Protecting World Heritage from Natural Hazards through ... of cultural heritage places into disaster...

Protecting World Heritage from Natural Hazards through Earth Observation Technology

July 4, 2016 Beijing

Fang Chen [email protected]

Disaster Risks Management

Disaster Risks for World Heritage

EO Data for Disaster Risks Management

Outline

Global Disaster

• Every year, 200 million people affected by droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, wildlandfires, and other hazards

• Increased population densities, environmental degradation and global warming adds to impacts http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31685_factsheet2012.pdf

What is a disaster?

Disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning

of a community or a society causing widespread human,

material, economic or environmental losses which exceeds

the ability of the affected community or society to cope

using its own resources (UNISDR, 2002).

Disaster Hazards

Main types of hazard that may cause

disasters

Meteorological: hurricanes, tornadoes, heat-waves, lightning, fire


disasters

Hydrological: floods, flash-floods, tsunamis


disasters

Geological: volcanoes, earthquakes, mass movement

(falls, slides, slumps)


disasters

Biological: epidemics, pests

Astrophysical: meteorites


disasters

Climate change: increased storm frequency and severity,

glacial lake outburst floods


disasters

Human-induced: armed conflict, fire, pollution, infrastructure

failure or collapse, civil unrest and terrorism

Relationships of natural hazards and

human-induced hazards

12

L’AQUILA EARTHQUAKE ITALY, 2009

13

HAITI EARTHQUAKE 2010

CHRISTCHURCH EARTHQUAKE 2010

15

EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI JAPAN 2011

Turkey - Van Earthquake October 23 2011

PAKISTAN FLOOD, 2010

Disaster Risk Management cycle

There are three main stages of Disaster Risk Management:

before, during and after disasters.


Emergency preparedness to be

undertaken before a disaster includes

measures such as creating an

emergency team, an evacuation plan

and procedures, warning systems and

drills and temporary storage.

The preparedness activities to be undertaken before a disaster include

risk assessment, prevention and mitigation measures for specific hazards

(maintenance and monitoring and formulating and implementing various

disaster management policies and programmes).

Before


During a disaster situation, which is usually considered to last for the

first 72 hours after the incident, various emergency response procedures

for saving people as well as heritage need to be developed and practiced

beforehand.

During

Earthquake

GEA SAR ARCHIVE 2011

Emergency team deploying

Emergency team deploying

Human Search & rescue stage




Humanitarian aid stage






Activities initiated after the disaster include damage assessment,

treatment of damaged components of the property through interventions

such as repairs, restoration and retrofitting and recovery or rehabilitation

activities.

After

Disaster Risk Management is

concerned with preparedness

for all these activities to be

undertaken before, during and

after the disaster.

Damage Assessment stage






Essential characteristics of a DRM plan

A plan is essential for providing clear, flexible and practical for the site

manager and their team.

a DRM plan should not consist merely of a list of actions. Rather, it should

describe the processes which, for different situations, should be followed

by the responsible authorities in deciding and implementing the appropriate

actions.

clearly state the main objectives and process of the plan, the scope,

target audience and the agencies responsible for its implementation

based on identifying and assessing the main disaster risks that might

result in negative impacts to the property as well as to human lives and

assets at the site.

Main components of a Disaster Risk

Management plan




Outline

Impact may disasters have on World

Heritage

All World Heritage properties can be exposed to one or

more types of disaster.

Over the last few years, natural and human-induced

disasters have caused enormous losses to World

Heritage properties.


Heritage

Bam (Islamic Republic of Iran) due to earthquake in 2003

Before

After


Heritage



Heritage



Heritage

After


Heritage

Edinburgh Old Town Fire - December 2002


Heritage

Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy (Sri Lanka) after

terrorist attack in 1998


Heritage

Global climate change is also exposing World Heritage

natural properties and the ecological systems that sustain

life to increasing disaster risks.

Disasters pose risks not only to the physical attributes that

carry the heritage values of the property, but also to the

lives of visitors, staff and local communities living on

the site or in neighboring areas, and also to important

collections and documents.

Why Protect Heritage?

Heritage drives sustainable development and local

economies

Disasters are driving losses to heritage

Climate change and conflicts threaten heritage

Heritage contributes to resilience

Heritage is not being sufficiently protected


Heritage drives sustainable development and local

economies

In Europe, for instance, heritage is vital

to the competitiveness of tourism, which

is valued at 586 billion euros (€) per

annum and employs 9.7 million people.

Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

Cultural heritage is also a powerful asset for inclusive economic development, by

attracting investments and promoting green, locally based, stable and decent

jobs related to a wide range of sustainable activities in areas such as tourism,

conservation, construction, food production, traditional healing and, the

production of crafts of all kinds and the arts in general.



Heritage is exposed to a number of threats from urbanization,

development pressures, socio-economic transformations,

unsustainable tourism and lack of resources.

The impact of disasters on heritage can also be severe. More

cultural heritage is lost in disasters than is ever fully accounted.



Damage to one of

the turrets at the

Castle of Ferrara

during the

earthquake

in 2012, Italy.



Earthquake damage

to the Catholic

Basilica in

Christchurch, New

Zealand



Damage to Cultural

Heritage in Leh,

India due to Cloud

Burst in 2010



Flood Risk to World Heritage Cities



Landslide Risk to World Heritage Cities





A survey was launched by the World Heritage Centre

among all States Parties to the World Heritage

Convention to assess the extent and nature of the

impacts of climate change on World Heritage properties.

A total of 125 World Heritage sites were mentioned

specifically as threatened by climate change.



Conflicts and political tensions often have a disastrous

impact on heritage sites.

The Citadel at

Aleppo, Syria has

suffered major

damage due to

ongoing conflict.



Repair work at Timbuktu, Mali.

The World Heritage site has

suffered significant damage

during civil unrest



In the same way that biological diversity increases the resilience of

natural systems, cultural diversity has the capacity to increase

the resilience of social systems.

Traditional construction technologies that have evolved through trial

and error are often very resilient because of indigenous knowledge

that has enabled these technologies to manage local hazards and

use local materials.



Traditional ‘Bhunga’ dwellings in Gujarat, India survived 2001 earthquake


Heritage is not being sufficiently protected

Identified

& Considered Plan

Not Identified

Identified

No plan

Identified

& Planed

Disaster Risk Management for heritage

DRM aims to prevent or reduce the negative impacts of disaster on

World Heritage properties.

The values for which the property was inscribed on the World Heritage

List should be the foundation on which all other plans and actions are

based (all other plans for Heritage ).

DRM for heritage is concerned not only with protecting the property from

major hazards but also with reducing underlying vulnerability factors.

The risks to cultural and natural heritage that DRM must address may

originate inside the property or in the surrounding environment.

Disaster Risk Management for heritage

DRM plan linked to the site management plan of a heritage property

Lack of coordination between the site management systems for the

particular heritage property and the organizational set-up, policies and

procedures for disaster management in the city or region in which the

property is located.

GAPS

Analyze the factors that may cause disaster

risks to your property

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4



Step 1- List natural and human-induced

Listing all the natural and human-induced hazards that expose the

property to disaster risks. These would include primary hazards with

potentially disastrous impact, such as earthquakes, as well as slow and

progressive secondary hazards, or underlying risk factors, such as

changes in natural vegetation due to rising ground water or

changes in ground water quality due to pollution.



Step 2- Identify vulnerability factors

Identifying the processes that might, in combination with

a primary hazard, cause disaster risk to the property.

-evaluating the performance of existing management systems

and disaster preparedness measures

-analyzing the potential negative impacts of existing damage and

deterioration patterns or phenomena

-analyzing the underlying risk factors relating to the surrounding

environment that increase the property’s vulnerability

-analyzing the potential negative effect of poor restoration

done in the past.



Step 3- Analyze ‘cause-effect relationships’

the ‘cause-effect’ relationships between various primary

hazards and underlying risk factors that increase the

property’s vulnerability and expose it to disaster risk.



Step 4- potential impact on heritage

values

Identifying, undertaking and reviewing scientific

research on disaster risk planning for heritage

places and disseminating best practice

Creating knowledge, delivering training and building

capacity to reduce the loss of heritage

Collaborating with international, national and non-

governmental organizations to integrate the

protection of cultural heritage places into disaster

risk planning




Outline

78

Impacts of Disasters in

Asia-Pacific (2000-2012)

720776

60.3%

473950

39.7%

Asia-Pacific Rest of World

No. of people killed in the Asia-Pacific

581

132548

351715

231125

2839 831

Source: UNISDR analysis based on data from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, EM-DAT

79

80

Earth Observation:

A continues vision of our planet

DATA

Earth Observation Earth System

Scientific Research & Human Society 81

EO for Disaster Mitigation

Earth Observation Systems

Air Ship

Earthquake Drought Tsunami 82

Early Warning Systems

Monitoring systems

Disaster management (Resource management and Planning, emergency logistics, land use regulation)

Land use plans, legal framework for DRR, EWS, resilience (infrastructures, community

preparedness and awareness building).

Models

Risk assessment Damage

Assessment

Socio economic data

Real time In situ observations Past events magnitude/frequency

NRT products (rapid mapping) Earth Observations (RS and in-situ measurement) in

put

Forecasting Models

Years days hours weeks months

A (very simplified) logic model for disasters

Mitigation and prevention preparedness response recovery

phase

outp

ut

outc

om

e

83

flood

84

SPOT-5 for Africa floods (ICSMD) DMC L1R for Vietnam floods (ICSMD)

2008/11/9

Flood area

2011/4/5

Flood area SPOT 5 was launched on May 4, 2002.

They offer a higher resolution of 2.5 to 5

meters in panchromatic mode and 10

meters in multispectral mode.

The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC)

consists of a number of remote sensing satellites

and operated for the Algerian, Nigerian, Turkish,

British and Chinese governments.

EO for Flood Monitoring- Optical Sensor

Optical Sensor for Monitoring-SPOT-5

Optical Sensor for Monitoring-DMC 85

Flood in 2010 Pakistan

86

Flood in 2010 and Emergency

response/Daily flood maps

87

88

89

Worldview -2 (USGS)

WorldView-2 satellite sensor, launched October

8, 2009, provides 0.46m Panchromatic (B&W)

mono and stereo satellite image data.

EO for Flood Monitoring

High resolution satellite for floods monitoring

90

Flooded area monitoring using

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV

91



92

93



TXS-1 for Africa floods (DLR) ALOS for Vietnam floods (UNOSAT)

SAR satellite and has the disaster

monitoring ability of large scale, all

weather, all day and night and

dynamic.

0 5 km

0 2 km

EO for Flood Monitoring

- Microwave Sensor

Microwave Sensor for Monitoring

94

95

Flowchart of Making Rapid Flood Map

through Microwave Sensor

96

Flooded in Hanoi, Nov 2008

Description of Event:

• Rainfall from Oct. 30 to

Nov.1, 2008 has reached

historical record since

1984 (reaching amount of

500 mm)

• Hanoi city and Red River

Delta have been seriously

flooded.

• Some areas in Hanoi

sub-Urban were 3 meters

under water

97

HANOI Flood Rapid Map

• Requested to ESA for ASAR

image in 2nd, Nov, 2008 by

NRSC.

• Also Activated on International

Charter by UNDP in 5th, Nov,

2008 to acquire Radar images.

• ASAR/WS acquired by

Vietnam Ground Station,

NRSC in 7th, Nov 2008.

• Making Flood Rapid Map with

ASAR/WS resolution 75m,

HH Polarizaton and GIS data.

98

HANOI Urban Flood Rapid Map

• Data Retreived from

Infoterra in 8th, Nov,

2008.

• Data type: TerraSar

3m resolution.

• Flood areas were

mapped based on

TerraSar image and

GIS data.

TRMM Precipitation Monitoring (UNOSAT)

TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring

Mission)designed to improve our

understanding of the distribution and

variability of precipitation within the

tropics as part of the water cycle in the

current climate system.

0 175 km

EO for Flood Warning

Precipitation Monitoring for Floods Warning

99

Flood simulation

100

Maze drought,2009 Rice drought,2007

Wheat freezing and drought Lack of drink water drought

101

Measuring Drought

Composite Indices

-Crop moisture index

-Palmer index

- Keetch index

Single data

- Precipitation

- Temperature

- Stream flow

Remote sensing

-NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)

-VCI (Vegetation Condition index)

-Prediction

1980’s

1900’s

1960’s

102

Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Complex function of rainfall and evaporation.

Better for large areas of uniform topography.

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Based entirely on rainfall data. Flexible –

applies to various durations. Measures rainfall

deficiency in a common currency – standard

deviation units. Could be used to compare

different regions. Simple and popular.

Deciles Based entirely on rainfall data. Level of dryness

is expressed in scores related to cumulative

statistical distribution of rainfall.

Percent of normal Based on rainfall. Most straightforward. Region-

specific.

Many more exist. New indices continue to emerge.

Monitoring drought

103

Between July 2011 and mid-2012,

a severe drought affected the entire

East Africa region. Said to be "the

worst in 60 years", the drought

caused a severe food crisis that

threatened the livelihood of 9.5

million people.

MODIS can provide consistent, spatial

and temporal comparisons of global

vegetation conditions .

MODIS Vegetation Maps(UN-SPIDER) MODIS Drought Index Maps(UN-SPIDER)

Dry

Wet

0 600 km

0 1200 km

Monitoring drought

104

water(2011)

water(2010)

DI increase

DI reduce Vegetation Cover (2011) Vs. Average Vegetation

Cover 2001- (USAID)

Drought Index Comparison (UN-SPIDER)

increase reduce

0 1200 km

0 20 km

Temporal Comparison of Drought

Impacts through Satellite Data

Monitoring drought

105

ET(mm/day) 2011/07/02

Precp.(mm/day) 2011/07/02 Rate of Soil Mois.(%) 2011/07/02

Air Temp. (℃) 2011/07/02

http://hydrology.princeton.

edu/~justin/research/proje

ct_global_monitor/

Drought modeling

106

Earthquake

107

• Time: 12/05/2008 12:28PM;

• Magnitude: Ms.8.0;

• Location of epicenter: 103.4E, 31 N;

• Geographic Location: Wenchuan,Beichuan,Sichuan

province, China;

• Depth of Seismic focus: 14KM;

• Epicentral Intensity: 11Degree;

• Casualty: Death 69142, Missing 17551.

Wenchuan Earthquake

108

Wenchuan Earthquake

Satellite remote sensing data collection

Archive data ：IRS-P6、LANDSAT-5、SPOT-5、

RADARSAT-1、SPOT2/4、QUICKBIRD、IKONOS, all

together 96 scenes。

Data programming：LANDSAT-5、SPOT-5、RADARSAT-1、RADARSAT-2、SPOT2/4、 TERRASAR-X 、EROS-B、 QUICKBIRD、ALOS、IKONOS、WORLDVIEW、COSMOS satellites 。

109

Data class Attribute Amount

Satellite 17 satellites 400 scenes

Airborne 0.5m resolution SAR data 14.9TB、39,000km2

0.5m resolution Optical data 5.3TB、23,700km2

UAV 0.1-0.35m resolution Optical data

More than 5000 scenes

One year later data

X\L\C SAR data 3TB

0.5m resolution Optical data 2.5TB

Wenchuan Earthquake

110

Unclassified – For Internal Use Only

Data collection - Oversea data with

Charter

111

5-14～5-28，16 flies

Area：23,700km2

Resolution ：0.5-0.7m

Amount ：5.3TB

光学遥感覆盖范围示意图

Data collection - Airborne

112

5-14～5-29，16flies

Area ：39,000km2

Resolution ：0.5m

Amount ：14.9TB

Data collection – SAR Data

113

geology disaster after

earthquake

ALOS for landslide

image in Xiao Maoping Wenchuan County in 5.15

Geology disaster in Chenjiaba Beichuan

50% surface has been destroyed , such as

landslides and collapse form after-quake- lakes。

114

Yingxiu house collapses

For man interpretation For auto extraction with texture and spectrum feature

Beichuan house collapses

House collapses monitoring

115

Caculated 102 county’s house collapse rates

116

Barrier Lakes

Remote sensing

images detected

46 Barrier lakes

in the

earthquake hit

area, and the

Tangjiashan

barrier lake was

the famous one

among them.

117

water level monitor in Tang Jiashan lake with optical and SAR

Tangjiashan lake

5.14 16 19 23 24 25 26 31

2008年5月16日

Barrier Lakes monitoring

118

Jinhe phosphorite mine in Hongbai county

Rail damage

Road and facility monitoring

119

A

B C

D

外

江内

江

金

刚

堤

玉垒山

离堆公园

F E

A：秦堰楼

B：二王庙

C：安澜索桥

D：飞沙堰

E：宝瓶口

F：伏龙观

Ancient architecture damaged in Du Jiangyan

宝瓶口飞沙堰

二王庙

Road and facility monitoring

Du Jiangyan key water control project is good after earthquake

120

Zoology damage monitoring

Long Chigang before earthquake Long Chigang after earthquake

121

Landscape

before in Yinxing

2007-5-9

Landscape

after in Yinxing

2007-5-16

Zoology damage monitoring

122

2008-5-23 2008-5-16

Agricultural damage monitoring

123

Broken road

Good road

“SOS700”in

the image

collected in

5.16。

Civilian rescue and monitoring

124

125

A. Beichuan Middle

School

B. Agriculture Bank

C. Beichuan Hotel

3D in Wenchuan area

126

北川中学

北川中学

震后北川县城

3D in Wenchuan area

127

Beichuan County Before

Earthquake

Beichuan County After

Earthquake

128

129

Capacity Development for Disaster Mitigation in Developing Countries

2.0 Tln.

Damage

4.4 Bln.

Affected

About 64% of the Earth population

1.3 Mil.

Killed

Comparable to the number of victims in 1500 А380 (853

passengers each) accidents

Impacts of Disasters (1992-2012)

TOP 10 COUNTRIES IMPACTED BY DISASTERS

Source: UNISDR report of June 13, 2012

130

Sustainable Development &

Disaster Mitigation

Disasters

Oceans Energy Water

Jobs Food Cities

7 Critical Issues at Rio+20

Source: Rio+20 Conference Website

We need new technologies for disaster mitigation

131

Support all phases of the risk

management cycle associated

with hazards (mitigation and

preparedness, early warning,

response, and recovery).

International Programs

- GEO Disasters SBA Created in 2005, to develop a coordinated and sustained Global Earth

Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) to enhance decision making in nine

Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs).

Information Systems for Hydro-meteorological Extremes

Development of a Global

Drought Information System

that will integrate global,

continental, and regional

scale monitoring and forecast

information with high enough

accuracy to assist in early

warning efforts.

Source: Alfieri et al. 2013

GEO Disasters SBA

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

Disaster Monitoring in Asia-Pacific

Organizations and Networks

CAS-TWAS CoE on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation

International Center for Drought Risk Reduction

Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre

Asian Disaster Reduction Centre

Asian Disaster Reduction & Response Network

International Water Management Institute

Asian Development Bank

UNESCAP

140

The Mechanism is intended to provide

satellite products for drought monitoring

and also to assist members in developing

localized products and services for relevant

decision making.

16 September 2010, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for

Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) launched in to service a Regional Cooperative

Mechanism on Drought Monitoring and Early Warning in Nanjing, China.

Drought Monitoring in Asia-Pacific

141

Drought Monitoring in Asia-Pacific

The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for

Africa and Asia (RIMES)

RIMES is established with support from

ESCAP. At RIMES, a drought early warning

system (DEWS) is being adapted to identify

climate and water supply trends in order to

detect the probability and potential severity of

drought.

142

CAS, Beijing, China TWAS, Trieste, Italy

Joint Research

Program

Education &

Training Workshop

Scientific Report &

Advisory Services

Conference &

Seminar

CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation(SDIM),

aims to enhance scientific and research capacities for disaster mitigation in developing

countries through the use of the most advanced space technologies. The centre is hosted

at RADI, CAS.

About Centre

143

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator-projection.jpg

Elements of Disaster Mitigation

6.Disaster Research to Policy

1. Drought Observing Systems 2. Drought Data Systems 3. Drought Modeling

5. Capacity Development 4. Drought Management Theory

144

Technology

Broadband Internet

- Drought data distribution

High Processing Speed

-Drought data analysis

Global Sensor Webs

- Drought data collecting

Development

Servers

-Drought data storage

Software

-Drought data application

Virtual globes

Data and Products Remote Sensing and GNSS Data Sensor Webs Data Users and Consumers Contributed Data Social Networks Data

Users

Professional -Research

Public

-Service

Value Adders

DE can provide significant support

Disaster Mitigation in Digital Earth

The Digital Earth Paradigm

- Drought data display

Government

-Management

145

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