33
Action 1 Action 2 False True Condition Action 1 Action 2 False True Condition
Action 1 Action 2
FalseTrue Condition
Action 1 Action 2
FalseTrue Condition
DEFINITION
CONTROL STRUCTURE
DATATYPES
OPERATOR
CONSTANT & VARIABLE
TRANSLATOR
FLOW CHART
LEVEL & GENERATION
DEVELOPMENTPHASES
DEFINITION
CONTROL STRUCTURE
DATATYPES
OPERATOR
CONSTANT & VARIABLE
TRANSLATOR
FLOW CHART
LEVEL & GENERATION
DEVELOPMENTPHASES
PROGRAMMING
FIRSTGENERATION
SECONDGENERATION
THIRDGENERATION
FOURTHGENERATION
FIFTHGENERATION
FIRSTGENERATION
SECONDGENERATION
THIRDGENERATION
FOURTHGENERATION
FIFTHGENERATION
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language
Very High Level Language
Natural Language
BASICFORTRAN
CC++C#
JAVA
1010 1001001 1001011101 1110111 0001101001 101010 1001101
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
Get me computer sales in February.List me students from class 5S2.
SELECT SUM(total_price) FROM sales WHERE month = FebSELECT student FROM datafile WHERE class = 5S2
n = 1Do If class =“5S2” Then name[n] = NameFromFile End If n = n + 1Loop Until EOF(student)VERY HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
NATURAL LANGUAGE
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
1010 1001001 1001011101 1110111 000110
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLER
INTERPRETER
COMPILER
IF MARKS > 50 THEN PRINT “LULUS”ELSE PRINT “GAGAL”END IF
High LevelLanguage
MachineLanguageinto
are programs that translatehigh level language into machine language
Source Code(High Level Language)
Object Code(Machine Language)
10 Input “Number 1” ; x20 Input “Number” ; y30 z = x + y40 Print “Answer “ ; z
0010001 010010 00001000001001 001000 00100000010001 010010 00000010010011 010101 1010101
Constants difference Variables
Constants
retain their value
during the program execution.
characteristics
Variables
can change their value
during the program execution.
Const PI = 3.142Const GRAVITY = 9.8Const WAGE = 5.5
examplesDim Name as StringDim Score as IntegerDim Mark as Integer
Data types Explanation
Integer(Number)
Integer data type contains any whole number value that does not have any frictional part.
Double(Number)
Double data type contains any decimal number value that has a fractional part.
String(Text)
String data type contains a sequence of character.
Boolean(Logical Value)
Boolean data type contains either a true or false value.
DateDate data type contains date and time value.
Datatype Value Examples
Integer Whole numbers107 students-60 Celcius
Double Decimal numbersRM 123.453.5 kg
String Text informationAbu HassanJalan Bahagia
Boolean Logical values True or False
Date Date or time 12/5/2008
Variant Any datatypes N/A
Integer Whole numbers -32,768 to 32,767
Long Whole numbers Approximately +/- 2.1E9
Byte Whole numbers 0 to 255
Single Decimal numbers -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values and 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38 for positive values
Double Decimal numbers -1.79769313486232E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for negative values and 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308 for positive values
Currency Numbers with up to 15 digits left of the decimal and 4 digits right of the decimal
922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807
String Text information Up to 65,000 characters for fixed-length strings and up to 2 billion characters for dynamic strings
Boolean Logical values True or False
Date Date and time information
Jan 1st 100 to December 31st 9999
Variant Any of the preceding datatypes
N/A
Assignment Operator
Mathematical Operator
Comparison Operator
Logical Operator
An operator is a symbol that causes VB to take an action
causes the left side operand to have right side value
to perform mathematical operations
to compare two value andreturn value whether true or false
to perform logical operations and return value whether true or false
Age = 17
operand Asssignment operator
Mathematical Operator
MeaningLogical
OperatorMeaning
+ Plus And And Operator
- Minus Or Or Operator
* Multiply Not Not Operator
/ Divide
Comparison Operator
MeaningComparison
Operator
> Greater than >=
Greater Than or equal
< Less than <=Less
Than or equal
= Equal
<> Not Equal
Action 1 Action 2
FalseTrue ConditionAction 1
Action 2
Action 3
BEGINREAD Number Of ShareIF Number Of Share >= 1 THEN
Dividend = Number Of Share x 5 %PRINT Dividend
ELSEPRINT Error Message
END IFEND
END
BEGIN
READ Number of Share
False
True
END
BEGIN
Average = (Number1 + Number2 + Number3)/3
Print Average
Get Number1Get Number2Get Number3
DeclarationDim Number1 as DoubleDim Number2 as DoubleDim Number3 as DoubleDim Average as Double
ProcessAverage = (Number1 + Number2 + Number3)/3
OutputtxtAverage.text = Average
InputNumber1 = txtNumber1.textNumber2 = txtNumber2.textNumber3 = txtNumber3.text
Syarat Kemasukan SERATA
• Bahasa Arab = Lulus• Bilangan A > 4
If BahasaArab = Lulus And BilA > 4 Then DiTerima Masuk SerataElse Sila mohon ke sekolah lainEnd If
Logical Operator
Comparison Operator
parallelogram
rectangle
diamond
oval
arrow
parallelogram
rectangle
diamond
oval
arrow
parallelogram
rectangle
diamond
oval
arrow
FORMULA
READ / PRINT
IF – THEN - ELSEBEGIN / END
Structured Approach is a computer programming technique in which the program is divided into modules like function or subroutine.
Object Oriented Approach is a computer programmingtechniques based on the concept of an “object” that combine both data and the function into a single unit.
10 INPUT “X”
20 IF X = 2 THEN GOTO 60 ELSE GOTO 9030 PRINT “NUMBER ”;X 40 PRINT “PLEASE TRY AGAIN”50 END60 PRINT “NUMBER “;X70 PRINT “GOOD”90 END
Structured Approach is a computer programming technique in which the program is divided into modules like function or subroutine.
GetInput (x, y)
z = Process (x, y)
DisplayResult (z)
Sub GetInput (x as integer) Input “Number 1” ; x Input “Number 2” ; yEnd Sub
Function Process (x as integer) as integer Process = x + yEnd Function
Sub DisplayResult (x as integer) Print x;”+”;y;”=“;zEnd Sub
Object Oriented Approach is a computer programmingtechniques based on the concept of an “object” that combine both data and the function into a single unit.
Class aCircle Const PI = 3.142 Dim mRadius As Single Function Diameter() As Single Return 2 * mRadius End Function
Function Area() As Single Return PI * mRadius * mRadius End Function
Function Circumference() As Single Return 2 * PI * mRadius End FunctionEnd Class
Dim myCircle As New aCircle
myCircle.Radius = 10
Print myCircle.AreaPrint myCircle.DiameterPrint myCircle.Circumference
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
main(){int radius;
cout << “Area of circle is “ << getArea(4);
cout << “Circumference of circle is” << getCircumference(4);}
double getArea(int r) { double area; area = 3.142 * r * r; return area;}
double getCircumference(int r) { double circumference; circumference = 2 * 3.142 * r ; return circumference;}
class Circle { private int radius; public void setRadius(int r) { radius = r; }
public double getArea() { double area; area = 3.142 * radius * radius; return area; } } class FindCircle { public static void main() {
Circle circle1; circle1.setRadius(4); cout << “Area of circle is” << circle1.getArea();}
data
function
class Circle { private int radius; public void setRadius(int r) { radius = r; }
public double getArea() { double area; area = 3.142 * radius * radius; return area; } }
object
