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PsychologyPsychology
Cynthia K. Shinabarger ReedCynthia K. Shinabarger Reed
Tarrant County CollegeTarrant County College
With butchering by Instructor CarneyWith butchering by Instructor Carney
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PersonalitPersonalityy
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PersonalityPersonality
What is it?What is it? How do you know if you have one?How do you know if you have one? What do we mean when we say What do we mean when we say
someone:someone: Has a great personality.Has a great personality. Has a horrible personality.Has a horrible personality.
Is there a different meaning based on Is there a different meaning based on gender?gender?
Can we change our personality?Can we change our personality? If so how?If so how?
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PersonalityPersonality
Relatively stable pattern of Relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, & behaving thinking, feeling, & behaving that distinguishes one person that distinguishes one person from another.from another.Same familySame familySimilar experiencesSimilar experiencesVery different personalitiesVery different personalities
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Case studiesCase studies InterviewsInterviews Naturalistic observationsNaturalistic observations Laboratory investigationsLaboratory investigations Psychological testsPsychological tests
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
To be useful, a psychological test To be useful, a psychological test must have 3 characteristics: must have 3 characteristics: ReliabilityReliability
Dependable, accurate, reliable Dependable, accurate, reliable information. information.
Validity Validity Capable of being justified, defended, or Capable of being justified, defended, or
supportedsupported StandardizationStandardization
No variationsNo variations
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Self-report inventoriesSelf-report inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) & California Inventory (MMPI) & California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Psychological Inventory (CPI). Best-known & widely used personality Best-known & widely used personality
measuresmeasures MMPI: Statements about self in form of MMPI: Statements about self in form of
yes-no/true-false answers.yes-no/true-false answers. 1. I like mechanics magazines1. I like mechanics magazines
2. I have a good appetite2. I have a good appetite3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings4. I think I would like the work of a librarian4. I think I would like the work of a librarian
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
MMPIMMPIDiagnose psychological Diagnose psychological
disorders.disorders. CPI CPI
Assess personality in the Assess personality in the normal population.normal population. In class Projective testIn class Projective test
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Projective tests Projective tests Assumption Assumption
People project their personality People project their personality characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli. characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli.
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing PersonalityRorschach TestRorschach Test
Inkblot testInkblot test Swiss psychiatrist Swiss psychiatrist
Hermann Hermann Rorschach Rorschach
Determine Determine personality traits personality traits Interpret subject's Interpret subject's
responses to responses to inkblot images. inkblot images.
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It’s just a simple Rorschach It’s just a simple Rorschach test Mr. Bromwell so just calm test Mr. Bromwell so just calm down & tell me what each one down & tell me what each one
suggests to you.suggests to you.
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Inkblot 1
Inkblot 2
Inkblot 3
Inkblot 4
Inkblot 5
What do the inkblots What do the inkblots look like to you? look like to you?
BBlack & white card, often described as looking lack & white card, often described as looking like a mask or the face of a fox or wolf. like a mask or the face of a fox or wolf.
Possible Sexual Imagery: Breasts, primarily Possible Sexual Imagery: Breasts, primarily the rounded areas at the top of the image. the rounded areas at the top of the image.
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Black & red ink, often described as people Black & red ink, often described as people dancing or touching hands with each other. dancing or touching hands with each other. Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organ at Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organ at
top center or, in some cases, a vagina (at the top center or, in some cases, a vagina (at the center near the bottom). center near the bottom).
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Black & red inkBlack & red inkFrequently visualized as 2 people facing each Frequently visualized as 2 people facing each other or sometimes a butterfly or moth. other or sometimes a butterfly or moth. Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organs and Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organs and female breasts, right about where you would female breasts, right about where you would expect to find them. expect to find them.
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Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
P. T. Barnum P. T. Barnum Reputation Reputation
as a master as a master psychological psychological manipulatormanipulator
Museum Museum promoterpromoter
Circus ownerCircus owner
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Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
Tendency to accept generalized Tendency to accept generalized personality descriptions as personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of oneself.accurate descriptions of oneself. SmartSmart CreativeCreative FunnyFunny
PseudosciencesPseudosciences Influence people because:Influence people because:
We want to accept positive descriptions We want to accept positive descriptions of ourselves.of ourselves.
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality Walter MischelWalter Mischel
Advised psychologistsAdvised psychologistsShift attention from search for traits Shift attention from search for traits toto
Study of how situations influence Study of how situations influence behaviors.behaviors.
Some characteristics consistent over Some characteristics consistent over time:time: IntelligenceIntelligence Emotional reactionsEmotional reactions Physical appearancePhysical appearance
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Epstein Epstein Behavior depends on the situationBehavior depends on the situation Consistent behavioral tendencies Consistent behavioral tendencies
across situations. across situations. The situationThe situation
Influences the likelihood that a Influences the likelihood that a person will exhibit a specific person will exhibit a specific behavior. behavior.
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
TraitsTraits Terms that describe tendencies to Terms that describe tendencies to
respond in particular ways that respond in particular ways that account for differences among account for differences among people.people.
Psychologist Gordon AllportPsychologist Gordon Allport Composed a list of traitsComposed a list of traits
Building blocks of personality.Building blocks of personality.
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
Raymond Raymond CattellCattell Proposed 16 Proposed 16
source traits source traits to describe to describe personalitypersonality
Make Make predictions of predictions of future future behaviors.behaviors.
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches EysenckEysenck
Personality as consists of 3 basic traits:Personality as consists of 3 basic traits: ExtraversionExtraversion NeuroticismNeuroticism PsychoticismPsychoticism
Extraversion has been associated with a Extraversion has been associated with a number of differences in everyday behavior.number of differences in everyday behavior.
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Big FiveBig Five I see myself (or other person) as someone who...I see myself (or other person) as someone who...
1. ...Is talkative1. ...Is talkative
Myself: Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree Other: Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
2. ...Tends to find fault with others 2. ...Tends to find fault with others
Myself: Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree Other: Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
3. ...Does a thorough job 3. ...Does a thorough job
Myself: Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree Other: Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches Growing consensus that personality traits Growing consensus that personality traits
can be reduced to 5 basic onescan be reduced to 5 basic ones ““Big Five” Big Five”
Openness to experienceOpenness to experience1)1) Conscientiousness Conscientiousness
2)2) Extraversion Extraversion
3)3) AgreeablenessAgreeableness
4)4) NeuroticismNeuroticism
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
Big 5 Big 5 All 5 traits are moderately & equally All 5 traits are moderately & equally
heritable.heritable. Personality traits have considerable Personality traits have considerable
long-term stability.long-term stability.
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Big FiveBig Five
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Biological Factors in Biological Factors in PersonalityPersonality
The idea that physical & biological The idea that physical & biological factors hold a key to personality has a factors hold a key to personality has a long history. long history.
TrephiningTrephining Opening of a hole in the skullOpening of a hole in the skull Leaving the membranes surrounding the Leaving the membranes surrounding the
brain intactbrain intact Concept of modern trepanation Concept of modern trepanation
movementmovement BrainbloodvolumeBrainbloodvolume (the amount of blood (the amount of blood
supplied to the brain). supplied to the brain).
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TrephiningTrephining
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Biological Factors in Biological Factors in PersonalityPersonality
Trepanation Trepanation Supposedly allows greater flow of Supposedly allows greater flow of
blood in the capillaries of the brain. blood in the capillaries of the brain. Most researchers & physicians do Most researchers & physicians do
not agree.not agree. IllegalIllegal
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Biological Factors in Biological Factors in PersonalityPersonality
1800’s Phrenology1800’s Phrenology Analyzed bumps & indentations on Analyzed bumps & indentations on
skullskull Attempted to link personality with Attempted to link personality with
features of the brain. features of the brain. Bump indicated larger brain area Bump indicated larger brain area
dedicated to trait.dedicated to trait. ExampleExample
Large bump in Combativeness area you will Large bump in Combativeness area you will be more violent.be more violent.
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Biological Factors in Biological Factors in PersonalityPersonality
Identical twins reared apartIdentical twins reared apart Researchers identify the effects of Researchers identify the effects of
heredity independent of influence of heredity independent of influence of environmental factors. environmental factors.
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Biological Factors in Biological Factors in PersonalityPersonality
Twin studies Twin studies indicateindicate Heredity plays a Heredity plays a
role in a wide role in a wide range of range of personality personality characteristics characteristics
Heritability Heritability estimates estimates between 20 & between 20 & 50%.50%.
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Main Personality Main Personality TheoristsTheorists
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Carl JungCarl Jung Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Carl RogersCarl Rogers Humanistic Psychology Humanistic Psychology
B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner Social-Cognitive Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective
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The Psychodynamic The Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Our behavior, Our behavior,
feeling, & feeling, & thinking is thinking is determined by determined by events that events that occurred earlier occurred earlier in our lives. in our lives.
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Freud described three levels of Freud described three levels of consciousness.consciousness.
1.1. ConsciousConsciousThoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of Thoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of
now. now.
2.2. PreconsciousPreconsciousThe level just below consciousnessThe level just below consciousness
Dreams Dreams
3.3. UnconsciousUnconsciousThoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our Thoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our
awareness awareness
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicIDID
Collection of Collection of unconscious unconscious urges & desires urges & desires that continually that continually seek expression. seek expression.
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicIDID
Primitive Primitive Pleasure-seekingPleasure-seeking Violent motivesViolent motives FearsFears Immoral urgesImmoral urges Unacceptable sexual urgesUnacceptable sexual urges Selfish needsSelfish needs Irrational wishesIrrational wishes Shameful experiencesShameful experiences Aims to reduce tension when we don’t get what Aims to reduce tension when we don’t get what
we want we want
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicIDID
Operates according to pleasure Operates according to pleasure principleprinciple Seeks immediate gratification of wishes Seeks immediate gratification of wishes
through the ego.through the ego. 2 ways to obtain gratification2 ways to obtain gratification
Wish fulfillmentWish fulfillment FantasyFantasy
Reflex actionsReflex actions Ex: CoughingEx: Coughing
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicEgoEgo
Mediates between environmental Mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience, demands (reality), conscience, superego & instinctual needs (Id).superego & instinctual needs (Id).
Called the executive Called the executive Operates according to the Reality Operates according to the Reality
Principle. Principle. Realistic plan for obtaining what the id Realistic plan for obtaining what the id
wantswants
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicSSuperegouperego
The social & parental standards The social & parental standards the individual has internalized, the individual has internalized, the conscience & the ego ideal.the conscience & the ego ideal.
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicSSuperegouperego
Moral Moral Voice that tells us Voice that tells us
when we have when we have violated society’s violated society’s rules. rules.
Operates Operates according to the according to the ego idealego ideal Standards of what Standards of what
one would like to one would like to be. be.
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The Psychodynamic The Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective
Battle mostly unconsciousBattle mostly unconscious When anxiety or guilt buildsWhen anxiety or guilt builds
Ego defends itself through unconscious Ego defends itself through unconscious efforts referred to as defense mechanismsefforts referred to as defense mechanisms that tend to deny or distort reality. that tend to deny or distort reality.
Effect of defense mechanisms is to Effect of defense mechanisms is to reduce anxiety or guilt.reduce anxiety or guilt.
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The Psychodynamic The Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective
Psychosexual stagesPsychosexual stages 5 stages infancy to adulthood. 5 stages infancy to adulthood.
Characterized by efforts to obtain Characterized by efforts to obtain pleasure centered on one of several pleasure centered on one of several parts of the body called parts of the body called erogenous zones.. Pleasure sensitive areasPleasure sensitive areas
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The Psychodynamic The Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective
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AgeAge NameName Pleasure sourcePleasure source ConflictConflict
0-20-2 OralOral Mouth: sucking, biting, Mouth: sucking, biting, swallowingswallowing
Weaning away from Weaning away from mother's breastmother's breast
2-42-4 AnalAnal Anus: defecating or Anus: defecating or retaining faecesretaining faeces Toilet trainingToilet training
4-54-5 PhallicPhallic GenitalsGenitals Oedipus (boys), Electra Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)(girls)
6-puberty6-puberty LatencyLatency
Sexual urges sublimated Sexual urges sublimated into sports and into sports and hobbies. Same-sex hobbies. Same-sex friends also help friends also help avoid sexual avoid sexual feelings.feelings.
puberty onwardpuberty onward GenitalGenital
Physical sexual changes Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed reawaken repressed needs. needs.
Direct sexual feelings Direct sexual feelings towards others lead towards others lead to sexual to sexual gratification.gratification.
Social rulesSocial rules
The Psychodynamic The Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective
Oral (0-18 months)Oral (0-18 months) Anal (18 months - 3 1/2 years)Anal (18 months - 3 1/2 years) Phallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years)Phallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years) Latency (6 years - puberty)Latency (6 years - puberty) Genital (puberty - adulthood)Genital (puberty - adulthood)
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FixationFixation
A partial or complete halt at A partial or complete halt at some point in the individual’s some point in the individual’s psychosexual development.psychosexual development.
A person whose development is A person whose development is arrested will display behaviors as an arrested will display behaviors as an adult that are associated with the adult that are associated with the time of life during which the time of life during which the fixation fixation occurred. occurred.
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To FreudAccording To Freud
Oral (0-18 months)Oral (0-18 months) MouthMouth
Too much gratificationToo much gratification Overly OptimisticOverly Optimistic DependentDependent
Too little gratificationToo little gratification Pessimstic Pessimstic HostileHostile
FixatedFixated Lack of confidenceLack of confidence GulableGulable SarcasticSarcastic ArgumentativeArgumentative
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Anal (18 months - 3 1/2 years)Anal (18 months - 3 1/2 years) Pleasure from the expulsion and Pleasure from the expulsion and
retention of feces. retention of feces. Too strictToo strict
ObstinateObstinate StingyStingy
Too lenientToo lenient Messy Messy Sloppy Sloppy UnorganizedUnorganized
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Phallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years) Phallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years) Pleasure from fondling their genitals. Pleasure from fondling their genitals. Oedipal complexOedipal complex (Boys) (Boys)
Greek mythGreek myth Possessive love for mother & jealously Possessive love for mother & jealously
towards fathertowards father
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Castration anxietyCastration anxietyBoy fantasizes that the father’s Boy fantasizes that the father’s
retaliation would involve injury retaliation would involve injury to his genitalsto his genitals
Reduce fearReduce fear Boy represses sexual desire for his Boy represses sexual desire for his
mothermother Identify with fatherIdentify with father
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Electra complexElectra complex (Girls) (Girls) Greek mythGreek myth Possessive love for father & jealously Possessive love for father & jealously
towards mothertowards mother Penis envyPenis envy
Value & desireValue & desire ResolutionResolution
Identifies with mother.Identifies with mother.
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Phallic stage fixationPhallic stage fixation MenMen
VanityVanity EgotismEgotism Men boast of sexual prowessMen boast of sexual prowess Treat women with contemptTreat women with contempt
WomenWomen Flirtations & promiscuous Flirtations & promiscuous
BothBoth Low self-esteem & feelings of worthlessnessLow self-esteem & feelings of worthlessness
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Latency (6 years - puberty)Latency (6 years - puberty) Suppressed sexual interests Suppressed sexual interests Boys play with boysBoys play with boys Girls play with girlsGirls play with girls
Genital (puberty - adulthood)Genital (puberty - adulthood) Sexual interests are reawakened Sexual interests are reawakened
Postponed gratificationPostponed gratification Sense of responsibilitySense of responsibility
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Freudian SlipFreudian Slip
An accidental mistake, usually the An accidental mistake, usually the use of the wrong word in a sentence, use of the wrong word in a sentence, thought to betray somebody's thought to betray somebody's subconscious preoccupations.subconscious preoccupations. Calling your wife, “Mom”.Calling your wife, “Mom”.
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms Reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or Reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or
denying realitydenying reality Form of denialForm of denial
Unconscious refusal to accept realityUnconscious refusal to accept reality RepressionRepression Regression Regression DisplacementDisplacement RationalizationRationalization SublimationSublimation Reaction FormationReaction Formation ProjectionProjection
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
RepressionRepression Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings
& memories right out of your consciousness. & memories right out of your consciousness. RegressionRegression
Retreating to an earlier stage of development.Retreating to an earlier stage of development. Trauma Trauma
Reaction FormationReaction Formation Switching unacceptable impulses into their Switching unacceptable impulses into their
opposite.opposite. Activists may be fighting against their strong Activists may be fighting against their strong
impulses they want to deny.impulses they want to deny.
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How Personality Develops How Personality Develops According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
ProjectionProjection When people disguise their own threatening When people disguise their own threatening
impulses by pinning them on other people.impulses by pinning them on other people. Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand
me.me. DisplacementDisplacement
When you take your anger or some other When you take your anger or some other unacceptable feeling or impulse and divert it unacceptable feeling or impulse and divert it forms its source to something or someone else.forms its source to something or someone else.
Angry at boss, kick dogAngry at boss, kick dog SublimationSublimation
Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable stuff.socially acceptable stuff.
Angry workoutAngry workout
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Carl Jung1875-1961Carl Jung1875-1961
Swiss psychologistSwiss psychologist Mentor FreudMentor Freud Founded Analytical Founded Analytical
PsychologyPsychology Rejected Freud's Rejected Freud's
theorytheory Rejected scientific Rejected scientific
approachapproach Human soulHuman soul
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyCont.Cont.
Jung emphasized the will to liveJung emphasized the will to live Analysis of current problemsAnalysis of current problems FreudFreud
Analysis childhood problemsAnalysis childhood problems
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyCont.Cont.
Divided personalities into 2 typesDivided personalities into 2 types IntrovertIntrovert
Inner thoughts Inner thoughts Internal experienceInternal experience
ExtrovertExtrovert External experience External experience In tune with people and things in the In tune with people and things in the
world around themworld around them
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyCont.Cont.
Developed a theory of the Developed a theory of the unconscious mind like Freud's unconscious mind like Freud's
Ego Ego Personal unconscious Personal unconscious Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyCont.Cont.
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyCont.Cont.
EgoEgo Conscious mind Conscious mind
Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious Anything that is presently unconsciousAnything that is presently unconscious Can be conscious later Can be conscious later
Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious Reservoir of knowledge born withReservoir of knowledge born with Never be directly conscious about it Never be directly conscious about it Determines how we react to situations, perceive Determines how we react to situations, perceive
things etc. things etc. Can only understand it indirectly, through our Can only understand it indirectly, through our
responses & experiences.responses & experiences. ArchetypesArchetypes
Inherited memory represented in the mind by Inherited memory represented in the mind by a universal symbol & observed in dreams & a universal symbol & observed in dreams & mythsmyths
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The HeroThe Hero The hero, who pursues a great quest to The hero, who pursues a great quest to
realize his destiny. realize his destiny. Represents the egoRepresents the ego We tend to identify with the hero of the We tend to identify with the hero of the
story story Often engaged in fighting the shadowOften engaged in fighting the shadow In form of dragons & other monsters. In form of dragons & other monsters. Not intellectualNot intellectual The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. The hero is often out to rescue the maiden.
She represents purity & innocenceShe represents purity & innocence
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The Mother ArchetypeThe Mother Archetype
She wants to nurture & grow She wants to nurture & grow everything in sight. everything in sight.
Giver of life & sometimes the taker of Giver of life & sometimes the taker of life.life.
We are likely to project the archetype We are likely to project the archetype out into the world & onto a particular out into the world & onto a particular person, usually our own mothers. person, usually our own mothers.
EveEve MaryMary ChurchChurch ForestForest Ocean Ocean
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The FatherThe Father
Father, Protector, ProviderFather, Protector, Provider Primarily an authority figure Primarily an authority figure
often inducing fear. often inducing fear.
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The PersonaThe Persona Mask Mask Represents your public image. Represents your public image. "good impression" we all wish to "good impression" we all wish to
present as we fill the roles society present as we fill the roles society requires of us. requires of us.
"false impression" we use to "false impression" we use to manipulate people's opinions & manipulate people's opinions & behaviors. behaviors.
Normal exceptNormal except When we believe we really are what we When we believe we really are what we
pretend to be! pretend to be! 69
ExerciseExercise
Class exercise on ShadowClass exercise on Shadow
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The ShadowThe Shadow "dark side" of the ego"dark side" of the ego Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past. Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past. Derived from pre-human, animal past, when Derived from pre-human, animal past, when
our concerns were limited to survival & our concerns were limited to survival & reproductionreproduction
Symbols of the shadow includeSymbols of the shadow include Snake (as in the garden of Eden)Snake (as in the garden of Eden) DragonDragon MonstersMonsters DemonsDemons
Often guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, Often guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious. which is the collective unconscious.
Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with!may only be yourself you are wrestling with!
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The The TricksterTrickster
Rascal agent pushing us towards Rascal agent pushing us towards change. change.
Represented by a clown or a Represented by a clown or a magician. magician.
The trickster's role is to hamper the The trickster's role is to hamper the hero's progress and to generally hero's progress and to generally make trouble. make trouble.
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective
Behavior is Behavior is distinctive distinctive Experience different Experience different
historieshistories Reinforcement Reinforcement Punishment Punishment
Stimulus > response Stimulus > response determines our determines our personalitypersonality BehaviorBehavior
Rewarded forRewarded for Punished forPunished for
Increases or Increases or decreases behaviordecreases behavior
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective
Skinner Skinner Focused attention on Focused attention on
environmental factorsenvironmental factors InitiateInitiate Maintain behaviorsMaintain behaviors
Ultimately distinguish one person from Ultimately distinguish one person from another. another.
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective
Social learning theorySocial learning theory Learning occurs throughLearning occurs through
WatchingWatching Imitating Imitating
Behaviors of others.Behaviors of others.
ExpectancyExpectancy 1 of the most important elements of social 1 of the most important elements of social
learning theory.learning theory. People differ in their tendencies to People differ in their tendencies to
view themselves as capable of view themselves as capable of influencing reinforcers or being influencing reinforcers or being subject to fate. subject to fate.
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective
Internal-External (I-E) ScaleInternal-External (I-E) Scale Measure individuals’ Measure individuals’ locus of controllocus of control
InternalInternal ExternalExternal
Related to a variety of outcomesRelated to a variety of outcomes Academic Academic Health behaviorsHealth behaviors Job successJob success
Which will get you promoted faster? Which will get you promoted faster?
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective
MenMen Blame external factors for failureBlame external factors for failure Internal factors for successInternal factors for success
WomenWomen Attribute success to external factorsAttribute success to external factors Blame internal factors for failureBlame internal factors for failure
ExampleExample Men get a raise because they deserve it.Men get a raise because they deserve it. Women get a raise because they are Women get a raise because they are
lucky.lucky.77
The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective Bandura Bandura
Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura Known for research on Known for research on
observational learning & aggressionobservational learning & aggression Individuals affected by environment Individuals affected by environment Can influence environment Can influence environment Cognitive factors can influence Cognitive factors can influence
person's behavior & environment. person's behavior & environment.
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective Bandura Bandura
Reciprocal Reciprocal DeterminisDeterminismm PersonPerson EnvironmeEnvironme
ntnt Behavior Behavior
Influence Influence one one anotheranother
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The Social-Cognitive The Social-Cognitive PerspectivePerspective Bandura Bandura
Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Person’s beliefs about his skills & ability to Person’s beliefs about his skills & ability to
perform certain behaviors.perform certain behaviors. If I lose a job I can easily find another one. If I lose a job I can easily find another one. I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.
Unlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to Unlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to the situation and can change over time.the situation and can change over time. Example Example
Over timeOver time In the future may be able to feel confident in ability In the future may be able to feel confident in ability
to find a new job.to find a new job. SituationSituation
May be confident in ability to perform a job but not May be confident in ability to perform a job but not in finding a new one.in finding a new one.
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The Humanistic Perspective The Humanistic Perspective
Rogers Rogers Carl Rogers Carl Rogers
(not Mr. (not Mr. RodgersRodgers
Focus Focus Present Present Healthy Healthy
personalitypersonality
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds
Self-actualization Self-actualization Ultimate psychological needUltimate psychological need Fulfill your potentialFulfill your potential
To reach self-actualization you mustTo reach self-actualization you must Be genuineBe genuine Be empathicBe empathic Have unconditional positive regard for Have unconditional positive regard for
others.others.
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The Humanistic The Humanistic PerspectivePerspective
Carl Rogers & Maslow’s belief Carl Rogers & Maslow’s belief People are innately goodPeople are innately good Directed toward:Directed toward:
GrowthGrowth DevelopmentDevelopment Personal fulfillmentPersonal fulfillment
As we develop, our concept of self As we develop, our concept of self emerges. emerges.
Self is our sense of “I” or “me”Self is our sense of “I” or “me” Generally conscious & accessibleGenerally conscious & accessible
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The Humanistic The Humanistic PerspectivePerspective
The self-concept is our perception of The self-concept is our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics. characteristics.
Rogers believed that we act in Rogers believed that we act in accordance with our self-concept. accordance with our self-concept.
Maslow and Rogers agreed that Maslow and Rogers agreed that people have a strong need to be loved, people have a strong need to be loved, to experience affection. to experience affection.
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The Humanistic The Humanistic Perspective Rogers Perspective Rogers
Unconditional positive regard Unconditional positive regard Accepted for selfAccepted for self
Conditional regardConditional regard What others would like the person to What others would like the person to
be. be. People pleasersPeople pleasers
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The Humanistic The Humanistic Perspective RogersPerspective Rogers
Real selfReal self Self as it really isSelf as it really is Product of our experiences.Product of our experiences.
Ideal selfIdeal self Self we would like to be. Self we would like to be.
Maladjustment resultsMaladjustment results When there is a discrepancy When there is a discrepancy
between real self & ideal self.between real self & ideal self.
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