Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche M. Sc. Melissa Robles

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche

M. Sc. Melissa Robles

Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften Abteilung Maschinenbau

Transportsysteme und -logistik Keetmanstraße 3-9

47058 Duisburg

Telefon: 0203 379-2785 Telefax: 0203 379-3048 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: melissa.robles-aguirre @uni-due.de

Intermodal Passenger Transport –

Focus: Sustainable People Mobility

Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains

Introduction

Definitions and Concepts

Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities

Towards Sustainable Mobility Technologies

Policies

La Rochelle, France

Conclusion

Content

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Intermodal Passenger Transport – Focus: Sustainable People Mobility © Noche / Robles


Former times – worldwide

Cities as central place for the trade, exchange of ideas, natural resources sharing (water), amenities (electricity, entertainment) within short distance.

Benefits for all the city members

Nowadays – Europe

More than 60 % of the European population lives in urban areas where just under 85 % of the EU’s gross domestic product is created. (Commission of the European Community)

Introduction

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Sustainable Mobility

Sustainable development is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment and Development)

Mobility (2 types)

“Potential mobility” is the capability to reach objectives. “The more activity objectives can be reached in the time available, the higher the potential mobility.” (Umweltbundesamt)

“Realized mobility” is the actual reaching of objectives. “The more activity objectives are actually reached, the higher the realized mobility.” (Umweltbundesamt)


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Relation between transport and mobility

Mobility generates traffic but,

reaching activity objectives is the decisive

factor for mobility, not the distance traveled!

“The closer the starting point and destination are together, the less traffic is generated for the same mobility.” (German Federal Minister of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety)


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Dimensions of sustainable mobility [1]

1. Ecology dimension

Rate of consumption of renewable and non-renewable resources by traffic < levels of substitution or regeneration of these resources.

Rate of pollution < environment ability to absorb them.

1. Noise

2. Air Pollution

3. Greenhouse gases

4. Land use and surface sealing

5. Nature conservation

“Urban traffic is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions and 70 % of emissions of other pollutants arising from road transport” (Commision of European Communities)


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2. Economy dimension

Short and long term conditions for cost-effective living of citizens and efficient commercial activities of enterprises.

1. Efficient commercial traffic

2. Foodstuff production close to costumers

3. Transportation costs

“Every year nearly 1 % of the EU´s Gross Domestic Product is lost to the European economy as a result of the congestion phenomenon”(Commision of European Communities)


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3. Social dimension

All social groups should be able to participate in social activities in a reasonable time.

Possibility for all groups to use transport systems without suffering injury.

1. Securing necessary mobility for all

2. Quality of streets and places for rest and recreation

3. Traffic avoidance in urban development

4. Reduction of injure and dead risks when using transportation means

“One in three fatal accidents now happen in urban areas, and it is the most vulnerable people, namely pedestrians and cyclists, who are the main victims”(Commision of European Communities)


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The 9 principles of sustainable transportation

I. Entitlement to access

II. Equity

III. Individual and community responsibility

IV. Protection of health and safety

V. Education and public participation

VI. Integrated planning

VII. Conservation of land and other resources

VIII. Prevention of pollution

IX. Economic well-being (The Vancouver Conference)


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Consequents of unsustainable transportation systems [1]

1. Air pollution

CO2 emissions by sector

(EU 25, Million tons CO2)

“According to initial estimates,

tens of thousands of deaths per

year are attributable to

transport-related

air pollution in Europe” (World Health Organization)

Source: European Commission for Energy and Transport


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Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [2]

2. Accidents Trends in road accidents (number) – Western Europe

Human life lost

Economical lost

Properties

Medical attention

Congestion

Resources

Source: European Conference of Ministers of Transport


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Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [3]

3. Strong dependence on limited fossil fuel sources Oil consumers far from oil producers = more traffic and potential conflicts

4. Inefficient land use Lost of space for commercial or rest activities

Extended paving absorb and/or reflect unusual amount of solar radiation

Habitat affected by transport infrastructures

5. Noise Affectation of sleeping, communication, rest

6. Congestion More time to deliver goods increases prices

More time to reach activity objective increases stress

7. Social disruption Individual transport contributes to loss of community and solidarity in societies


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Trends in passenger transportation sector

1. Suburbanization phenomenon

More roads to reach less people

Badly served public transportation increases the need for own cars

2. Car dependent life-style

Average trips length of a city increases

3. Reduction of warehouse facilities and consolidation in big ones outside cities

More freight traffic on roads leads to more congestion


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1. Clean fuels and vehicles [1]

Look forward to cero or low emissions

a) Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Use electricity stored in batteries to run.

b) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Combine internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor.

Faster refueling than conventional electric vehicles.

c) Fuel cell

Use the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity to run the car.

Possibility of more electronic devices in cars make them safer.

Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies

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d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV)

- Biologically produced diesel (biodiesel)

- Electricity

- Ethanol

- Methanol

- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

- Propane


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d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle

Fleet run by Biogas in Lille, France

214 buses (60%) use biogas from Methane

Methane produced from the waste water treatment of the city

Buses + subways + tramways = 90 % travels are clean

Methane ↔ Natural Gas

Biogas fleet at supply station. Lille, France

Source: Trendsetter


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2. Intelligent transport systems

Telematic

“describes the combination of the transmission of information over a telecommunication network and the computerized processing of this information” (Telematique)

Integrated telematic systems provide accurate and current information to passengers and drivers about public transportation means, congestions, hazardous situations, delays, position and many others.

Example: Pre-Trip Information that provides travelers with information about traffic conditions. The traveler´s satisfaction increase together with the anxiety reduction can be mentioned as an advantage.


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a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [1]

Use to control, warn, advise and inform drivers with dynamic on-trip information.

Provides:

Travel times to relevant destinations

Information about alternatives routes

Information about available nearest parking slots

Results:

Promotes the modal shift from individual to collective transportation

Reduces risks of congestion

Increases user satisfaction


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VMS at Tokyo city Source: European Conference of Minister of Transport


a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [2]

Real time information based on current traffic volumes and occupancy of streets.

Provides:

Information about dangers, civil works, accidents or congestion

Information about alternative routes

Results:

Reduces risks of congestion

Increases user satisfaction


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Left: Sign showing “E6 Accident, Risk of queue, Tingstad tunnel”.

Right: Sign showing “Accident 7 km, Choose E22 S, 700 m” Source: Nygårdhs


b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [1]


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Source: City of Helsinki


b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [2]

Provides:

Faster and smoother bus travel

Information about arriving times, delays and unusual events

Results:

Reduced travel times by public transportation

Increased user satisfaction with public transportation


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3. Park and Ride (P+R)

Car drivers can allocate available parking spaces and get accurate current information about public transportation near the parking slot.

Provides:

Comfortable and easy parking in the city limits

Several transportation options to inner city (bus, bike) from and to the P+R facility

Results:

Modal shift from individual to collective transportation

Congestion and parking reduction in inner city

Emissions reduction in inner city


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3. Park and Ride (P+R)


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Source: Oxford Park and Ride


1. Access restrictions

Seek to restrict motorized access to certain zones or certain roads

Pécs, Hungary car-free (access restriction) and parking areas (zone model parking)

Source: Pécs Official Homepage

Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies

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2. Parking and road charges [1]

Encompass the several fees that government claims to citizens when using a parking slot in public areas or a specific road for transit like:

Cordon charges in city centers

Tolls

High Occupancy Toll Lane (HOT Lane)

Reduced parking fees for “clean vehicles”

Low price or free parking by individual to collective transportation shift (P+R)


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Stockholm, Sweden charging cord


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Source: Short



Stockholm, Sweden charging cord


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Source: Managing Urban Traffic Congestion


Access restrictions - parking and road charges

Benefits:

Encourage cycling and walking

Promote car-pooling

Reduce congestion, pollutants emissions and noise

Inhabitants can enjoy from nicer landscapes and safer movement around the city

Life in city centers becomes attractive and reduce the suburbanization


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3. Cycling promotion


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Barrier Measure Barrier Measure

Safety Entirely separate and/or clear defined cycle paths

Distance Compact cities

Groningen, Netherlands

(40% bike share)

78% pop. within 3 Km

90 % jobs in city center (Ministerie von Verkeer en Waterstaat)

Security Secure and organized parking Health Access restrictions

Clean vehicles

Mel

bo

urn

e C

ity

Min

iste

rie

von

Ver

keer

en

W

ater

staa

t




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Barrier Measure Barrier Measure

Social statues

Promotion to all social groups.

Promotion of cycling benefits. Connec-tion

Bike parking and access to suitable modal shift points

Informa-tion

Information signs Weather and topology

Arcades, bike lift “trampe”

Federal Ministery of Transport, Building and Housing

Fed

eral

Min

iste

ry o

f Tr

ansp

ort

, B

uild

ing

and

Ho

usi

ng

Wanvik


The “Communauté d’agglomeration de La Rochelle” groups 18 communes, has an area of 206 Km2 where 140.000 inhabitants enjoy high quality living conditions.

1. “Plan de Déplacement Urbain (PDU)”

Coherent and long term land assignment plan to slow down the vehicle traffic by giving priority to collective transportation

2. Jean Moulin park and ride facility

Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France

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150 Km of cycle lanes with travel itineraries signs

2.800 slots for bicycle parking

“Yellow bicycles” - 110 open use cycles distributed along 11 stations spread over the city, on locations where modal shift is suitable to occur


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Source: La Rochelle


4. “Pass’partout 17” smart card

Single ticket to several means of transport (train, bus, coach, electric shuttle, boat, sea bus, yellow cycle)

Integrated pricing strategy to simplify and make more attractive public transportation

Collection of database with travel patterns


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Source: Syndicat Mixte de la Communaté Tarifaire en Charente Maritime


5. Liselec, Zero emission car-sharing

50 electric cars spread over 7 stations around the city

Payment based on time used and mileage

Free parking in the whole city


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Source: La Rochelle


Sustainable mobility is an essential element when planning transport systems in cities in order to assure their sustainable development.

The definitions, concepts, technologies and policies for sustainable mobility here presented should give a basis for guidelines to develop sustainable transport systems.

Sustainable mobility systems depend on the specific society needs.

Differences will be observed between the needs of urban and rural areas even between cities because of differences in their life patterns.

Accurate forecasts of travel patterns should be considered to design appropriate policies, technologies and infrastructure for transportation.

A society that is conscious of the effects of their transportation choices will be safeguard for the sustainable mobility.

Conclusion

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Thank you for your

attention!

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche M. Sc. Melissa Robles

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