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Programmed Instruction/LearningMrs.Remya JoseAsst.Professor

IntroductionMethod of teaching.Important innovations in teaching learning process.Self instructional technique for providing individualized instruction to the learner.

Cont.The information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response to each unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.ConceptCarefully specifiedSystematically plannedEmpirically establishedSkillfully arrangedEffectively controlled Self instructional technique

Definition Programmed instruction is a planned sequence of experience, leading to proficiency, in terms of stimulus- response relationship. J. E. Espich and Bill WilliamsIt is systematic, step by step self instructional program aimed to ensure the learning of stated behavior. Gulati and GulatiIt is a method of individualized instruction, where each student learns by himself at his own rate. it consists of elements of new knowledge called steps which are arranged in a sequence in such a way that student can easily learn by himself.(R C DAS )How does it works???

Thus it isHighly individualized instructional strategy.Ordered sequence of stimulus itemsEach student responds in specific way.Employed as a mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency.

Contiiii.Information can be imparted to students in small "doses" Reinforcement for correct answers are immediately given. Making few errors and practicing mostly correct response.At the end student achieves what he is supposed to learn from the program.

In the days oldSocrates : The first programmer (Developed a program in Geometry which was recorded by his disciple Plato.)

S.S. Chouhan: author of Textbook of programmed instruction places Gita as the 1st programmed text in the world.

Its Evolution Emerged in the beginning of the 20 th century.(American psychologist)Sydney L.Pressey (1920s) originated the PI by inventing the first teaching machine.

ContdB.F.Skinner (1958) popularized it based on operant conditioning a behaviorist theory.

Others includeE.L. THORNDIKE- (first psychologist)ROBERT MAGER.T F GILBERTLAWRENCE STOLUROW

Objectives of PITo help students to learn by doing.To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.To help students to learn without the presence of a teacher.To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.

5. To study by himself and assess his own performance by comparing it with the given answer.6.To manage human learning under controlled conditions.7.To present the material in small pieces.8.To provide quicker response

CHARACTERISTICSThe subject matter is broken down in to small steps called FRAMES and arranged sequentially.Frequent response of the student is required.There is an immediate confirmation of the right answer or correction of wrong answers given by the learners (SELF CORRECTING FEATURE).The content and the sequence of the frames are subjected to actual try out by students and are revised on the basis of data gathered by the programmer. (DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE)

Each student progresses at his own pace without any threat of being exposed to any humiliation in a heterogeneous class.

The assumption about the learner is clearly stated in the programmed learning materials.The objectives underlying programming instructions are defined explicitly and in operational terms.

The interaction between the learner and the programme is emphasized in programmed learning.

Continuous evaluation is possible by recording the student's response.

Silent facts about PIIt is not an audio visual device. It is part of educational technologyIt is not a test. It is a new strategy for teaching and learningIt is not the solution of educational problems. It is a new instructional strategy for the modification of behaviors in the learners

4. It cannot replace teacher from the field of teaching but the teacher can prepare a good program5. It requires more creativity and imaginative efforts to develop highly individualized instruction.

Types of PILinear programming (EXTRINSIC)The learner progresses from frame One to frame two, three, etc., in an Un alterable manner, preplanned sequence.

1 2 3 4 5LINEAR PROGRAMMINGB.F. Skinner is the originator of linear programming. It is also called a single track programme./ straight line programme. features Learning material is presented into a series of small steps. Every learner follows the same path in a linear programme. The sequence of steps remain unchangedThe learner is expected to compose his own answer to each question. The learner is expected to respond actively to each step or frame. The responses of the learner get immediate reinforcement. 2)BRANCHING OR INTRINSIC PROGRAMMING Developed by Norman. A. Crowder, an American technician. It is not controlled extrinsically by the programmer. His approach at the most is practical. This type of programme employs multiple choice response patterns. CHARECTERISTICS OF A BRANCHING PROGRAMME A frame may contain two or three related ideas. Each frame is of relatively bigger size as compared with the linear type. The learner moves forward if his responses are correct but is diverted or branched to one or more remedial frames if he does not give the correct response.The cycle goes on till the learner passes through the whole instructional material at his own pace. In a branching programme, all learners do not follow the frame route. Rather, the route depends on the response made by the learner. Thus, learners branch according to their responses.

Branching programming1234 5

5 4ATest

Principles of PIPrinciple of Small stepPrinciple of Active respondingPrinciple of Immediate confirmation(Reinforcement)Principle of Self pacingPrinciple of Student testing or student evaluation.

Preparation in PITeacher:Programming subject matter.Organizes and manipulates learning materials so that the student can instruct himself.Organizes the subject matter carefully, in a logical sequence.Evaluates and try to improve the students progress.Reassessing the usefulness and improving the learning materials.

ContdInstitution:Purchasing the materials or program.Appointing experts and providing salary.Assessing the budget.

Learner:Recognize the area of interest.Should be motivated to learn.Recognize the subject where he needs to develop more knowledge.

Advantages of PIEnables student to work at his own pace.Helps to develop high efficiency.Facilitates self evaluation.Gives individual instruction.Student is actively involved. Provided with immediate knowledge of results.

Physical presence of the teacher is not required.Permits mass teaching.Require continuous response from the learner .Teacher can give explanation in the classroom if the error is common.

Good teachers are freed from the boredom of routine classroom activity.It helps to improve the quality of education in general.It helps a teacher to diagnose the problems of the individual learner.

Many emotional and social problems have been eliminated.

By presenting the learning material in a small segments of information (frames), it makes learning an interesting game in which the learner is challenged by his own capabilities.

Disadvantages of PIRequires experts on PI.Preparation is difficult and time consuming. Materials may not be available.Necessitates special educational competence.Costs high additional investment and teachers time, money.Severely criticized as a threat to replacing the teacher.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTIONDEVELOPMENT OF A PITry out and revision phase.I PHASEII PHASEIV PHASEPreparatory phaseWriting phaseEvaluationphaseIII I -PREPARATORY PHASE

ContSelecting a topic(unit).Writing assumptions about learners.Specification of objectives in behavioral forms.Writing the entry behavior of the learners.Developing specific outlines of the content.Preparing criterion test

IIWRITING PHASE1. Presentation of materials in frames.(in sequence from simple to complex)

2.Editing the draft frames by a team of experts.

III- TRY OUT AND REVISION

IV- EVALUATION

Any questions?Conclusion

Simulation

IntroductionI hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.(Confucius)

DefinitionSimulation has been defined a as an attempt to give appearance and/ to give the effect of something else Barton 1970It means Role-playing in which the process of teaching is displayed artificially and an effort is made to practice some important skills of communication through this technique. The pupil teacher and students stimulate the particular role of person or actual life situation. The whole program becomes a training in role perception and role-playing.Types of simulationWritten simulationAudio- visual simulationLive stimulated simulation

Instruments used areVideo recording: helps student develop physical examination skills eg: CHAD

Simulated patients

Simulation devices

Activities of simulationRole play: form of drama

Simulation gameRepresents real life where learners compete according to a set of rules, to obtain a set objectives

Simulation socio drama A controlled representation of a piece of reality that learners manipulate to better understand thecorresponding real situation

Role of a teacher in simulationMainly three facets:

PlanningFacilitatingDebriefing

Purposes of simulationIntended to help students practice decision making an problem solving skillsAchieves cognitive, affective and psychomotor outcomes be remindedProvides a chance to apply principles and theories student have learnt and to see how and when these principles workLearn and test various approaches in a setting where patients cannot be harmed and wrong decisions can always be reminded Simulation LaboratoryEnhances learning environmentSafe environmentPromotion of patient safety

Budget for equipment and laboratory space:Can be extremely expensiveCost are the manikins, remodeling and designing of rooms

Training for facultyInformation technologyPossibly salaryLoyd (2004) suggested , centers needed designated space, determined by the number of rooms and equipment to be usedPhones, microphones and video equipment neededManikins: Clothing, replaceable skins, body fluidsMedical supplies as bandages, syringes, hospital bedsAdequate electrical systemLab should be self containedLarge rooms with larger distances between equipmentsCots, cabinetsThus preparation takes substantial time, commitment, comprehensive planning, energy, participation and institutional supportEssential to attend national and regional conferences to set up such set upConcept of FidelityFidelity means The quality of being faithful or loyal

In the field of simulation, fidelity refers to the degree to which a model or simulation reproduces the state and behavior of a real world object, feature or condition.

A measure of the realism of a modelDegree of similaritylevels in FidelityLow fidelityMedium fidelityHigh fidelity

Opportunities to use simulation in Nursing educationAs a learning tool simulation aligns well with the theoretical and conceptual foundations of nursing educations

Researchers recognizes as a vulnerable general tool for gaining knowledge

Availability of high fidelity at vulnerable cost has resulted in widespread acquisition and utilization across the country

Novice students can practice in a safe environmentOffers an innovative approachEasily integrates into nursing curricula addressing the needs of a new generation of nurses and societyPrompts positive resultsHowever research for assessment and evaluation of simulation in nursing education is still on the processAbove all, development of critical thinking and competencies in nursing education has taken place due to simulation

Value of simulationEnsures safe nursing practice by students through bridging the gap between theory and practiceEffective technique to learn psychomotor skillsHelps to develop critical thinking abilities and problem solving skillsProvides feedback regarding consequences of the decision made 5. Role play simulation enables to empathize with the real life situation

6. Teacher can easily inculcate proper attitudes in nursing students

7. Evaluation of students

76Characteristics of simulationMirror real situations while providing control over extraneous variablesProvide a safe environment in which learning has priority over patient care or system demandsFocus on application rather than uncertain recall of knowledgeProvide immediate feedback on performanceAdvantages of simulationActively engages learners in the application of knowledge and skills in realistic situations Promotes transfer of learning from the classroom to the clinical settingHas consistency in learning experiencesMotivates learner to learnStudents receives feedback on the appropriates of their own actionStudents learn without harming the patientTechniques are fun and interesting and motives students to learnApplies to both slow as well as fast learnersLearns from the faculty member who is guiding the simulationStructured to correct mistakes

Encourages creative and divergent thinkingStudents see how theories that sometimes seem dry and boring can really be useful and absorbing

Disadvantages of simulationCostly in terms of both time and moneyCannot be devised in a fraction of timePossible that emotions may be aroused to an undesirable degree, especially with role play

Not every instructors feels comfortable using simulation strategiesProcess and outcomes methods are not always predictableModels may easily get damagedMay instill faulty training as its never same as performing technique on a patientLearners may not find the simulation relevant to their situationSteps in development of simulationTeacher assigns designation, so that each individual has the opportunity to participate.Includes planning, preparing and deciding the topic, of the skills to be practiced

Teachers plans the schedule in advanceTeacher decides the procedure of evaluationConducts the practice session on topics decidedProvide the actor with feedback on the performances Last step in simulation involves the teacher to change and move on to the next higher skill Evaluation In simulationPre test and post test

Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)

Debriefing

Conclusion