PROFILING THE BEASTUnderstanding anoa ecology through tracks and turds
Asri A. DwiyahreniDepartment of Biological Sciences
Scarborough Centre of Environmental and Marine SciencesUniversity of Hull
WHY ANOA?
• Endemic Sulawesi • Endangered species (IUCN)• Appendix I CITES• Protected species under Indonesians law
• Largest mammal in Sulawesi Island• Southeast Sulawesi’s symbol• Flagship species
Almost nothing is known about this beast!
FACTS ABOUT ANOA
• Two species – Bubalus quarlesi – Highlander– Bubalus depressicornis – Lowlander
• Confused taxonomy; work in progress
• Solitary-forest dwelling browsers
• Inhabits lowland to montane forests including mangroves and secondary formations
• Population number– 0.9 ind/km2 ; 2500 individual in Sulawesi– Lambusango: 150 individual
• Rough estimation based on indirect evidences– Zoo population: 250 animals
Populations are declining all over Sulawesidue to hunting and habitat degradation!
Anoa Distribution in Sulawesi
ACTIONS NEEDED
• Baseline information for conservation– Robust density estimate– Basic ecology – Understanding threats
‘Traditional’ methods (distance sampling, conventional tagging,
signs sampling, camera traps) don’t work!
Distance sampling (Line transect) 2 anoas along 182.1 km in Tanjung Peropa,3 in 50 km in Tanjung Batikolo3 in 202.7 km in Rawa Aopa Watumohai (Riley et al. 2001)20 sightings in 372 km transects in Tanjung Peropa 8 in 124.3 km in Tanjung Amolengo (Mustari 2003).
Signs samplingRequire conversion factors (production and decomposition rates) Gathering production and decomposition rates datais time consuming and expensive.
Conventional taggingNeed to catch the animals, might be harmful to endangeredspecies
Camera trapsEffective for animals that are easy to individually identified from photographs
LAMBUSANGO ANOA
PROJECT
Lambusango Forest Reserve
Limited Production Forest
Lapago
WabalambaWahalaka
AnoaBala
Lasolo
3 km
•Study sites
•The study
Estimating density (non invasive genetic analysis)
Occupancy(tracks distribution analysis)
Understanding threats (hunting survey)
ESTIMATING DENSITY
Non invasive genetic studies for rare elusive mammals:
Brown bears (Bellemain et al. 2005)Eurasian badgers (Frantz et al. 2004)African forest elephants (Eggert et al. 2003)
Non-invasive genetic tagging
Faecal sampling• Preserved in 95% ethanol
DNA analysis• Species identification
anoa or domestic cow• Individual identification • Density: capture mark
recapture
Dung map
Faecal sample distribution in six sampling blocks
Capture Mark Recapture 250 m square virtual grid
Faecal samples (N=159)
Sites 2005 2006 2007Anoa 6 23 11Lapago - 2 7Lasolo - 5 8Lawele - 6 4Wabalamba 8 30 26Wahalaka 3 19 1
Total 17 85 57
Genetic analysis
• Microsatellite• Cytochrome B • Sex markers
10 cm
Genetic analysisMicrosatellite
• Microsatellite primers design33 cattle primers
Tested using water buffalo meatTested on anoa faecal samples
many bands
– Filtered the large DNA bands, all bands gone
– Re-tested all cattle primers using anoa meat
17 primer pairs have good results– Re-designing primers using anoa
sequences to amplify 70 to 130 bp
• 10 loci : 4 loci are amplified so far• Nested PCR to specify amplification:
amplify anoa DNA discard other DNA (bacterial DNA)
Genetic analysisCytochrome B and Sex markers
• Cytochrome B gene150 Bp is amplified from faecal DNA
• Sex markersTesting primers toamplify sex markers
Other information fromDNA analysis
Home rangeMovement/dispersalPopulation structure
OCCUPANCY
Anoa tracksHuman trails
Patch occupancy analysis Program PRESENCE
Probability of area occupied (PAO)‘Colonisation’, ‘Extinction’The influencing factors
Using likelihood-based approach that include the heterogeneity in probability of detecting animals
PAO analysisPrinciples
• Basic problem in animal survey:– Undetected presence of animal
• Probability a site is occupied: ψ• Probability species detected at
site, given it is there: p
• Models p and ψ based on repeat observations of a ‘patch’.
• The probability of observing the history 1001 (i.e. the species was detected in the first and fourth
surveys of the site) is: ψ × p[1](1-p[2])(1-p[3])p[4].
• The probability of never detecting the species at a site (0000) would therefore be:
ψ × (1-p[1])(1-p[2])(1-p[3])(1-p[4]) + (1-ψ)
this represents the fact that either the species was there, but was never detected, or the species was genuinely absent from the site (1-ψ).
By combining these probabilistic statements for all N sites, maximum likelihood estimates ψ and p can obtained.
Sampling design
Line transect 50 m sampling replicate
500 m landscape unit
10 Cm
Occupancy and detection probabilitySingle-season model
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
2004 2005 2006
Naïve Psi Psi P
The occurrence of human trails were negatively related with p and ψ
Extinction probability over years Multi-seasons model
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2005 2006 2007
Year
Extin
ctio
n pr
obab
ility
Lapago
Wahalaka
Bala
•From 2005 to 2007Extinctions in Anoa, Lasolo and Wabalambaare 0.
•Colonisation in Lapago, Wahalaka and Bala are negatively related with the occurrence of human trail.
UNDERSTANDING THREATS
Hunting for bushmeat in Sulawesi
is BIG
Hunting level survey
Semi-structured interviewsConsumption levelCommunity perceptions
Villages around Lambusango
Preliminary results
• October to December 2007• 274 respondents and 17
hunters from 45 villages• 53% of respondents have
eaten anoa.• Hunters sell:
– anoa meat £1/kg– Anoa head as trophy £10 to
£20 per head
Immediate Conservation Recommendations
• Fully protect Lasolo and Wabalamba
from human activities. Propose
as anoa sanctuary.
• Increase law enforcement to
stop hunting and other illegal
activities in Anoa, Lapago, Lawele,
and Wahalaka
SUMMARY• Human trails and hunting are negatively
related to Anoa occupancy and detection probability.
• PRESENCE analysis provides fast, easy and efficient tool to monitor Anoa population.
• Genetic data will highly increase understanding about Anoa ecology.
• With combined results, robust PVA and effective conservation recommendations will be possible to make.
THANKS TO GEF WORLD BANKOPERATION WALLACEA
CHESTER ZOOWILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY
DRS PHIL WHEELER, BILL HUTCHINSONINDONESIAN MINISTRY OF FORESTRY
LA AU, LA MARENE, RAKHMAD, HARDINODE CAMPS AND LABUNDO BUNDO STAFF
AMBANG, UNI, SALAM, PAU, MARKOPWALL VOLUNTEERS