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The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New

Services-Enabled Internet

NTT DoCoMo LaboratoryPalo Alto, CA, USA

12 June 2000

Prof. Randy H. Katz

Computer Science Division, EECS Department

University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720-1776

randy@cs.Berkeley.eduSome slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne

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Presentation Outline

• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• The New Services-Enabled Internet• ICEBERG Project• Summary and Conclusions

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What is the Internet?“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol

Stack”

• Applications– Web– Email– Video/Audio

•TCP/IP• Access Technologies

– Ethernet (LAN)– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,

Cellular)– Cable– ADSL– Satellite

TCP/IP

Applications

AccessTechnologies

“NarrowWaist”

Transport Services andRepresentation Standards

Open Data NetworkBearer Service

MiddlewareServices

NetworkTechnologySubstrate

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Critical Evolution of the Internet

• NSFNet– 1st Gen (1985): 56 kbps /LSI-11s, six SC centers– 2nd Gen (1988): T1/IBM RTs, SC sites + regional nets– 3rd Gen (1991): T3/RS6000; Migration to MCI PoPs– 1993: Commercialization plan; NSF phase out by 4/95;

NCSA Mosaic– 1994-1995: Privatization of the NSFNet, ISP connectivity,

Network Access Point (NAP) Architecture– 1995- : vBNS, Internet2, Abilene

• WWW, Netscape• Telecommunications Act of 1996

– Massive mergers yielding giants like SBC, MCI-Worldcom-Sprint, AT&T-TCI, AOL-Time Warner, and new service providers like Qwest

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Metropolitan Area Exchanges/

Network Access Points

Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tablesTier 2 Connections: regional connection pointsMAE does not provide peering, just connection b/w to co-located ISPs

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Various BackbonesQwest IP Backbone (Late 1999)Digex BackboneGTE Internetworking Backbone

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New Internet Business Model in the Post-PC Era

Global Packet Network

Application-specificOverlay Networks

(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)

Application-specific Servers(Streaming Media, Transformation)

Internetworking(Connectivity)

Appl Infrastructure Services(Distribution, Caching,

Searching, Hosting)

Applications(Portals, E-Commerce,

E-Tainment, Media)

ISPCLEC

ASPInternet

Data Centers

AIPISV

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Services Within the Network: Caching and

Distribution

“Internet Grid”Parallel Network BackbonesInternet Exchange Points

Co-Location

Scalable Servers

WebCaches

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• Move data closer to consumer

• Backbone caches save b/w

• Edge caches for QoS• 4 billion hits/day@AOL!• Even more crucial for

broadband access networks, e.g., cable, DSL

ISP Backbone

Local POP

Local POP

Local POP

Internet

Caching Advantages for Service Providers

$$

$$

Eric Brewer

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Reverse CachingForward Proxy Cache

Cache handles client requests

Internet

$

Reverse Proxy Cache

Cache fronts origin server

Internet

$

Eric Brewer

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Surge Protection viaClustered Caches

Reverse caches buffer load across multiple sites

www.site 3.com

www.site 5.com

www.site 4.com

www.site 6.com

Internet

www.site 1.com

Hosting Provider Network

Reverse ProxyCluster

www.site 2.com

$ $

$ $

Eric Brewer

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$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

Content DistributionWe can connect these caches!

Internet

Hosting Provider Network

Reverse ProxyCluster

ForwardCaches

ISP Network

Push content out to the edge

Eric Brewer

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Isolatedmulticast

clouds

Traditionalunicastpeering

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

Example: Application-level Multicast

Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack

Steve McCanne

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Multicast as anInfrastructure Service

• Global multicast as an “infrastructure service”, not a core network primitive

– Circumvents technical/operational/business barriers of no interdomain multicast routing, management, billing

• No coherent architecture for infrastructure services, because of end-to-end principle

• Needed: Service stack to complement the IP protocol stack

– Open redirection– Content-level peering

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

TCPservice

IP service

ApplicationsEndHost

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

End-to-endargument

here

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

IP service

Applications

DNS

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

TCPservice

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

TCPservice

IP service

CacheServices

ProxyServices

Applications

DNS

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

IP service

CacheServices

ProxyServices

Applications

DNS

redirection

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

TCPservice

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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Broadcast Overlay Architecture

Clients

Broadcasters

Content Broadcast

ManagementPlatform and

Tools

Steve McCanne

EdgeServers

Load Balancing ThruServer Redirection;

Content BroadcastNetwork

Content DistributionThrough MulticastOverlay Network

RedirectionFabricInter-ISP Redirection

Peering

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A New Kind of Internet

• Actively push services towards the edges: caches, content distribution points

• Manage redirection, not routes• New applications-specific protocols

– Push content to the edge– Invalidate remote content for freshness– Collate remote logs into a single log– Internet TV/Radio: streaming media that works

• Twilight of the end-to-end argument– Trusted service providers/network intermediaries– Service providers create own application-specific overlays,

e.g., cache and streaming media content distribution

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The Post-PC Era

• Services spanning access networks, to achieve high performance and manage diversity of end devices

• Not about specific Information Appliances • Builds on the New Internet: multiple application-

specific “overlay” networks, with new kinds of service-level peering

• Pervasive support for services within “intelligent” networks

– Automatic replication– Document routing to caches– Compression & mirroring – Data transformation

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The ICEBERG Project

“Beyond Third Generation Cellular

Networks:The Integration of

Internet and Telephony Technology”

Randy Katz, Anthony Joseph

http://iceberg.cs.berkeley.edu Cellular “Core” Network

Bridge to theFuture

S. S. 7

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The Future: Internet-basedOpen Services Architecture

“Today, the telecommunications sector is beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to a horizontally structured industry. … [I]t used to be that new capabilities were driven primarily by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be driven by the users. … There’s a universe of people out there who have a much better idea than we do of what key applications are, so why not give those folks the opportunity to realize them. … The smarts have to be buried in the ‘middleware’ of the network, but that is going to change as more-capable user equipment is distributed throughout the network. When it does, the economics of this industry may also change.”

George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore

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Policy-basedLocation-basedActivity-based

Speech-to-TextSpeech-to-Voice Attached-EmailCall-to-Pager/Email Notification

Email-to-SpeechAll compositions

of the above!

Universal In-box

Transparent Information Access

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ICEBERG Goals

• Demonstrate ease of new service deployment– Packet voice for computer-telephony integration– Speech- and location-enabled applications– Complete interoperation of speech, text, fax/image across the

PDAs, pads, pagers, phones (4 P’s)– Mobility and generalized routing redirection

• Demonstrate new service architecture supporting innovative applications

– Personal Information Management» Universal In-box: e-mail, news, fax, voice mail» Notification redirection: e.g., e-mail, pager

– Home networking and control of “smart” spaces, sensor/actuator integration

» Build on experience with A/V equipped rooms in Soda Hall

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Experimental Testbed

SimMillenniumNetwork

Infrastructure

GSM BTS

Millennium Cluster

Millennium Cluster

WLAN /Bluetooth

Pager

IBMWorkPad

CF788

MC-16

MotorolaPagewriter 2000

306 Soda

326 Soda “Colab”

405 Soda

Velo

Smart SpacesPersonal Information Management

TCI @Home

H.323GW

Nino

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ICEBERG Feature Set

• Potentially Any Network Services (PANS)– Any service can from any network by any device;

network/device independence in system design

• Personal Mobility– Person as communication endpoint with single identity

• Service Mobility– Retain services across networks

• Easy Service Creation and Customization– Allow callee control & filtering

• Scalability, Availability, Fault Tolerance• Security, Authentication, Privacy

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ICEBERG Architectural Elements

• ICEBERG Access Point (IAP)– Encapsulates network specific gateway (control and data)

• ICEBERG Point of Presence (iPOP) – Performs detailed signaling

» Call Agent: per communication device per call party» Call Agent Dispatcher: deploy call agent

• Name Mapping Service– Mapping between iUID (Iceberg Unique ID) and service end point

• Preference Registry– Contains user profile: service subscription, configuration,

customization

• Personal Activity Tracker (PAT)– Tracks dynamic information about user of interest

• Automatic Path Creation Service– Creates datapath among participants’ communications devices

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Transformation and Redirection

IP CoreIP Core

PSTNPSTN

PagerPager

WLANWLANCellularNetwork

CellularNetwork

H.323GW

GW

GW

GW

iPOP

iPOP

iPOP

iPOPIAPTransducer

Agent

RedirectionAgent

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ICEBERG Signaling System

• Signaling System– Distributed system w/agents communicating via

signaling protocol for call setup, routing, & control

• ICEBERG Basic Call Service– Communication of two or more call participants using

any number of communication devices via any kind of media

– If call participant uses more than one devices, must be used synchronously

• Essential Approach– Loosely coupled, soft state-based signaling protocol

w/group communication– Call Session: a collection of call agents that

communicate with each other

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Signaling: Call Session Establishment

Name MappingService

Preference Registry

Alice Bob

Carol

IAP

13

3 5

6

IAP7

8 9

1011

1314IAP 15

16

2

Call Agent Dispatcher

Call Agent

iPOP

4

Call Agent Dispatcher

Call Agent

iPOP

12

Call Agent Dispatcher

Call Agent

iPOP

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Conclusions

• Emerging Network-centric Distributed Architecture spanning processing and access

• Open, composable services architecture--the wide-area “operating system” of the 21st Century

• Beyond the desktop PC: information appliances supported by infrastructure services--multicast real-time media plus proxies for any-to-any format translation and delivery to diverse devices

• Common network core: optimized for data, based on IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting user, terminal, and service mobility