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Psychology With hopes of satisfying curiosity, many
people listen to talk-radio counselors and psychics to learn about others and themselves.
Dr. Crane (radio-shrink)
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Psychic (Ball gazing)
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Psychology’s RootsAristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and
that knowledge grows from experience.
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Dec 1879 Psychology is bornWilhelm Wundt creates a machine that measures
the speed people can tap a telegraph key
This is psychology’s first experimentPsychology has some very early pioneersWundt was both a philosopher and physiologist. Charles Darwin was an English NaturalistIvan Pavlov was a Russian PhysiologistSigmund Freud was a personality TheoristJean Piaget was a Swiss BiologistWilliam James was an American Philosopher
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Psychology Early PioneersMay Caulkins worked with William James
was denied her Ph.D. because she was a women. She would later go on to be the president of APA.
Margaret Flog Wasburn – 1st Women to receive a P.h.D in Psychology.
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Psychology developed at any leveles by many people
The definition of Psychology has changed over the years.
1st the science of mental life1920’s John B. Watson and later B.F. Skinner stated that Psychology must be “ The Scientific
study of observable behavior”Behaviorists were one of two major forces in
psychology well in the 1960’s Humanistic rejected the Definition of
Psychology, this was lead by Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow, they also found that Freudian
and Behaviorism was too limiting.
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Psychological Science is Born
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human
behavior.
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Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth
potential and our need for love and acceptance.
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Rodgers and MaslowDrew attention to ways that a Positive
Environment can enhance our growth and to our needs for love and acceptance.
Defining Humanism- emphasized the Growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
The rebellion of the 1960’s is called the COGNITIVE REVOLUTION which led the field back to the Mental Processes that humans use.
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TODAYWe use science to find out how our mind
perceives, processes and remembers information.
Cognitive Neuroscience has enriched our understanding of brain activity
The Current definition of Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Behavior is anything a human or nonhuman animal does. Any action we can observe and record.
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Today continuedMental processes are internal states we
infer from behavior:
oThoughtsoBeliefsoFeelings
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.
DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.
CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.
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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and
brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
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Four Big Ideas in Psychology
1. Critical Thinking is Smart Thinking2. Behavior is a Biopsychosocial Event3. We Operate with a Two-Track Mind
(Dual Processing)4. Psychology Explores Human
Strengths as Well as Challenges
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Big Idea #1 Critical ThinkingIs smart thinkingThinking that does not blindly accept
arguments and conclusionsIt examines assumptions, uncovers hidden
values, weights evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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Big Idea #2 Biopsychosocial Approach
An integrated approach that incorporates different but complementary views from biological, psychological , and social-cultural perspectives.
Nature versus Nurture17 Siegerman Chapter One
Big Idea #3 Dual ProcessingThe Principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks in our brains.
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Big Idea #4 Explaining human Strength
Martin Seligman- Positive Psychology- the Study of Positive Emotions, positive characters traits, and enabling institutions.
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Why do Psychology?
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Is psychology intuition?Hunches are good!Critical Thinking means checking assumptions, weighing evidence, inviting criticism and testing conclusions.
Two common flaws in Intuitive thinking
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1 Hindsight bias- tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have fore seen it.
Overconfidence
A point to remember : Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to over estimate our intuition.
The Scientific Attitude
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3 Basic attitudes toward the scientific AttitudeCuriositySkepticismHumility
The Scientific Method
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In science a Theory explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed .
Hypothesis- a testable predictionResearch and observation
The case studyThe SurveyWording EffectsRandom SamplingNaturalistic Observation
CorrelationWhen one trait or behavior
accompanies another, we say the two correlate.
Correlation coefficient
Indicates directionof relationship
(positive or negative)
Indicates strengthof relationship(0.00 to 1.00)
r = 0.37+
Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two
variables.25 Siegerman Chapter One
Positive Correlation Between 0 and +1.00 indicates a direct
relationship Increase or decrease together
i.e. height correlates positively with weight in growing children
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Negative Correlation
An inverse relationship 0 between -1.00
As one increases the other decreases.
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Correlations
Help us predictCorrelations indicates the possibilities of a cause and effect relationship, but it does not prove causation.
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Illusory CorrelationThe perception of a relationship where no
relationship actually exists. Parents conceive children after adoption.
Confirming evidence
Disconfirming evidence
Do not
adopt
Disconfirming evidence
Confirming evidence
Adopt
Do not conceiveConceive
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A fact to rememberWhen we notice
random coincidences we may forget that they are random
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Experimentation
Like other sciences, experimentation is the backbone of psychological research.
Experiments isolate causes and their effects.
Exploring Cause and Effect
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Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1) manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept
under (2) control.
Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships.
Exploring Cause & Effect
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In evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenter’s assistants should
remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the
placebo treatment.
Evaluating TherapiesDouble-blind Procedure
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Assigning participants to experimental (breast-fed) and control (formula-fed)
conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences
between the two groups.
Evaluating TherapiesRandom Assignment
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An independent variable is a factor manipulated by the experimenter. The effect of the independent variable is the
focus of the study. For example, when examining the effects of
breast feeding upon intelligence, breast feeding is the independent variable.
Independent Variable
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A dependent variable is a factor that may change in response to an independent variable. In psychology, it is usually a
behavior or a mental process.
For example, in our study on the effect of breast feeding upon intelligence,
intelligence is the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
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Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology
Q1. Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?
Ans: Artificial laboratory conditions are created to study behavior in simplistic terms. The goal
is to find underlying principles that govern behavior.
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FAQQ2. Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender?
Ans: Even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, as they often do, the underlying
processes are much the same. Biology determines our sex, and culture further bends the genders. However, in
many ways woman and man are similarly human.
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FAQQ3. Why do psychologists study animals, and is it
ethical to experiment on animals?
Ans: Studying animals gives us the understanding of many behaviors that may have common biology
across animals and humans. From animal studies, we have gained insights to devastating and fatal
diseases. All researchers who deal with animal research are required to follow ethical guidelines in
caring for these animals.
D. Shapiro, © Wildlife Conservation Society 42Siegerman Chapter One
FAQQ4. Is it ethical to experiment on people?
Ans: Yes. Experiments that do not involve any kind of physical or psychological
harm beyond normal levels encountered in daily life may be carried out.
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FAQ
Q5. Is psychology free of value judgments?
Ans: No. Psychology emerges from people who subscribe to a set of values and
judgments.
© Roger Shepard
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