexji|z& oecjeo& o{{hz|hbjoq& oecjn"ilibo oel whn|nqieqj|jtj|z hoti kiie {o{ifz {iwn{|il%

\hi YQWq nd Fnqo|ia

Dj{q| oecjn|ieqje JJ {iaiw|n{ kfnaì{ Qifia|jti O JJ {iaiw|n{ (\zwi O\?* oe|ocnejq|

Wo|jie|q sj|h. qyqaiw|jkfi |n anych ne OAIJq

En ahoeci je hio{| {o|i yefjì Aofajyb Ahoeeif kfnaì{q [ilya|jne nd bn{|ofj|z oel fid| tie|{jayfo{ boqq

[ilya|jne je |hi {jq` nd q|{nì

[ien w{n|ia|jne je ljoki|jaq


19/56

Anbwi|j|n{ =

Anqo{| Ajwfo Fnqo{ Yejahib

Antoeai [oekoxz [iwoai Qye

Fnqoao{ ]zlyq \n}oo{ \n{{ie|Fnqoco{l Fywje

FNQO\IA"H

Je|{nlya|jne

J| jq o anbkjeo|jne nd dj{q| ene"wiw|jli oecjn|ieqje JJ {iaiw|n{ (|zwi O\?*oe|ocnejq| j%i% Fnqo{|oe oel |hjo}jli ljy{i|ja& hzl{nahfn{n"|hjo}jli%

Fnqo{|oe "97bcHzl{nahfn{|hjo}jli "?;%9bc

Biahoejqb nd oa|jneFnqo{|oe

Fnqo|ia oa|q kz jehjkj|jec ooecjn|ieqjee JJ (O\?* {iaiw|n{% [ibntof ndoecjn|ieqje JJ eico|jti diilkoa` ne {ieje qia{i|jne fiolq |n jea{ioqil wfoqbo{ieje oa|jtj|z% Itie sj|h jea{ioqiq je wfoqbo {ieje oa|jtj|z fioljec |njea{ioqiq je oecjn|ieqje JJ je wfoqbo& oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti oa|jtj|z oelqyww{iqqjne nd wfoqbo oflnq|i{nei aneaie|{o|jne o{i boje|ojeil jeljao|jec

iddia|jti oecjn|ieqje JJ {iaiw|n{ kfna`oli kz Fnqo|ia%

Hzl{nahfn{|hjo}jli

Hzl{nahfn{n|hjo}jli kifnecq |n |hi |hjo}jli afoqq nd ljy{i|jaq& oa|jec ne |hi`jleizq |n {ilyai qnljyb (Eo* {iokqn{w|jne je |hi ljq|of anetnfy|il |ykyfi%\hjq jea{ioqiq |hi nqbnfo{j|z(sho| jq |hjq* je |hi fybie& aoyqjec fiqq so|i{ |nki {iokqn{kil d{nb |hi anffia|jec lya|q% \hjq fiolq |n jea{ioqil y{jeo{zny|wy|%

Who{boan`jei|jaqFnqo{|oe=Kjnotojfokjfj|z 11)Hofd fjdi 4": hny{qNeqi| nd oa|jne sj|hje ? hny{ Wio` nd oa|jne ?"; h{qLy{o|jne nd oa|jne 4"8h{qW{n|ije kjeljec ::)


20/56

Hzl{nahfn{|hjo}jli=Kjnotojfokjfj|z = To{jokfiHofd fjdi = 9%4"?

Lnqoci

\hi yqyof lnqoci {ianbbielil jq ? |okfi| neai lojfz% \hi boxjbyb lnqi jq ; |okfi|q neai lojfz dn{ bnq| wo|jie|q sj|h n{ sj|hny|

dnnl% \hi boxjbof hzwi{|ieqjti iddia| jq o||ojeil okny| 1 sii`q od|i{jej|jo|jne nd |hi{owz%

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hzl{nahfn{n|hjo}jli {iqwia|jtifz% \hi anbkjeo|jne aoe ki cjtie o| lnqiqnd ?;%9 |n ;9bc hzl{nahfn{n|hjo}jli%

En jej|jof lnqoci olmyq|bie| jq eiaiqqo{z dn{ ifli{fz% En jej|jof lnqoci (olmyq|bie| eiaiqqo{z je bjfl {ieof jbwoj{bie| oel jq

en| {ianbbielil je bnli{o|i |n qiti{i {ieof jbwoj{bie|%

Ane|{ojeljao|jneq

Hzwi{qieqj|jtj|z |n Fnqo{|oe n{ hzl{nahfn{n|hjo}jli n{ |n oez anbwneie|q nd |hiw{nlya| n{ n|hi{ qyfdneobjli"li{jtil l{ycq& oel oey{jo%%

W{iqie|o|jne

Fnqo|ia"H Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeq Fnqo{|oe Wn|oqqjyb 97bc +Hzl{nahfn{n|hjo}jli ?;%9bcQ|{jw nd ?7 |okfi|q


21/56

\hi Yqwq (aowj|of*nd Fnqo|ia"H

Ki||i{ KW ane|{nf |hoe bnen|hi{owz% Hjch wo|jie| {iqwneqiq

FJDI Q\YLZ

Fnqo{|oe Je|i{tie|jne dn{ Ielwnje| [ilya|jne je Hzwi{|ieqjne Q|ylzFJDI Q|ylzLnykfi"kfjel& {oelnbj}il |{jof |n anbwo{i |hi iddia|q nd fnqo{|oe oel o|ienfnf neao{ljntoqayfo{ bn{kjlj|z oel bn{|ofj|z je hjch"{jq` wo|jie|q sj|h hzwi{|ieqjne oel fid|tie|{jayfo{ hzwi{|{nwhz (FTH*%

Wnwyfo|jne

:&?:1 wo|jie|q (99 |n 87 zio{q nfl* d{nb :


22/56

Fnqo{|oe {ilyail |hi anbkjeil {jq` nd ao{ljntoqayfo{ bn{kjlj|z oel bn{|ofj|zanbwo{il |n o|ienfnf sj|h kieidj|q en| ixwfojeil kz kfnnl w{iqqy{i {ilya|jne

Fnqo{|oe {ilyail |hi {o|i nd eis"neqi| ljoki|iq

Fnqo{|oe soq qjcejdjaoe|fz ki||i{ |nfi{o|il |hoe o|ienfnf

Obnec ljoki|jaq& fnqo{|oe {ilyail ao{ljntoqayfo{ bn{kjlj|z oel bn{|ofj|z

[IEOOF Q\YLZ

[IEOOF q|oelq dn{[ilya|jne ndIelwnje|q je Ene"jeqyfje liwielie| ljoki|iqbiffj|yq sj|h |hi Oecjn|ieqje JJ Oe|ocnejq| Fnqo{|oe%

Nkmia|jti\hi [IEOOF q|ylz soq yeli{|oìe |n djel ny| jd AN]OO[ (fnqo{|oeWn|oqqjyb*o biljao|jne jeljao|il dn{ |hi |{io|bie| nd hzwi{|ieqjne hoqoe iddia| nd qfnsjec lnse |hi w{nc{iqqjne nd {ieof ljqioqije winwfi sj|h |zwi ; ljoki|iq (ene"jeqyfje liwielie| ljoki|iq biffj|yq*&

qyddi{jec d{nb hzwi{|ieqjne n{ en|& je n|hi{ sn{lq& jeliwielie| nd j|q iddia| nehzwi{|ieqjne% \hi yiq|jne oll{iqqil kz |hjq q|ylz jq= lniq |o`jec fnqo{|oe{ilyai |hi w{nc{iqqjne nd `jleiz ljqioqi je wo|jie|q sj|h |zwi ; ljoki|iqoel iq|okfjqhil `jleiz ljqioqi>

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Wo|jie|q si{i {oelnbfz oqqjceil |n nei nd |sn c{nywq& nei |o`jec AN]OO[(97 bc n{ ?77 bc neai lojfz*& oel |hi n|hi{ |o`jec o wfoaikn% \hnqi sj|hhzwi{|ieqjne ofqn ane|jeyil |hij{ yqyof oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti |hi{owz |ho| anyfljeafyli ljy{i|jaq& toqnljfo|n{q& aofajyb ahoeeif kfnaì{q oel.n{ ki|o kfnaì{q&ky| anyfl en| jeafyli OAI (oecjn|ieqje"aneti{|jec ie}zbi* jehjkj|n{q oeln|hi{ OJJOq (oecjn|ieqje JJ oe|ocnejq|q*% Boje|ojejec oliyo|i oel iyof kfnnlw{iqqy{i ane|{nf (|o{ci|= ?


23/56

[iqyf|q"

Fnqo{|oe |{io|bie| soq oqqnajo|il sj|h=

;8) {jq` {ilya|jne nd IQ[L nti{ o bioe nd 1%< zio{q (W2 7%77;* ;9) {jq` {ilya|jne nd o lnykfjec nd |hi qi{yb a{io|jejei aneaie|{o|jne (W2

7%774*

19) lia{ioqi je |hi fitif nd w{n|ijey{jo (W67%77?*

1;) {jq` {ilya|jne je |hi {o|i nd dj{q| hnqwj|ofj}o|jnedn{hio{| dojfy{i (W6 7%779*

\hi kieidj|q ixaiilil |hnqi o||{jky|okfi |n ahoeciq je kfnnl w{iqqy{i% Bn{kjlj|z d{nbao{ljntoqayfo{ aoyqiq soq qjbjfo{ je|hi |sn c{nywq& oq soq off"aoyqi bn{|ofj|z%

Aneafyqjne"""Fnqo{|oe anedi{{il qjcejdjaoe| {ieof kieidj|q jewo|jie|q sj|h |zwi ;ljoki|iq oel soq ciei{offz siff |nfi{o|il%

Anbwi|j|n{ =

Anqo{| "H Ajwfo Fnqo{ "H Yejahib

Antoeai "L [oekoxz [iwoai"H Qye

Tjlo"H Fywje \n}oo{ "H \n{{ie|


24/56

\NWLJW

JE\[NLYA\JNE

\NWLJW ane|ojeq Obfnljwjei kiqzfo|i jq qianel ciei{o|jneljhzl{nwz{jljei aofajyb ahoeeif kfna`i{q% Kijec fnec oa|jec j| hoq ljq|jea|oltoe|ociq nti{ n|hi{ bibki{q nd |hi dobjfz i%c% ti{owobjf& ljf|jo}ib&ejdiljwjei i|a%

Biahoejqb nd Oa|jneObfnljwjei jq o ljhzl{nwz{jljei aofajyb oe|ocnejq| (aofajyb jne oe|ocnejq|n{ qfns"ahoeeif kfna`i{* |ho| jehjkj|q |hi |{oeqbibk{oei jedfyx nd aofajybjneq je|n ao{ljoa byqafi $ hieai {ilyaiq |hi dn{ai nd ane|{oa|jne $ {o|i ndane|{oa|jne nd hio{| $ fnsi{q |hi kfnnl w{iqqy{i%Obfnljwjei jq o wi{jwhi{of o{|i{jof toqnljfo|n{ |ho| oa|q lj{ia|fz ne toqayfo{

qbnn|h byqafi |n aoyqi o {ilya|jne je wi{jwhi{of toqayfo{ {iqjq|oeai oel{ilya|jne je kfnnl w{iqqy{i%

\NWLJW

Bznwfoqbjaaofajyb jne jedfyx

Byqafi aiffane|{oa|jne

Wi{jwhi{of o{|i{joftoqayfo{ |nei

An{neo{z o{|i{zqwoqb

An{neo{zo{|i{z |nei Qzq|ibja toqayfo{

{iqjq|oeai

An{neo{z toqayfo{{iqjq|oeai


25/56

WHO[BOAN@JEI\JAQ

Kjnotojf ()*= 4


26/56

Obfnljwjei hoq en| kiie oqqnajo|il sj|h afjejaoffz qjcejdjaoe| ahoeciq je {ny|jeifokn{o|n{z |iq|q% En afjejaoffz {ifitoe| ahoeciq si{i en|il je qi{yb wn|oqqjyb&qi{yb cfyanqi& |n|of |{jcfzai{jliq& |n|of ahnfiq|i{nf& HLF ahnfiq|i{nf& y{ja oajl&kfnnl y{io ej|{ncie& a{io|jejei n{ fjti{ dyea|jne |iq|q%

L[YC JE\I[OA\JNEQ

Obfnljwjei hoq en iddia| ne |hi w{n|ije kjeljec nd l{ycq fjì ljcnxje& whiez|nje&so{do{je oel jelnbi|hoaje%An"olbjejq|{o|jne sj|h ajbi|jljei lniq en| of|i{ who{boan`jei|jaq nd obfnljwjeiAn"olbjejq|{o|jne sj|h so{do{je lniq en| ahoeci |hi so{do{je w{n|h{nbkje{iqwneqi |jbi%Obfnljwjei aoe ki qodifz olbjejq|i{il sj|h |hjo}jli ljy{i|jaq& ki|o kfnaì{q&OAI jehjkj|n{q& fnec oa|jec ej|{o|iq& qykfjecyof ej|{ncfzai{je& ljcnxje& sodo{je&EQOJLq& oe|jkjn|jaq oel n{of hzwncfzaibja l{ycq%

SO[EJECQ[o{ifz& wo|jie|q sj|h qiti{i nkq|{ya|jti an{neo{z o{|i{z ljqioqi hoti litifnwiljea{ioqil d{iyieaz& ly{o|jne oel qiti{j|z nd oecjeo n{ oay|i BJ ne q|o{|jecobfnljwjei n{ sj|h jea{ioqi je |hi lnqi%

W[IAOY\JNEQAoy|jne qhnyfl ki ixi{ajqil shie an"olbjejq|i{il sj|h n|hi{ wi{jwhi{oftoqnljfo|n{q wo{|jayfo{fz je wo|jie|q sj|h qiti{i on{|ja q|ienqjq%

Yqi sj|h aoy|jne je wo|jie|q sj|h AHDShie yqil ofnec sj|h ki|o kfnaì{& sj|hl{osof nd |hi fo||i{ qhnyfl ki kz c{olyof

{ilya|jne nd j|q lnqi%

Yqi je Wo|jie|q sj|h jbwoj{il Hiwo|ja Dyea|jneQjeai obfnljwjei jq ix|ieqjtifz bi|oknfjqil kz |hi fjti{ oel wfoqbo hofd"fjdi jq 94hny{q je wo|jie|q sj|h jbwoj{il hiwo|ja dyea|jne& aoy|jne qhnyfl ki ixi{ajqil jeqyah wo|jie|q shie olbjejq|i{jec obfnljwjei%

Yqi je [ieof Dojfy{iAhoeciq je obfnljwjei wfoqbo aneaie|{o|jneq o{i en| an{{ifo|il sj|h lic{ii nd{ieof jbwoj{bie|% Obfnljwjei boz ki yqil o| en{bof lnqiq je qyah wo|jie|q%Obfnljwjei jq en| ljofz}okfi%

W[IQIE\O\JNEQ\nwljw ;%9bc " Ioah yeano|il |okfi| ane|ojeq Obfnljwjei ;%9bc\nwljw 9bc " Ioah yeano|il |okfi| ane|ojeq Obfnljwjei 9bc\nwljw ?7bc " Ioah yeano|il |okfi| ane|ojeq Obfnljwjei ?7bc

YQWq nd \NWLJW


27/56

Qbnn|h neqi| nd oa|jne Ojlq wo|jie| anbwfjoeai sj|h NL lnqjec Iddia|jti oq bnen|hi{wz oel je anbkjeo|jne sj|h ljy{i|jaq& OAIJq oel ki|o

kfnaì{q Yqidyf je hzwi{|ieqjti wo|jie|q nd off ociq sj|h aneanbj|oe| ljqioqiq tj}%

oq|hbo& hzwi{fjwjlibjo& ljoki|iq& AHL oel {ieof ljqioqi

Anbwi|j|n{ =

Obliwje Aoljfo Obfnco{l Wdj}i{ Obfnec Bja{n

Obfnw{iq Ajwfo Q|obfn L[F Obfntoq Boafinlq

Obfnwje YQT Obfnqodi O{jq|n

\NWLJW O\

JE\[NLYA\JNE

\nwljw O\ ane|ojeq aofajyb ahoeeif kfnaì{ obfnljwjei kiqzfo|i oel ki|okfanì{ o|ienfnf%

Biahoejqb nd Oa|jneObfnljwjeiObfnljwjei jq o ljhzl{nwz{jljei aofajyb oe|ocnejq| (aofajyb jne oe|ocnejq| n{qfns"ahoeeif kfnaì{* |ho| jehjkj|q |hi |{oeqbibk{oei jedfyx nd aofajyb jneq je|nao{ljoa byqafi $ hieai {ilyaiq |hi dn{ai nd ane|{oa|jne $ {o|i nd ane|{oa|jne ndhio{| $ fnsi{q |hi kfnnl w{iqqy{i%Obfnljwjei jq o wi{jwhi{of o{|i{jof toqnljfo|n{ |ho| oa|q lj{ia|fz ne toqayfo{

qbnn|h byqafi |n aoyqi o {ilya|jne je wi{jwhi{of toqayfo{ {iqjq|oeai oel{ilya|jne je kfnnl w{iqqy{i%

O|ienfnf

O|ienfnf jq so|i{"qnfykfi ? qifia|jti ki|okfnaì{% O|ienfnf kijec qifia|jtikfnaì{ aoyqiq eico|jti jnen|{nwja (lia{ioqi dn{ai nd aneq|{ya|jne*eico|jti ah{nen|{nwja (lia{ioqi hio{| {o|i* oel eico|jti l{nbn|{nwjaiddia| (lia{ioqi anelya|jne tifnaj|z*%\hjq aoyqiq lia{ioqi je ao{ljoa ny|wy|% O|ienfnf ofqn lia{ioqiq wfoqbo {iejefitifq oel oe|ocnejqi |hi qzbwo|hi|ja q|jbyfj% Off |hiqi ane|{jky|i {ilya|jne jekfnnl w{iqqy{i%J| ofqn lia{ioqiq |hi bznao{ljof nxzcie aneqybw|jne kz

lia{ioqjec |hi sn{` lnei kz |hi hio{|%\hyq o|ienfnf jq ti{z iddia|jti je|{io|bie| nd hzwi{|ieqjne oel q|okfi oecjeo (ixi{|jneof oecjeo*%

WHO[BOAN@JEI\JAQ

Obfnljwjei= Kjnotojf ()*= 4


28/56

W{n|ije Kjeljec= :1 Hofd"fjdi (h*=


29/56

Je wojedyf oel qjfie| jqahoibjo& lia{ioqil d{iyieaz nd o||oa`q oel yqi ndEj|{ncfzai{jei o| 97"?77 bc.loz liwieljec ne qiti{j|z

Fnec ly{o|jne nd oa|jne foq|jec yw|n ;< hny{q offnsjec neai lojfz lnqjec Anbwo{il |n ene"qifia|jti ki|o"kfna`i{q& o|ienfnf jq w{idi{{il je oq|hbo|ja

oel ljoki|ja wo|jie|q

J| {ilyaiq kn|h {iq|jec oel ixi{ajqi hio{| {o|iq Eo{{ns lnqi {iqwneqi {oeci nktjo|iq eiil dn{ hjchfz jeljtjlyofjqil lnqi

|j|{o|jne%

W[IQIE\O\JNE=Q|{jw nd ?7 |okfi|qYQWq nd \NWLJW O\=

Jbw{ntibie| nd wo|jie|q anbwfjoeai lyi |n neai lojfz lnqjec Ki||i{ afjejaof {iqwneqi sj|h fiqqi{ qjli iddia|q lyi |n {ilya|jne je |hi lnqiq

nd |hi jeljtjlyof l{ycq

Iehoeaibie| nd oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti oel oe|joecjeof oa|jne O| hjch lnqiq& ? qifia|jtifz jq fnq|% Qjeai je anbkjeo|jne& fnsi{ lnqiq o{i

yqil& qifia|jtj|z jq {i|ojeil% Of|i{o|jne ({ilya|jne* nd olti{qi iddia|q tj}% Obfnljwjei boz jehjkj| ofwho

ol{iei{cja biljo|il toqnaneq|{ja|jne aoyqil kz o|ienfnf

Anbwi|j|n{ =

Obliwje"O\

Aoljfo Obfnloa"O\

]zlyq Obfnec"O Bja{n

Obfnw{iq"

O\

Ajwfo Q|obfn"

Ki|o

L[F Obfntoq"

O\

Boafinlq

Obfnwje"O\

YQT Obfnqodi"O\

O{jq|n


30/56

OAILJW

JE\[NLYA\JNEOAI jehjkj|n{ (Fjqjenw{jf 9 bc* ollil |n aofajyb ahoeeif kfna`i{ (Obfnljwjei 9bc* lia{ioqi toqnljfo|o|jne jelyail oa|jto|jne nd [OOQ kz fo||i{% \hioe|jhzwi{|ieqjti oa|jneq o{i anbwfjbie|o{z |n ioah n|hi{%

Biahoejqb nd Oa|jneObfnljwjeiObfnljwjei jq o ljhzl{nwz{jljei aofajyb oe|ocnejq| (aofajyb jne oe|ocnejq| n{qfns"ahoeeif kfna`i{* |ho| jehjkj|q |hi |{oeqbibk{oei jedfyx nd aofajyb jneq je|nao{ljoa byqafi $ hieai {ilyaiq |hi dn{ai nd ane|{oa|jne $ {o|i nd ane|{oa|jne ndhio{| $ fnsi{q |hi kfnnl w{iqqy{i%

Obfnljwjei jq o wi{jwhi{of o{|i{jof toqnljfo|n{ |ho| oa|q lj{ia|fz ne toqayfo{qbnn|h byqafi |n aoyqi o {ilya|jne je wi{jwhi{of toqayfo{ {iqjq|oeai oel{ilya|jne je kfnnl w{iqqy{i%

Fjqjenw{jf=Fjqjenw{jf jehjkj|q oecjn|ieqje"aneti{|jec ie}zbi (OAI* je hyboe qykmia|q oeloejbofq% OAI jq o wiw|jlzf ljwiw|jloqi |ho| ao|ofz}iq |hi aneti{qjne ndoecjn|ieqje J |n |hi toqnaneq|{ja|n{ qykq|oeai& oecjn|ieqje JJ% Oecjn|ieqje JJ ofqnq|jbyfo|iq oflnq|i{nei qia{i|jne kz |hi ol{ieof an{|ix% \hi kieidjajof iddia|q ndfjqjenw{jf je hzwi{|ieqjne oel hio{| dojfy{i owwio{ |n {iqyf| w{jbo{jfz d{nbqyww{iqqjne nd |hi {ieje"oecjn|ieqje"oflnq|i{nei qzq|ib% Jehjkj|jne nd OAI{iqyf|q je lia{ioqil wfoqbo oecjn|ieqje JJ shjah fiolq |n lia{ioqil toqnw{iqqn{oa|jtj|z oel |n lia{ioqil oflnq|i{nei qia{i|jne% \hi fo||i{ lia{ioqi boz {iqyf|je o qboff jea{ioqi nd qi{yb wn|oqqjyb%

JELJAO\JNEQ=


31/56

Hzwi{|ieqjne

Fjqjenw{jf jq jeljao|il dn{ |hi |{io|bie| nd hzwi{|ieqjne% J| boz ki yqil ofnei oqjej|jof |hi{owz n{ aneanbj|oe|fz sj|h n|hi{ afoqqiq nd oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti ocie|q%

Hio{| Dojfy{i

Fjqjenw{jf jq jeljao|il oq olmyea|jti |hi{owz je |hi boeocibie| nd hio{| dojfy{i jewo|jie|q shn o{i en| {iqwneljec oliyo|ifz |n ljy{i|jaq oel ljcj|ofjq%

Oay|i Bznao{ljof Jedo{a|jne

Fjqjenw{jf jq jeljao|il dn{ |hi |{io|bie| nd hibnlzeobjaoffz q|okfi wo|jie|q sj|hje;< hny{q nd oay|i bznao{ljof jedo{a|jne& |n jbw{nti qy{tjtof% Wo|jie|q qhnyfl{iaijti& oq oww{nw{jo|i& |hi q|oelo{l {ianbbielil |{io|bie|q qyah oq|h{nbknfz|jaq& oqwj{je oel ki|o"kfnaì{q%

OLTI[QI L[YC [IOA\JNEQ

Anych& eoyqio& do|jcyi& oq|hiejo& hzwn|ieqjne& ljo{{hio& {oqh oel oecjnilibo%

ANE\[OJELJAO\JNEQFjqjenw{jf jq ane|{ojeljao|il je wo|jie|q shn o{i hzwi{qieqj|jti |n |hjq w{nlya| oelje wo|jie|q sj|h o hjq|n{z nd oecjnilibo {ifo|il |n w{itjnyq |{io|bie| sj|h oeoecjn|ieqje aneti{|jec ie}zbi jehjkj|n{ oel je wo|jie|q sj|h hi{ilj|o{z n{jljnwo|hja oecjnilibo%

L[YC JE\I[OA\JNEQ

Ocie|q Jea{ioqjec Qi{yb Wn|oqqjyb= OAI jehjkj|n{q aoyqi lia{ioqil

oflnq|i{nei w{nlya|jne shjah boz fiol |n jea{ioqil wn|oqqjyb {i|ie|jne kz |hi`jleiz% Shie anbkjeil sj|h ocie|q qyah oq wn|oqqjyb"qwo{jec ljy{i|jaq(Ofloa|nei& |{job|i{iei n{ objfn{jli*& wn|oqqjyb qywwfibie|q n{ wn|oqqjyb"ane|ojejec qof| qykq|j|y|iq& qiti{i hzwi{òfibjo boz naay{%

Ofwho"kfna`jec Ocie|q= Wo|jie|q |o`jec OAI jehjkj|n{q boz ixwi{jieai oeixocci{o|il hzwn|ieqjti {iqwneqi |n |hi dj{q| lnqi nd oe ofwho"kfnaì{ (i%c%&lnxo}nqje& w{o}nqje& |i{o}nqje*%

Hzwn|ieqjne Wo|jie|q ne Ljy{i|ja \hi{owz= Wo|jie|q ne ljy{i|jaq oeliqwiajoffz |hnqi je shnb ljy{i|ja |hi{owz soq {iaie|fz jeq|j|y|il& boz

naaoqjneoffz ixwi{jieai oe ixaiqqjti {ilya|jne nd kfnnl w{iqqy{i od|i{ jej|jo|jnend |hi{owz sj|h fjqjenw{jf%

Ene"Q|i{njlof Oe|j"Jedfobbo|n{z Ocie|q= Anolbjejq|{o|jne nd fjqjenw{jf boz{iqyf| je dy{|hi{ li|i{jn{o|jne nd {ieof dyea|jne%

[IANBBIELIL LNQOCI? |okfi| neai lojfz


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YQWq nd Oailjw

?% Wn|ie|jo|jne (ollj|jne n{ qzei{cjqb* nd oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti iddia| shie |snoe|jhzwi{|ieqjti cie|q o{i anbkjeil%

;% Fnsi{ lnqiq nd ioah l{yc {iyj{il& fioljec |n ki||i{ afjejaof {iqwneqi sj|h fiqqqjli iddia|%1% Lyi |n |hij{ fnec ifjbjeo|jne hofd fjdi& |hiz aoe ki olbjejq|i{il neai lojfz&

hieai jbw{ntil wo|jie|#q anbwfjoeai oel ki||i{ afjejaof {iqwneqi%


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Qianelo{z iel wnje|q= si{i o anbwnqj|i nd ao{ljntoqayfo{ itie|q& lidjeil oq|hi w{jbo{z iel wnje| ixafyljec do|of itie|q& oel o anbwnqj|i nd lio|h d{nbao{ljntoqayfo{ aoyqiq& enedo|of q|{nì& oel enedo|of bznao{ljof jedo{a|jne%

[iqyf|q= J| soq q|nwwil io{fz kiaoyqi |{io|bie| sj|h oe|jhzwi{|ieqjti

anbkjeo|jne |hi{owz""|hi OAI jehjkj|n{ kieo}iw{jf wfyq |hi aofajyb"ahoeeifkfnaì{ obfnljwjei""soq bn{i iddia|jti |hoe |{io|bie| sj|h |hi OAI jehjkj|n{wfyq ljy{i|ja%

Jetiq|jco|n{q {iwn{| |ho| anbkjeo|jne |{io|bie| sj|h kieo}iw{jf wfyq obfnljwjei{ilyail ao{ljntoqayfo{ bn{kjlj|z oel bn{|ofj|z& lidjeil oq ao{ljntoqayfo{ lio|h&do|of.enedo|of BJ& do|of.enedo|of q|{nì& hnqwj|ofj}o|jne dn{ yeq|okfi oecjeo& oelan{neo{z {itoqayfo{j}o|jne& kz ;7)& anbwo{il sj|h |hnqi |{io|il sj|hkieo}iw{jf wfyq o ljy{i|ja%

Anbwi|j|n{=

Obfoai YQT Obfnloa"F ]ylyq

Obfnw{iq"F Ajwfo Obfntoq"F Boafinlq

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O{wj|n{

O{wj|n{ jq O|n{toq|o|je% O|n{toq|o|je jq o wn|ie| qze|hi|ja HBC AnO"{ilya|oqijehjkj|n{% J| fnsi{q wfoqbo ahnfiq|i{nf fitifq kz jehjkj|jec ielncienyq ahnfiq|i{nfqze|hiqjq% O|n{toq|o|je ofqn hoq ollj|jneof kieidjajof iddia|q ne o{|i{jof q|{ya|y{ioel dyea|jne j%i%& oe|j"o|hi{nqafi{n|ja oel oe|j|h{nbkn|ja iddia|q%

Biahoejqb nd oa|jne=

O{wj|n{

Bitofneja Oajl

HBC AnO [ilya|oqi

Ahnfiq|i{n

HBC AnO [ilya|oqi

Jehjkj|n{


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\hi dn{bo|jne nd bitofneo|i jq |hi {o|i"fjbj|jec q|iw je ielncienyqahnfiq|i{nf qze|hiqjq% \hjq jq ao|ofz}il kz |hi ie}zbi HBC AnO {ilya|oqi%O|n{toq|o|je qifia|jtifz $ anbwi|j|jtifz jehjkj|q HBC AnO {ilya|oqi% Kzlia{ioqjec |hi w{nlya|jne nd bitofneo|i& O|n{toq|o|je {ilyaiq hiwo|jaahnfiq|i{nf kjnqze|hiqjq

Who{boan`jei|ja=

Okqn{w|jne = [owjlfz okqn{kil ne n{of olbjejq|{o|jne0 Wio` wfoqbo fitifq= sj|hje ?"; hny{q% W{n|ije kjeljec= :8) J|q fnec"oa|jec jehjkj|n{z iddia| jq lyi |n |hi w{iqieai nd oa|jtibi|oknfj|iq (N{|hn oel Wo{o hzl{nxzfo|il li{jto|jtiq*% 37 ) ndjehjkj|n{z oa|jne jq lyi |n |hi bi|oknfj|iq% \hjq jq {iqwneqjkfi dn{ |hihjch wn|ieaz nd |hi l{yc

Hofd"fjdi = ?< hny{q

Jeljao|jne=O|n{toq|o|je jq jeljao|il |n {ilyai

\n|of"Ahnfiq|i{nf FLF ahnfiq|i{nf Ownfjwnw{n|ije K \{jcfzai{jliq

je wo|jie|q sj|h Hzwi{ahnfiq|i{nfibjo oel anbkjeil hzwi{fjwjlibjo%

Lnqoci=n Jej|jof lnqi ?7bc.loz

n Lnqi {oeci ?7 |n 87bc.loz%

n O|n{toq|o|je aoe ki olbjejq|i{il oq qjecfi lnqi o| oez |jbi

nd |hi loz%n O|n{toq|o|je aoe ki olbjejq|i{il sj|h n{ sj|hny| dnnl

Qjli iddia|q=O|n{toq|o|je jq ciei{offz siff |nfi{o|il& sj|h bjfl oel |{oeqjie| {ioa|jneq%Bnq|anbbnefz {iwn{|il qjli iddia|q o{i

n Aneq|jwo|jne

n Lzqwiwqjon Dfo|yfieai

n Bzofcjo

n Offi{cz $

n Oklnbjeof woje

Wfijn|{nwja iddia|q nd q|o|jeq= Q|o|jeq hoti kiie qhnse |n bnlyfo|i toqayfo{dyea|jne kz jea{ioqjec ixw{iqqjne nd ej|{ja nxjli qze|hoqi oel iehoeajec ej|{ja nxjli


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w{nlya|jne% Jea{ioqiq je ej|{ja nxjli {ilyai ieln|hifjof lzqdyea|jne& o||ieyo|i fiy`naz|i"ieln|hifjyb je|i{oa|jneq& oel lia{ioqi wfo|ifi| occ{ico|jne% Q|o|jeq hoti ofqn kiielibneq|{o|il |n qaotieci {ioa|jti nxzcie qwiajiq& lia{ioqi ieln|hifjof aiff ownw|nqjq&oel w{nlyai oe|j|h{nbkn|ja iddia|q% Q|o|jeq ixi{| oe|jjedfobbo|n{z iddia|q |ho| ane|{jky|i|n o|hi{nqafi{n|ja wfoyi q|okjfj|z% Je ollj|jne& q|o|jeq {ilyai toqayfo{ qbnn|h byqafiw{nfjdi{o|jne je {iqwneqi |n jemy{z oel boz ane|{jky|i |n o lia{ioqi je |hi jeajlieai nd

{iq|ienqjq od|i{ wi{ay|oeinyq an{neo{z je|i{tie|jne%3 \hi lj{ia| ao{ljnw{n|ia|jti iddia|qnd q|o|jeq boz ki wo{|jayfo{fz jbwn{|oe| je ljqioqi q|o|iq (i%c%& ljoki|iq biffj|yq* jeshjah ielncienyq qjceof |{oeqlya|jne {iqwneqjkfi dn{ en{bof w{n|ia|jne ocojeq|jqahibja jemy{z jq jbwoj{il%

Wfo|ifi| oa|jto|jne

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Ieln|hifjof dyea|jne

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EN kjnoa|jtj|z

O\? {iaiw|n{

Iddia|q ne anffocie

BBWq

Ieln|hifje

Hns jq O|n{toq|o|je qywi{jn{ |n Qjbtoq|o|je>

Bn{i w{nfnec jehjkj|jne nd HBC "AnO {ilya|oqi Fioljec |n c{io|i{ {ilya|jne je FLF"A& \C& Own"K oel \A

O|n{toq|o|je ixhjkj|il bn{i wn|ie| ahnfiq|i{nf fnsi{jec oa|jtj|z& oq j| soqbn{i ljddjayf| |n ljqwfoai |hi l{yc d{nb |hi bja{nqnbof HBC AnO{ilya|oqi

C{io|i{ {ilya|jne je FLF"A& \C& Own"K oel \A;

O{wj|n{ Qjbtoq|o|je

\ ?.; ?< h{q ;"1 h{q

Bi|oknfj|iq Oa|jti Fiqq oa|jti

O{wj|n{ Qjbtoq|o|je

FLF"A "1:) "17)

\{jcfzai{jli ";3) "?9)

\n|of Ahnfiq|i{nf "17) ";


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O|n{toq|o|je ?7 bc w{nlyail FLF"A {ilya|jneq anbwo{okfi n{ c{io|i{ |hoeQjbtoq|o|je ?7& ;7 oel


37/56

Qqjbtoq|o|je (;7 bc* "11 8 "?:

W{otoq|o|je (;7 bc* "1; ; "??

Dfytoq|o|je (;7 bc* ";; 1 "?;

Qybbo{z nd L{yc Ahnjai=

Fjwjl

oken{bofj|z |zwi

Dj{q| ahnjai Ollj|jneof [ibo{`q

FLF Q|o|je I}i|jbjki Bznwo|hz

\C Djk{o|i Ejoaje AHN je|o`i

HLF Ejoaje Djk{o|i Ixi{ajqi

FLF + \C Q|o|je + Djk{o|i Ejoaje Bzn {jq`

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\C + HLF Djk{o|i + Ejoaje Q|o|je Ixi{ajqi

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HLF

Q|o|je + Djk{o|i I& E& KO& DN Bzn {jq`

Iddia| nd fjwjl"bnljdzjec |hi{owjiq ne fjwjlq\hi{owz \A FLF HLF \C Wo|jie||nfi{okjfj|z

Kjfi oajlqiyiq|{oe|q

Lnse;7)

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Q|o|jeq- Lnse?:13)

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38/56

I}i|jbjki """"""" Lnse?8)

Yw Lnse8)

Cnnl

Anbwi|j|n{ =

QI[IEOAI

Qi{ieoai jq oe oe|jwqzahn|ja w{nlya| yqidyf dn{ ljddi{ie| |zwiq nd wqzahn|jajffeiqqiq% J| kifnecq |n |hi c{nyw aoffil \zwjaof.Nfli{.?q| ciei{o|jne Oe|jwqzahn|jan{ Eiy{nfiw|ja% Ahibjaoffz j| kifnecq |n ky|z{nwhienei c{nyw (Ahfn{w{nbo}jeikifnecq |n Whien|hjo}jei c{nyw*%


39/56

Anbwnqj|jne nd Qi{ieoai=

Qi{ieoai jq otojfokfi oq |okfi|q& fjyjl oel jemia|jne%

Qi{ieoai 7%;9

Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeqHofnwi{jlnf J%W% 7%;9bc

Qi{ieoai ?%9Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeq

Hofnwi{jlnf J%W% ?%9 bc

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Qi{ieoai ?7Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeqHofnwi{jlnf J%W% ?7 bc

Qi{ieoai ;7Ioah |okfi| ane|ojeq

Hofnwi{jlnf J%W% ;7 bc

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Qi{ieoai fjyjl (?9 bf kn||fi*Ioah bf ane|ojeq

Hofnwi{jlnf J%W% ; bc

Qi{ieoai jq jeljao|il =

Qi{ieoai jq yqil je |hi dnffnsjec anelj|jneq=

?% Qahj}nwh{iejo;% Oay|i wqzahnqiq1% Lifj{jyb


40/56

9% Oexji|z q|o|iq

Bnli nd oa|jne=

Qahj}nwh{iejo naay{q oq o {iqyf| nd ixaiqq oa|jtj|z nd lnwobjei{cja qzq|ibq je

|hi k{oje% Qi{ieoai jq o ti{z wn|ie| lnwobjei L; {iaiw|n{ oe|ocnejq|% Kzkfna`jec |hiqi {iaiw|n{q& Qi{ieoai ane|{nfq |hnych| ljqn{li{q oel {ilyaiqhzwi{oa|jtj|z oel boejo%

Who{boan`jei|ja w{ndjfi

\hi neqi| nd qilo|jne =? h od|i{ je|{otienyq lnqjecWio` qi{yb fitifq = sj|hje ;7 bje oel ; |n 4 h sj|h je|{obyqayfo{ oel n{oflnqjec& {iqwia|jtifz0Oww{nxjbo|ifz 47) |n 37) nd oe n{of lnqi jq okqn{kilW{n|ije kjeljec = Oww{nxjbo|ifz :7)0

Tnfybi nd ljq|{jky|jne = ?177 F0Ifjbjeo|jne hofd"fjdi = ?1 |n 19 h0Bi|oknfjqb = hiwo|ja bi|oknfjqbIxa|i|jne= 11) |n

Oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq o{i |hi l{ycq yqil je |hi |{io|bie| nd wqzahn|ja jffeiqqiq fjìqahj}nwh{iejo% \hiz o{i afoqqjdjil je|n |sn bomn{ c{nywq oq dnffnsq=

Nfli{.\zwjaof Oe|jwqzahn|jaqIx= Ahfn{w{nbo}jei& Hofnwi{jlnf

Eisi{.O|zwjaof Oe|jwqzahn|jaqIx= Afn}owjei& [jqwi{jlnei& Nfoe}owjei& ]jw{oqjlnei& _y|jowjei

Hns ln |zwjaof oel o|zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|jaq ljddi{ d{nb nei oen|hi{>

Sj|h |zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|jaq& |hi{i o{i ofsozq o ahoeai nd ci||jec IWQ (Ix|{o"Wz{objlof Qzel{nbi*% Ky| oq do{ oq iddjaoaz nd |zwjaof ocie|q jq aneai{eil& |hizo{i hjchfz iddjaoajnyq bnfiayfiq% Qi{ieoai jq siff ènse dn{ j|q iq|okfjqhiliddjaoaz je |hi |{io|bie| nd qahj}nwh{iejo oq siff oq oay|i anelj|jneq fjìocj|o|jne% Ne |hi n|hi{ hoel& o|zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|jaq yqyoffz ln en| aoyqi IWQ&ky| je hjch lnqi& |hi{i aoe ki IWQ sj|h |hiqi l{ycq ofqn (fjì nfoe}owjei&{jqwi{jlnei*% Oq do{ oq iddjaoaz jq aneai{eil& j| jq qojl |ho| |hiqi ocie|q ane|{nfeico|jti qzbw|nbq je ollj|jne |n wnqj|jti qzbw|nbq (kiaoyqi nd |hij{ ollj|jneofoa|jne ne 9"H\ {iaiw|n{q0 Qi{ieoai kfna`q nefz Lnwobjei {iaiw|n{q*% Ky| |hi{ijq ti{z fiqq itjlieai dn{ |hjq afojb%


41/56

J| hoq kiie nkqi{til |ho| o|zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|jaq o{i aowokfi nd aoyqjec sijch|coje oel |hjq hoq kiie of{iolz w{ntil je off |hi afjejaof |{jofq dn{ |hiqi l{ycq% \hil{ycq shjah aoyqi sijch| coje o{i afn}owjei& nfoe}owjei& {jqwi{jlnei oely|jowjei% \hjq jq o ti{z qi{jnyq aneai{e je |hi bjelq nd |hi lna|n{q& kiaoyqi

|hjq boz fiol |n nkiqj|z& cfyanqi je|nfi{oeai& ljoki|iq biffj|yq& lzqfjwjlibjo&o|hi{nqafi{nqjq& i|a%

Kiaoyqi nd oknti bie|jneil w{nkfibq (sijch| coje fjokjfj|z*& boez lna|n{qhoti of{iolz qhjd|il koa` |n nfli{ (|zwjaof* ocie|q fjì Qi{ieoai% Wfioqien|i |ho| |hjq jq |hi bnq| jbwn{|oe| wnje| dn{ |hi w{nbn|jne nd Qi{ieoai%

Hns ln lna|n{q boì o ahnjai nd oe|jwqzahn|ja ocie|q>

\zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq fjì Hofnwi{jlnf o{i ti{z wn|ie| jehjkj|n{q nd

Lnwobjei {iaiw|n{q& |hyq ti{z iddjaoajnyq l{ycq% \hiz hoti nei anbbne qjliiddia|& j%i%& Ix|{o"Wz{objlof [ioa|jneq%

O|zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|jaq o{i ofqn iddia|jti ocie|q& ky| |hij{ kjeljec sj|h Lnwobjei{iaiw|n{q jq en| dj{b% \hyq |hiz o{i ljqqnajo|il d{nb |hi {iaiw|n{q doq|i{ |hoe|zwjaof ocie|q% \hi{idn{i ahoeaiq nd ci||jec IWQ sj|h |hiqi l{ycq o{i fiqq% Ky|{iaie| afjejaof itjlieai qhnsq |ho| o|zwjaof oe|jwqzahn|ja ocie|q fjì nfoe}owjeioel afn}owjei o{i aowokfi nd aoyqjec sijch| coje% \hiz aoe ofqn aoyqi cfyanqije|nfi{oeai& ljoki|iq biffj|yq& lzqfjwjlibjo& i|a& shjah o{i nd ix|{ibi aneai{e jeao{ljntoqayfo{ wo|jie|q& iqwiajoffz |hnqi qyddi{jec d{nb ljoki|iq biffj|yq%

\o`jec |hjq aneqjli{o|jne& boez lna|n{q q|jff w{idi{ |n q|o{| |hi{owz sj|hHofnwi{jlnf (Qi{ieoai* je eisfz ljocenqil aoqiq nd qahj}nwh{iejo% Neai |hiwo|jie| jq q|okjfj}il ne Hofnwi{jlnf& j| jq ane|jeyil oq fnec oq j| jq |nfi{o|il oellniq en| aoyqi IWQ& iqwiajoffz \L (\o{ljti Lzq`jeiqjo*% Jd j| aoyqiq IWQ& |hieo|zwjaof ocie|q o{i w{idi{{il%

Jd |hi wo|jie| qhnsq ocj|o|jne n{ j{{j|okjfj|z& |hie |hi w{idi{{il ahnjai jq |zwjaofocie| fjì Hofnwi{jlnf& kiaoyqi j| jq ti{z wn|ie| l{yc oel j| iddia|jtifz ane|{nfqocj|o|jne% Dn{ |hjq wy{wnqi& ij|hi{ jemia|jne n{ fjyjl w{iwo{o|jne jq w{idi{{il%

\hi ahnjai nd |hi{owz ofqn liwielq ne |hi oqqnajo|il anelj|jneq fjì w{iceoeaz&ljoki|iq biffj|yq& ao{ljoa ljqioqi& nq|inwn{nqjq& qixyof lzqdyea|jne& |{io|bie|"{id{oa|n{z aoqiq& i|a%

Sho| jq |hi anbbneiq| qjli iddia| nd Qi{ieoai>

\hi anbbneiq| qjli iddia| nd Qi{ieoai jq Ix|{o"Wz{objlof Qzel{nbi (IWQ*%


42/56

Sho| jq IWQ> Sho| o{i |hi ljddi{ie| |zwiq nd ix|{owz{objlof {ioa|jneq>

Shie si |{io| o aoqi nd qahj}nwh{iejo& |hi l{yc jq qywwnqil |n kfna` |hiLnwobjei {iaiw|n{q (L;[* je biqnfjbkja wo|hsoz (shjah jq {iqwneqjkfi dn{ibn|jneq*% \hyq Qi{ieoai cjtiq oe|jwqzahn|ja oa|jne kz kfna`jec |hiqi

{iaiw|n{q% Qjeai lnwobjei {iaiw|n{q (L;[* o{i ofqn w{iqie| je ejc{nq|{jo|ofwo|hsoz (shjah jq {iqwneqjkfi dn{ bntibie|q*& Qi{ieoai sjff kfna` L;[ hi{iofqn% \hjq fiolq |n bntibie| ljqn{li{q aoffil IWQ% \hjq yqyoffz howwieq shieLnwobjei {iaiw|n{ naaywoeaz a{nqqiq 87)%

\hiqi {ioa|jneq o{i boejdiq|il je to{jnyq sozq% \hi{i o{i boez `jelq nd IWQ%Ky| hi{i si o{i liqa{jkjec jbwn{|oe| IWQ% \hi{i o{i |h{ii boje |zwiq nd IWQ%\hiz o{i Oay|i lzq|nejo& Wo{`jeqnejqb oel \o{ljti lzq`jeiqjo%

Oay|i lzq|nejo

J| jq aho{oa|i{j}il kz qyllie |neja ane|{oa|jne nd byqafiq nd |necyi& eia`& koa`&bny|h oel iziq% J| jq anbbne je znyec bofiq& io{fz je |{io|bie| oel |hijeajlieai jq ?7)%

Wo{`jeqnejqb

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Ao{ajencieiqjq& By|ocieiqjq& oel Jbwoj{bie| nd Di{|jfj|z

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az|nciei|ja itjlieai jq aneqjli{il |nn jeaneqjq|ie| |n ki aneafyqjti o| |hjq |jbi%Ao{ajenciejaj|z q|yljiq yqjec n{of hofnwi{jlnf si{i anelya|il je Sjq|o{ {o|q(lnqil o| yw |n 9 bc.`c lojfz dn{ ;< bne|hq* oel je Ofkjen Qsjqq bjai (lnqil o|yw |n 9 bc.`c lojfz dn{ ?8 bne|hq*% Je |hi {o| q|ylz qy{tjtof soq fiqq |hoe nw|jbofje off lnqi c{nywq& {ilyajec |hi eybki{ nd {o|q o| {jq` dn{ litifnwjec |ybn{q%Hnsiti{& of|hnych o {ifo|jtifz c{io|i{ eybki{ nd {o|q qy{tjtil |n |hi iel nd |hiq|ylz je hjch"lnqi bofi oel dibofi c{nywq& |hiqi oejbofq ljl en| hoti o c{io|i{jeajlieai nd |ybn{q |hoe ane|{nf oejbofq% \hi{idn{i& of|hnych en| nw|jbof& |hjq


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q|ylz lniq qycciq| |hi okqieai nd o hofnwi{jlnf {ifo|il jea{ioqi je |hijeajlieai nd einwfoqjo je {o|q o| lnqiq yw |n ;7 |jbiq |hi yqyof lojfz hyboe lnqidn{ ah{neja n{ {iqjq|oe| wo|jie|q%Je dibofi bjai o| 9 oel ;7 |jbiq |hi hjchiq| jej|jof lojfz lnqi dn{ ah{neja n{{iqjq|oe| wo|jie|q& |hi{i soq o q|o|jq|jaoffz qjcejdjaoe| jea{ioqi je bobbo{z cfoel

einwfoqjo oel |n|of |ybn{ jeajlieai0 o| ;7 |jbiq |hi qobi lojfz lnqi |hi{i soq oq|o|jq|jaoffz qjcejdjaoe| jea{ioqi je wj|yj|o{z cfoel einwfoqjo% Je bofi bjai& enq|o|jq|jaoffz qjcejdjaoe| ljddi{ieaiq je jeajlieaiq nd |n|of |ybn{q n{ qwiajdja |ybn{|zwiq si{i en|il%Oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq ifito|i w{nfoa|je fitifq0 |hi ifito|jne wi{qjq|q ly{jec ah{nejaolbjejq|{o|jne% \jqqyi ayf|y{i ixwi{jbie|q jeljao|i |ho| oww{nxjbo|ifz nei"|hj{lnd hyboe k{ioq| aoeai{q o{i w{nfoa|je liwielie| je tj|{n& o doa|n{ nd wn|ie|jofjbwn{|oeai jd |hi w{iqa{jw|jne nd |hiqi l{ycq jq ane|ibwfo|il je o wo|jie| sj|h ow{itjnyqfz li|ia|il k{ioq| aoeai{% Of|hnych ljq|y{koeaiq qyah oq cofoa|n{{hio&obien{{hio& czeianboq|jo& oel jbwn|ieai hoti kiie {iwn{|il& |hi afjejaofqjcejdjaoeai nd ifito|il qi{yb w{nfoa|je fitifq jq ye`ense dn{ bnq| wo|jie|q%

Oe jea{ioqi je bobbo{z einwfoqbq hoq kiie dnyel je {nlie|q od|i{ ah{nejaolbjejq|{o|jne nd oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq% Eij|hi{ afjejaof q|yljiq en{ iwjlibjnfncjaq|yljiq anelya|il |n lo|i& hnsiti{& hoti qhnse oe oqqnajo|jne ki|siie ah{nejaolbjejq|{o|jne nd |hiqi l{ycq oel bobbo{z |ybn{jcieiqjq0 |hi otojfokfiitjlieai jq aneqjli{il |nn fjbj|il |n ki aneafyqjti o| |hjq |jbi%

Yqoci je W{iceoeaz

W{iceoeaz Ao|icn{z A% [nlie|q cjtie yw |n 1 |jbiq |hi yqyof boxjbyb hyboelnqi nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i qhnsil oe jea{ioqi je jeajlieai nd {iqn{w|jne&di|of bn{|ofj|z& oel wyw bn{|ofj|z% En di|of oken{bofj|jiq si{i nkqi{til%

\hi{i o{i en oliyo|i oel siff"ane|{nffil q|yljiq je w{iceoe| snbie% \hi{i o{i{iwn{|q& hnsiti{& nd aoqiq nd fjbk bofdn{bo|jneq nkqi{til dnffnsjec bo|i{eofyqi nd QI[IEOAI Liwn| ofnec sj|h n|hi{ l{ycq shjah hoti qyqwia|il|i{o|ncieja wn|ie|jof ly{jec |hi dj{q| |{jbiq|i{ nd w{iceoeaz

Ey{qjec Bn|hi{q

Qjeai hofnwi{jlnf jq ixa{i|il je hyboe k{ioq| bjf`& jedoe|q qhnyfl en| ki ey{qilly{jec l{yc |{io|bie| sj|h hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i%

Wiljo|{ja Yqi

Qodi|z oel iddia|jtieiqq nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i je ahjfl{ie hoti en| kiie

iq|okfjqhil%

Ci{jo|{ja Yqi

Afjejaof q|yljiq nd hofnwi{jlnf ljl en| jeafyli qyddjajie| eybki{q nd qykmia|q ocil49 oel nti{ |n li|i{bjei shi|hi{ |hiz {iqwnel ljddi{ie|fz d{nb znyeci{qykmia|q% N|hi{ {iwn{|il afjejaof ixwi{jieai hoq en| aneqjq|ie|fz jlie|jdjilljddi{ieaiq je {iqwneqiq ki|siie |hi ifli{fz oel znyeci{ wo|jie|q% Hnsiti{& |hi


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w{itofieai nd |o{ljti lzq jeiqjo owwio{q |n ki hjchiq| obnec |hi ifli{fz&iqwiajoffz ifli{fz snbie

Olti{qi [ioa|jneq

Olti{qi {ioa|jneq dnffnsjec |hi olbjejq|{o|jne nd QI[IEOAI Liwn| 97 bc o{i|hnqi nd QI[IEOAI Liwn| (hofnwi{jlnf*% Qjeai toq| ixwi{jieai hoqoaaybyfo|il sj|h QI[IEOAI Liwn|& |hi olti{qi {ioa|jneq o{i {iwn{|il dn{ |ho|anbwnyel oq siff oq dn{ hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i% Oq sj|h off jemia|okfibiljao|jneq& fnaof |jqqyi {ioa|jneq hoti kiie {iwn{|il sj|h hofnwi{jlnfliaoeno|i%

Ao{ljntoqayfo{ Iddia|q

\oahzao{ljo& hzwn|ieqjne& oel hzwi{|ieqjne hoti kiie {iwn{|il% _\w{nfneco|jne oel.n{ tie|{jayfo{ o{{hz|hbjoq hoti ofqn kiie {iwn{|il& je ollj|jne|n IAC wo||i{e ahoeciq anbwo|jkfi sj|h |hi wnfzbn{whnyq anedjcy{o|jne nd

|n{qoli li wnje|iq& oel boz naay{ bn{i d{iyie|fz sj|h hjch lnqiq oel jew{iljqwnqil wo|jie|q %Aoqiq nd qyllie oel yeixwia|il lio|h hoti kiie {iwn{|il je oqqnajo|jne sj|h|hi olbjejq|{o|jne nd QI[IEOAI Liwn|% \hi eo|y{i nd |hi itjlieai boìq j|jbwnqqjkfi |n li|i{bjei lidjej|jtifz sho| {nfi& jd oez& QI[IEOAI Liwn| wfozilje |hi ny|anbi nd |hi {iwn{|il aoqiq% \hi wnqqjkjfj|z |ho| QI[IEOAI Liwn|aoyqil lio|h aoeen|& nd any{qi& ki ixafylil& ky| j| jq |n ki ìw| je bjel |ho|qyllie oel yeixwia|il lio|h boz naay{ je wqzahn|ja wo|jie|q shie |hiz cnye|{io|il n{ shie |hiz o{i |{io|il sj|h n|hi{ oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq%

AEQ Iddia|q

Ix|{owz{objlof Qzbw|nbq (IWQ*IWQ ly{jec |hi olbjejq|{o|jne nd QI[IEOAI Liwn| (hofnwi{jlnf* hoti kiie{iwn{|il d{iyie|fz& nd|ie ly{jec |hi dj{q| dis lozq nd |{io|bie|% IWQ aoe kiao|icn{j}il ciei{offz oq Wo{`jeqne"fj i qzbw|nbq& oò|hjqjo& n{ lzq|nejo(jeafyljec nwjq|hn|nenq oel nayfncz{ja a{jqjq*% Shjfi off aoe naay{ o| {ifo|jtifz fnslnqiq& |hiz naay{ bn{i d{iyie|fz oel sj|h c{io|i{ qiti{j|z o| hjchi{ lnqiq% \hiqzbw|nbq boz ki ane|{nffil sj|h lnqi {ilya|jneq n{ olbjejq|{o|jne ndoe|jwo{`jeqne l{ycq qyah oq kie}|{nwjei biqzfo|i YQW n{ |{jhixzwhiejlzfhzl{nahfn{jli YQW% J| qhnyfl ki en|il |ho| wi{qjq|ie| IWQ hoti kiie {iwn{|il0

|hi l{yc boz hoti |n ki ljqane|jeyil je qyah aoqiq%

Lzq|nejoAfoqq Iddia|= Qzbw|nbq nd lzq|nejo& w{nfnecil oken{bof ane|{oa|jneq nd byqafic{nywq& boz naay{ je qyqaiw|jkfi jeljtjlyofq ly{jec |hi dj{q| dis lozq nd|{io|bie|% Lzq|neja qzbw|nbq jeafyli= qwoqb nd |hi eia` byqafiq& qnbi|jbiqw{nc{iqqjec |n |jch|eiqq nd |hi |h{no|& qsoffnsjec ljddjayf|z& ljddjayf|z k{io|hjec&


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oel.n{ w{n|{yqjne nd |hi |necyi% Shjfi |hiqi qzbw|nbq aoe naay{ o| fns lnqiq&|hiz naay{ bn{i d{iyie|fz oel sj|h c{io|i{ qiti{j|z sj|h hjch wn|ieaz oel o|hjchi{ lnqiq nd dj{q| ciei{o|jne oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq% Oe ifito|il {jq` nd oay|ilzq|nejo jq nkqi{til je bofiq oel znyeci{ oci c{nywq%

Sj|hl{osof Ibi{cie| Eiy{nfncjaof QjceqCiei{offz& wo|jie|q {iaijtjec qhn{|"|i{b |hi{owz ixwi{jieai en w{nkfibq sj|hok{yw| ljqane|jeyo|jne nd oe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq% Hnsiti{& qnbi wo|jie|q neboje|ieoeai |{io|bie| ixwi{jieai |{oeqjie| lzq`jei|ja qjceq od|i{ ok{yw|sj|hl{osof% Je ai{|oje nd |hiqi aoqiq |hi lzq jei|ja bntibie|q o{ijeljq|jecyjqhokfi d{nb |hi qzel{nbi liqa{jkil kifns yeli{ \o{ljti Lzq`jeiqjoixaiw| dn{ ly{o|jne% Of|hnych |hi fnec"oa|jec w{nwi{|jiq nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|iw{ntjli c{olyof sj|hl{osof& j| jq en| ènse shi|hi{ c{olyof sj|hl{osof ndoe|jwqzahn|ja l{ycq sjff {ilyai |hi {o|i nd naay{{ieai nd sj|hl{osof ibi{cie|eiy{nfncjaof qjceq%

\o{ljti Lzq`jeiqjoOq sj|h off oe|jwqzahn|ja ocie|q QI[IEOAI Liwn| hoq kiie oqqnajo|il sj|hwi{qjq|ie| lzq`jeiqjoq% \o{ljti lzq`jeiqjo& o qzel{nbi aneqjq|jec nd wn|ie|joffzj{{iti{qjkfi& jetnfye|o{z& lzq`jei|ja bntibie|q& boz owwio{ je qnbi wo|jie|q nefnec"|i{b |hi{owz sj|h hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i n{ boz naay{ od|i{ l{yc |hi{owzhoq kiie ljqane|jeyil% \hi {jq` owwio{q |n ki c{io|i{ je ifli{fz wo|jie|q ne hjch"lnqi |hi{owz& iqwiajoffz dibofiq% \hi qzbw|nbq o{i wi{qjq|ie| oel je qnbiwo|jie|q owwio{ j{{iti{qjkfi% \hi qzel{nbi jq aho{oa|i{j}il kz {hz|hbjaofjetnfye|o{z bntibie|q nd |necyi& doai& bny|h n{ mos (i%c%& w{n|{yqjne nd |necyi&wyddjec nd ahii`q& wyaì{jec nd bny|h& ahisjec bntibie|q*% Qnbi|jbiq |hiqiboz ki oaanbwoejil kz jetnfye|o{z bntibie|q nd ix|{ibj|jiq oel |hi |{ye`%

\hi{i jq en ènse iddia|jti |{io|bie| dn{ |o{ljti lzq jeiqjo0 oe|jwo{ jeqneocie|q yqyoffz ln en| offitjo|i |hi qzbw|nbq nd |hjq qzel{nbi% J| jq qycciq|il|ho| off oe|jwqzahn|ja ocie|q ki ljqane|jeyil jd |hiqi qzbw|nbq owwio{% Qhnyfl j|ki eiaiqqo{z |n {ijeq|j|y|i |{io|bie|& n{ jea{ioqi |hi lnqoci nd |hi ocie|& n{qsj|ah |n o ljddi{ie| oe|jwqzahn|ja ocie|& |hjq qzel{nbi boz ki boqìl%J| hoq kiie {iwn{|il |ho| djei ti{bjayfo{ bntibie| nd |hi |necyi boz ki oeio{fz qjce nd |o{ljti lzq`jeiqjo oel jd |hi biljao|jne jq q|nwwil o| |ho| |jbi |hidyff qzel{nbi boz en| litifnw%

\o{ljti Lzq|nejo\o{ljti lzq|nejo& en| oqqnajo|il sj|h |hi oknti qzel{nbi& hoq ofqn kiie{iwn{|il% \o{ljti lzq|nejo jq aho{oa|i{j}il kz lifozil neqi| nd ahn{ija n{lzq|neja bntibie|q& jq nd|ie wi{qjq|ie|& oel hoq |hi wn|ie|jof nd kianbjecj{{iti{qjkfi%

Hibo|nfncja Iddia|q

[iwn{|q hoti owwio{il aj|jec |hi naay{{ieai nd bjfl oel yqyoffz |{oeqjie|fiy`nwiejo oel fiy`naz|nqjq& bjejbof lia{ioqiq je {il kfnnl aiff anye|q&oeibjo& n{ o |ielieaz |nso{l fzbwhnbnenaz|nqjq% Oc{oeyfnaz|nqjq hoq {o{ifz


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kiie {iwn{|il |n hoti naay{{il sj|h |hi yqi nd QI[IEOAI Liwn|& oel |hie nefzje oqqnajo|jne sj|h n|hi{ biljao|jne%

Fjti{ Iddia|q

Jbwoj{il fjti{ dyea|jne oel.n{ moyeljai hoti kiie {iwn{|il%

Li{bo|nfncja [ioa|jneq

Boayfnwowyfo{ oel oaeijdn{b q`je {ioa|jneq oel jqnfo|il aoqiq ndwhn|nqieqj|jtj|z oel fnqq nd hoj{%

Ielna{jei Ljqn{li{q

Foa|o|jne& k{ioq| iecn{cibie|& boq|ofcjo& bieq|{yof j{{icyfo{j|jiq&czeianboq|jo& jbwn|ieai& jea{ioqil fjkjln& hzwi{cfzaibjo& hzwncfzaibjo oelhzwneo|{ibjo%

Coq|{nje|iq|jeof Iddia|qOen{ixjo& aneq|jwo|jne& ljo{{hio& hzwi{qofjto|jne& lzqwiwqjo& eoyqio oeltnbj|jec%

Oy|nenbja [ioa|jneq

L{z bny|h& kfy{{il tjqjne& y{jeo{z {i|ie|jne& ljowhn{iqjq oel w{jowjqb%

[iqwj{o|n{z Iddia|q

Fo{zecnqwoqb& k{neahnqwoqb oel jea{ioqil liw|h nd {iqwj{o|jne%

Qwiajof Qieqiq

Ao|o{oa|q& {i|jenwo|hz oel tjqyof ljq|y{koeaiq%

Wnq|bo{`i|jec Itie|q

Hzwi{obbneibjo hoq kiie {iwn{|il je o 9 ? .; zio{ nfl ahjfl sj|h aj|{yffjeibjo&oe jehi{j|il ljqn{li{ nd obbnejo ixa{i|jne& dnffnsjec |{io|bie| sj|h QI[IEOAILiwn|%

Nti{lnqoci

Shjfi nti{lnqoci jq fiqq fj`ifz |n naay{ sj|h o wo{ie|i{of |hoe sj|h oe n{ofbiljao|jne& jedn{bo|jne wi{|ojejec |n QI[IEOAI Liwn| (hofnwi{jlnf* jqw{iqie|il& bnljdjil nefz |n {idfia| |hi ix|ielil ly{o|jne nd oa|jne nd hofnwi{jlnf

liaoeno|i%

QI[IEOAI Liwn|= Lnqoci oel Olbjejq|{o|jne

QI[IEOAI Liwn| 97 bc qhnyfl ki olbjejq|i{il kz liiw je|{obyqayfo{jemia|jne% O ;? coyci eiilfi jq {ianbbielil% \hi boxjbyb tnfybi wi{jemia|jne qj|i qhnyfl en| ixaiil 1 bF% LN EN\ OLBJEJQ\I[JE\[OTIENYQFZ%


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Wo{ie|i{of l{yc w{nlya|q qhnyfl ki jeqwia|il tjqyoffz dn{ wo{|jayfo|i bo||i{ oelljqanfn{o|jne w{jn{ |n olbjejq|{o|jne& shieiti{ qnfy|jne oel ane|ojei{ wi{bj|%QI[IEOAI Liwn| 97 bc o{i je|ielil dn{ yqi je qahj}nwh{ieja wo|jie|q shn{iyj{i w{nfnecil wo{ie|i{of oe|jwqzahn|ja |hi{owz% \hiqi wo|jie|q qhnyfl kiw{itjnyqfz q|okjfj}il ne oe|jwqzahn|ja biljao|jne kidn{i aneqjli{jec o aneti{qjne

|n hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i% Dy{|hi{bn{i& j| jq {ianbbielil |ho| wo|jie|q kijecaneqjli{il dn{ hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i |hi{owz hoti kiie |{io|il sj|h& oel|nfi{o|i siff& qhn{|"oa|jec QI[IEOAI Liwn| (hofnwi{jlnf* je n{li{ |n {ilyai |hiwnqqjkjfj|z nd oe yeixwia|il olti{qi qieqj|jtj|z |n hofnwi{jlnf% Afnqi afjejaofqywi{tjqjne jq {iyj{il ly{jec |hi jej|jof wi{jnl nd lnqi olmyq|bie| je n{li{ |nbjejbj}i |hi {jq` nd nti{lnqoci n{ {iowwio{oeai nd wqzahn|ja qzbw|nbq kidn{i|hi eix| jemia|jne% Ly{jec lnqi olmyq|bie| n{ iwjqnliq nd ixoai{ko|jne ndqzbw|nbq nd qahj}nwh{iejo& hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i |hi{owz aoe ki qywwfibie|ilsj|h qhn{|"oa|jec dn{bq nd hofnwi{jlnf%\hi lnqi nd QI[IEOAI Liwn| 97 bc qhnyfl ki ixw{iqqil je |i{bq nd j|qhofnwi{jlnf ane|ie|% \hi q|o{|jec lnqi nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i qhnyfl ki koqil

ne |hi wo|jie|#q oci& afjejaof hjq|n{z& whzqjaof anelj|jne& oel {iqwneqi |n w{itjnyqoe|jwqzahn|ja |hi{owz% \hi w{idi{{il oww{noah |n li|i{bjejec |hi bjejbybiddia|jti lnqi jq |n kicje sj|h fnsi{ jej|jof lnqiq oel |n olmyq| |hi lnqi ywso{loq eiilil% Dn{ wo|jie|q w{itjnyqfz boje|ojeil ne fns lnqiq nd oe|jwqzahn|jaq(i%c% yw |n |hi iyjtofie| nd ?7 bc.loz n{of hofnwi{jlnf*& j| jq {ianbbielil |ho||hi jej|jof lnqi nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i ki ?7?9 |jbiq |hi w{itjnyq lojfz lnqije n{of hofnwi{jlnf iyjtofie|q0 fjbj|il afjejaof ixwi{jieai qycciq|q |ho| fnsi{jej|jof lnqiq boz ki oliyo|i%

Jej|jof \hi{owz

Aneti{qjne d{nb n{of hofnwi{jlnf |n hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i aoe ki oahjitil kz

yqjec oe jej|jof lnqi nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i |ho| jq ?7 |n ;7 |jbiq |hi w{itjnyqlojfz lnqi je n{of hofnwi{jlnf iyjtofie|q%Je wo|jie|q shn o{i ifli{fz& likjfj|o|il& n{ q|okfi ne fns lnqiq nd n{of hofnwi{jlnf(i%c% yw |n |hi iyjtofie| nd ?7 bc.loz n{of hofnwi{jlnf*& o {oeci nd ?7 |n ?9|jbiq |hi w{itjnyq lojfz lnqi je n{of hofnwi{jlnf iyjtofie|q jq oww{nw{jo|i dn{jej|jof aneti{qjne%Je wo|jie|q w{itjnyqfz boje|ojeil ne hjchi{ lnqiq nd oe|jwqzahn|jaq dn{ shnb ofns lnqi oww{noah {jq`q {iay{{ieai nd wqzahjo|{ja lianbwieqo|jne oel jewo|jie|q shnqi fnec"|i{b yqi nd hofnwi{jlnf hoq {iqyf|il je o |nfi{oeai |n |hil{yc& ;7 |jbiq |hi w{itjnyq lojfz lnqi je n{of hofnwi{jlnf iyjtofie|q qhnyfl kianeqjli{il dn{ jej|jof aneti{qjne& sj|h lnseso{l |j|{o|jne ne qyaaiiljec

jemia|jneq%\hi jej|jof lnqi nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i qhnyfl en| ixaiil ?77 bc {ico{lfiqqnd w{itjnyq oe|jwqzahn|ja lnqi {iyj{ibie|q% Jd& |hi{idn{i& aneti{qjne {iyj{iqbn{i |hoe ?77 bc nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i oq oe jej|jof lnqi& |ho| lnqi qhnyflki olbjejq|i{il je |sn jemia|jneq& j%i% o boxjbyb nd ?77 bc jej|joffz dnffnsil kz|hi kofoeai je 1 |n 3 lozq%


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Boje|ieoeai \hi{owz

\hi boje|ieoeai lnqoci nd hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i byq| ki jeljtjlyofj}il sj|h|j|{o|jne ywso{l n{ lnseso{l koqil ne |hi{owiy|ja {iqwneqi% \hi yqyofboje|ieoeai {oeci jq ?7 |n ?9 |jbiq |hi w{itjnyq lojfz lnqi je n{of hofnwi{jlnfiyjtofie|q liwielie| ne |hi afjejaof {iqwneqi nd |hi wo|jie|%

QI[IEOAI Liwn| Lnqjec [ianbbielo|jneq

Wo|jie|qBne|hfz

?q| Bne|h Boje|ieoeai

Q|okjfj}il ne fns lojfz n{oflnqiq(yw |n ?7 bc.loz*

?7?9 Lojfz N{ofLnqi

?7?9 W{itjnyq Lojfz N{ofLnqi

Ifli{fz n{ Likjfj|o|il

Hjch Lnqi ;7 Lojfz N{of Lnqi?7?9 W{itjnyq Lojfz N{of

Lnqi

[jq` nd {ifowqi

\nfi{oe| |n n{of hofnwi{jlnf

Afnqi afjejaof qywi{tjqjne jq {iyj{il ly{jec jej|jo|jne oel q|okjfj}o|jne ndhofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i |hi{owz% Hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i jq yqyoffz olbjejq|i{ilbne|hfz n{ iti{z < sii`q% Hnsiti{& to{jo|jne je wo|jie| {iqwneqi boz lja|o|i oeiil dn{ olmyq|bie| nd |hi lnqjec je|i{tof oq siff oq |hi lnqiAfjejaof ixwi{jieai sj|h hofnwi{jlnf liaoeno|i o| lnqiq c{io|i{ |hoe

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