Public Disclosure Authorized 23 33 elx - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 5...

23

karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn

elx 23erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþerOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

karGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUv nig\T§iBl rbs;vamkelIesdækic©km<úCa

43931

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 5

xøwmsarsegçb 9

CMBUk 1³ esckþIepþIm 15

1> eKalbMNgénkarsikSa 15

2> GVIeTACakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 15

3> ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCamanmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 16

4> ehtuEdleFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn_maRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

køayeTACabBaðaecaTmYy enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 17

CMBUk 2³ bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 21

1> FatupSMrbs;bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 21

2> FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ 23

3> FatupSMEpñksti - ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ 26

4> RkmRBhµTNÐfµI 28

CMBUk 3³ karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv énmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 31

1> karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

KWCabBaðaecaTmYy 31

2> karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ³

mUlehtu nigrebobRbRBwtþeTArbs;va 32

CMBUk 4³ erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGay

esdækic©km<úCaxatbg;Gs;rab;landuløar 39

CMBUk 5³ Gnusasn_ nigesckþIsnñidæan 45

]bsm<½n§ 1 viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav 51

]bsm<½n§ 2krNIsikSa 55

]bsm<½n§ 3 r)aykarN_)anmkBIbNþajpSayB½t’man 63

]bsm<½n§ 4 lT§plénkarGegát 65

]bsm<½n§ 5 karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab; énmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 69

]bsm<½n§ 6 karviPaKB½t’manEdlTTYl)anmkBIRksYgyutþiFm’ 83

]bsm<½n§ 7 esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl

sþIGMBIbTRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 87

matika

5

karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

r)aykarN_BiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn GMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbBaØtþic,ab;sþIGMBI

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkalrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGnuKN³

kmµaFikarBiessmYYy Edl)anbegáIteLIgedayRkumkargarEpñknItikmµ Bn§dar nigGPi)alkic©¥

énevTikaraCrdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCnEdlmanÉk]tþmKat Qn;eTsrdæmRnþIrdæmRnþIRksYgesdækic©

nighirBaØvtßú nigelak Bretton G. Sciaroni naykRKb;RKgRkumh‘un Sciaroni & Associates

EdlCatMNagEpñkÉkCn CashRbFan. smaCikGnuKN³kmµaFikarenH rYmmantMNagmkBI

RksYgyutþiFm’ shKmn_GaCIvkmµ nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ énsaCIvkmµ

hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati(IFCMPDF).

TaMgÉk]tþm Kat Qn; TaMgelak Sciaroni )anKaMRTy:ageBjTMhwg nig)anpþl;

karENnaMd¾manGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarerobcM

r)aykarN_enH.karbnþKaMRTrbs;Ék]tþmnigelakSciaroni)aneFVI[karerobcMr)aykarN_

enHbBa©b;eTA)anedayeCaKC½y.

r)aykarN_BiPakSa enH)aneFVIeLIg edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak; Ék]tþm

elakelakRsICaeRcIn.kñúgenaHÉk]tþmhuI esaPardæelxaFikarnigelakswg bBaØavuDÆ

RbFannaykdæankic©karRBHraCGaCJa mkBIRksYgyutþiFm’ )anCYysRmbs®mYlkargarrbs;

GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess eGay)ansmÖasn_CamYytulakar nigkñúgkarTTYl)annUvsßitiGMBI

krNIbNþwgmktulakarnanaenAkñúgextþcMnYnR)aM.elakeGg TUcRbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_

EpñkÉkCn énRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú )anedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgkarsRmbsRmYl

kargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenHCamYynwgRksYgyutþiFm’.

kBaØa esg h‘un mkBIRkumh‘un Sciaroni & Associates CatMNagEpñkÉkCn

)ancUlrYmy:agskmµ kñúgkic©RbCMuBiPakSaeTAelIesckþIRBagénr)aykarN_enH CamYyRksYg

yutþiFm’.

elakJames BrewEdl)ansRmbsRmÜlevTikaraCrdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCnrhUtdl;

ExFñÚqñaM2007enH)anCYysRmbsRmÜlkarBiPakSaCamYyEpñkÉkCntamry³karEckcay

esckþIRBag énr)aykarN_enHeTA[EpñkÉkCn nigsRmbsRmÜlkñúgkarTTYlRtLb;mkvij

nUvmtieyabl;BIEpñkÉkCn. GaCIvkrCaeRcIn)ancUlrYUmkñúgkargarenH edayshkarCamYy

RkumGñkRsavRCav tamry³karpþl;bTsmÖasn_edaypÞal; nigtamry³karsresreqøIytbnwg

kMrgsMNYrGegátnana.


kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ

6

elakeha sunafmRnþIGnuvtþn_KMeragrbs;IFC MPDFCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvrYmelI

karsikSa nigcgRkgr)aykarN_edaymankarENnaMBI elakRsI Trang Nguyen nig

elak Charles Schneider. elak Stuart Ford CaGñksresrr)aykarN_enH

edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgy:ageRcInBIelak Dugald Richards nigkBaØa Anita

Surewics.

elakRsI Ann Bishop )anCYyBinitü nigEks®mYlBaküeBcn_+kñúgr)aykarN_

enH. elak Kg; vNÑariT§ )anbkERbGtßbTCaPasaExµr edayman elak Tu XI elak

rs; exmra nigelak GuWg suPal½kS CaGñkCYyEksRmÜl. elak RsI Ka Kn§a

CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcMr)aykarN_kñúgkuMBÚüT½r. elakRsI tan; tUnI )anpþl;karKaMRT

xagEpñkrdæ)al.

9


1karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab;GMBIbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedayGñkc,ab;km<úCad¾l,IKWelak

kuy nammanenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI5

xøwmsarsegçb

xøwmsarsegçb

esckþIepþIm

smaKmn_GaCIvkmµ)anbgðajkþI)armÖrbs;BYkeK GMBIbBaðaEdlmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaP

elIesckþiITukcitþ énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal RtUv)aneRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUv eFVIeGaymankar

xatbg;dl;smaKmn_GaCIvikmµ nigesdækic©km<úCa. enA Exmkra qñaM 2006 Ék]tþm

Kat Qn; eTsrdæmRnþI rdæmRnþIRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú)anbegáItGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess

mYyedIm,IsikSaRsavRCavGMBIbBaðaTaMgLayTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþRBmTaMgecj

Gnusasn_nana sRmab;bkRsaybMPøW nigEklMGkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enH . r)aykarN_enH KWCa

lT§plkargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenH nig)ancgRkgeLIgedaymankarRbmUl

B½t’manBIkarsmÖasn_CamYyGñkEdlBak;B½n§ BIB½t’manEdlmanCasaFarN³ nigBIkic©smÖasn_

CaeRcInCamYyGaCIvkmµ. kareRbIR)as; nigkarGnuvtþn_ minRtwmRtUvénc,ab;sþIGMBIkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþ GaceFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCaxatbg;TunvinieyaK rab;landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM².

eKsgÇwmfa Gnusasn_EdlmanelIkeLIgkñúgr)aykarN_enH nwgrYmcMENkCYykat;bnßy

karxatbg;dl;esdækic©km<úCay:ageRcIn EdlbNþalmkBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþenH.

FatupSMénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ CabTelµIsRBhµTNÐ Edl)anEcgenAkñúgmaRtaTI 46 én

{bTbBaØtþi sþIBIRbB½n§tulakar c,ab;RBhµTNÐ nignItiviFIRBhµTNÐ sMrab;GnuvtþenARbeTskm<úCa

kñúgsm½ykalGnþrkal} ¬EdlbnþeTAenH ehAfa {c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal}¦. bTelµIsén

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacmanFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²cMnYnbI nigFatupSMsticMnYnmYy1.

FatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²man³

1> RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv

2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafa nwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvij b¤mYy

eRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;nig

3> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMRTBütamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg

b¤min)aneRbIvatameKaledAEdl)anRBmeRBogKña.



10

ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBIxus. vaminGac

CakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.

erOgkþIIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenARbeTskm<úCa

shKmn_GaCIvkmµmaneyabl;fa karbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKeRbI

edayminRtwmRtUv kñúgeBlmanvivaTGaCIvkmµ edIm,IbgçMmnusSeGaybg;R)ak;eTAGñkedImecaT.

BYkeKt¥ÚjEt¥rCaRbcaMfa tulakarmineGIeBIr GMBIFatunanaénc,ab;eT ehIy)ancat;TukvivaTkic©

snüasamBaØ² faCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. PaBsµúKsµaj nigkarEcgminc,as;las;én

c,ab;GacrYmcMENkbgá[manbBaða eFVIeGaytulakarcat;TukvivaTkic©snüasamBaØ² faCakrNI

rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eyagtamn½ybec©keTs vivaTkic©snüaPaKeRcIn minGackøayeTACa

karbþwgecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy eRBaHmanEtvivaTmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH Edlman

PaKImYyTukcitþRbKl;RTBüeGayPaKImYyeTotCafñÚrnwgkarsnüaRbKl;GVImYysgtbmkvij.

shKmn_GaCIvkmµ)anniyayfa CaerOy² karbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

RtUv)aneKeRbIeFVICa]bkrN_téføKña edIm,ICMrujeGaymankaredaHRsaybBa©b;vivaTBaNiC¢kmµ.

enAeBlEdlkarbþwgtamry³nItiviFIrdæb,evNIedIm,ITTYl)anR)ak;EdleKCMBak;mkvij manPaB

sµúKsµaj nigRtUvcMNayGs;eBleRcInenaH krNIRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )an

dak;sm<aFd¾sem,ImPøam²eTAelIcugecaT edIm,ICMrujeKeGayedaHRsay bBa©b;vivaTBaNiC¢kmµ

eRBaHeKEtgecjdIkaXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaTesÞIrEtRKb;rUbBIbTrMelaPelIsckþITukcitþ.

erOgEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHCnCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

CnEdlrgkarbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EtgEtRbQmmuxnwgsm<aFd¾FM

sem,Im. CnCab;ecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþesÞIrEtRKb;rUb RtUveKecjdIkaXMuxøÜn

eBalKW CnCab;ecaTEtgRtUveKcab;xøÜn nigdak;XMuxøÜn rhUtdl;RtUveKnaMxøÜneTACYbecARkm

esuIbGegát nigbBa¢ak;R)ab;karecaTRbkan;bzm BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. enHmann½yfa

CnCab;ecaTGacnwgRtUveKXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI)any:aggay. karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI Ca

RbPBFMCageKénkardak;sm<aFeTAelICnCab;ecaT.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_esÞIrEtTaMgGs;)anbBa¢ak;

fa karCab;XMukñúgBn§naKaredaysarEtvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ KWCaGVIEdleKcg;eKceGayput eTaHRtUv

cMNayGs;R)ak;b:unµank¾eday. kñúgeBlCab;XMu munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI CnCab;ecaTGacyl;RBmbg;

{R)ak;FanaxøÜn} edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnecjBIBn§naKar. TMhMTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvbg; GaRs½ynwgTMhMTwk

R)ak;énvivaT b:uEnþkñúgerOgkþIPaKeRcIn vamanTMhMBIrab;Ban; eTArab;muWnduløar. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_

PaKeRcInEføgfaeKeXIjlT§PaBtictYcNas;b¤KµanesaHEtmþgkñúgkarTTYl)an{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}

enaHmkvijeTaHCaerOgkþIecjCalT§ply:agNak¾eday.

xøwmsarsegçb

erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

11


\T§iBlesdækic©mkelIRbeTskm<úCa

eKBi)aknwgvas;eGay)anCak;lak; nUv\T§iBlrbs;erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaP

esckþITukcitþ eTAelIRbeTskm<úCaNas; eRBaHKµanmeFüa)ayNaGac):an;sµancMnYnerOgkþI

minRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþEdl)anekIteLIgkñúgmYyqñaM²)aneLIy. k¾b:uEnþ B½t’man

EdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enH )anbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþI

TukcitþeRcInmanTMhMtUc² EtCabBaðaecaTd¾sMxan;cMeBaHshKmn_GaCIvkmµ. eKeXIjmanéfø

cMNaybIbYnRbePT Cab;Tak;TgnwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUv énbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþTaMgenH.

éføcMNayCak;EsþgbMput KWéføcMNaypÞal; eBalKWéføQñÜlemFavI nigéføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar.

tamB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBI Gñkpþl;smÖasn_ nigBIkarGegátbgðaj[eXIjfa éføcMNay

kñúgerOgkþInImYy² manTMhMcab;BIrab;Ban; dl;rab;muWnduløar. RbePTbnÞab;énéføcMNay

KWkarxatbg;kñúgGaCIvkmµ. RbePTFMCageKénéføcMNayEdlCab;Tak;TgnwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUv

énbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþenHKWkarxatbg;»kasvinieyaK.enHKWCaR)ak;EdleKGacnwgykmk

vinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ebIsinCaeKKµankar)armÖGMBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþI

TukcitþTaMgenaHeT.karxatbg;»kasvinieyaKsRmab;Rkumh‘un nigbuKÁlÉkCn EdleyIg)an

GegátsMrab;r)aykarN_enH mancMnYnelIsBI 5landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM. karbkRsaybMPøWGMBI

maRtaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nigkarEklMGkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enH Gacman\T§iBly:agFM

edIm,IbegáInkareCOTukcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaKnigpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;esdækic©km<úCaTaMgmUl.

esckþIsegçbénGnusasn_rbs;r)aykarN_

edayEp¥kelIkarsikSaGMBImaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal

kic©smÖasn_lMGitCamYyGaCIvkmµcMnYn18nigGñkBak;B½n§sMxan;²nigGñkEdl)aneqøIytbnwg

karGegátcMnYn11nak;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess)anelIkeLIgCaGnusasn_dUcxageRkam³

1> Gnum½tesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

2 epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIFatupSMsþIBI karTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñk

déTTTYlxusRtUvnigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

k>ecjesckþIENnaMrYmfµImYyEdltRmUveGayecARkmecjsalRkmTak;Tg

nwgkrNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ BiPakSay:agc,as;las;BIPsþútagEdl

KaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

x>pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;ecARkmGMBIFatupSMnanaénkarrMelaPelIesckþI

Tukcitþ CaBiess kar)anRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñkdéTTTYlxusRtUv nig

ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs

xøwmsarsegçb



12

K>e)aHBum<pSaysalRkmTaMgGs;énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

3> sRmbsRmYlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sgÁmsIuvil nigbNþaj

pSayB½t’manTaMgLay edIm,IBinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_kþIrMelaPelIesckþI

Tukcitþ

4> begáItynþkarsRmab;karraykarN_CaGnamikBIbuKÁliktulakarb¤nKr)alNa

EdlTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar

5> kat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIedayecjesckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarmYy

EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;las;GMBIkrNIEdlRtUveRbIkarXMuxøÚnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI.

15


1>eKalbMNgénkarsikSa

shKmn_GaCIvkmµenAkm<úCamankar)armÖCaeRcIn GMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRta

sþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nig\T§iBlGviC¢manrbs;vaeTAelIshKmn_GaCIvkmµ nig

esdækic©km<úCa. cab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 mk enAeBlEdlraCrdæaPi)al)anbegáItevTika

rdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCn edIm,IbMpuskarsnÞnaKña rvagEpñkÉkCn nigrdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn)an

cab;epþImelIkeLIg GMBIkareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ tamry³

RkumkargarEpñknItikmµBn§darnigGPi)alkic© (LTGGWG) EdlbegáIteLIgedayevTikaenH.

eqøIytbeTAnwgkar)armÖ EdlEpñkÉkCn)anelIkeLIgenH Ék]tþm Kat Qn; eTsrdæm®nþI

nigCardæm®nþIRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú edaymankar]btßmÖBIkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn

tMbn;TenøemKgÁénsaCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati(IFCMPDF))anbegáItGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess

mYy énRkumkargarEpñknItikmµ Bn§dar nigGPi)alkic©l¥ edIm,IsikSabBaðaTaMgLayBak;Bn§½

nwgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH.

naykrdæm®nþIkm<úCasemþcGKÁmhaesnabtIeteCa h‘un Esn)anbBa¢ak;faTMnukcitþ

rbs;GñkvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRtUvkareGayeKFana. elIkElgEt vaCaeTas]RkidæBit

R)akd¬mindUecñaHvinieyaKinminKYrRtUv)aneKdak;eTas]RkidæeLIy¦bBaðaTaMgLayEdlTak;Tg

nwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenaHRtUvEteFVIeGay)anc,as;las;2.dUecñHeKsgÇwmfaGnusasn_

EdlelIkeLIg kñúgr)aykarN_EdlCasmiT§iplénkargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenH

nwgrYmcMENkCYykat;bnßykarxatbg; EdlbNþalmkBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþcMeBaHesdækic©km<úCay:ageRcIn.

2>GVIeTACakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ?

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCabTelµIsmYy EcgenAkñúgmaRta 46 én c,ab;RBhµTNÐ

Gnþrkal.karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanFatupSMsMxan;²EpñksMPar³bInigFatupSMEpñkstimYy.

2segçbsunÞrkfasemþcGKÁmhaesnabtIeteCah‘unEsnTak;TgnwgbBaðakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAkñúg

evTikardæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCnéf¶TI24ExmkraqñaM2007

esckþIepþIm

CMBUk 1



16

manFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;TaMgenaHKW³

1> RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv

2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüa fanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvij b¤mYy


3>CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMykRTBüeKtamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg


edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa CnCab;ecaTmaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ CnCab;ecaTmin

RtwmEt)anRbRBwtþGMeBIelµIs sMPar³TaMgLaydUcxagelIenaHeT CnenaHRtUvEtRbRBwtþGMeBIenaH

edaymanectnaelµIsc,ab;RBhµTNÐcg;éKbnøMykRTBüBIGñkdéTpgEdr.

3>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCamanmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa (UNTAC) RtUv)anbegáIteLIg enAEx

kumÖ³qñaM1992edIm,IGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogRkug):arIsEdl)ancuHhtßExtulaqñaM1991nigEdl

CalT§plénkarcrcarEpñkTUtGs;eBlCaeRcInqñaM. kargarrbs;eK KWedIm,IeFVI[mansnþiPaB

begáItrdæaPi)alsuIvilenAkm<úCanigerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYyEdlRtwmRtUvnigyutþiFm’ edIm,IQan

eTAdl;karbegáIteLIgnUvrdæFmµnuBaØfµInigcab;epþImksagRbeTseLIgvij3.

UNTAC )anraykarN_fa km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM 1992 mankgVHxatsßab½nc,ab;Ca

mUldæan nigdMeNIrkarEdleRbobdUcCaRbB½n§c,ab;. rcnasm<½n§ nigsßab½nEpñkc,ab;Edlman

KWCaGVIEdl)antak;Etg nigerobcMeLIgkalBITsvtSr_knøgeTA. eBlenaH km<úCaminmanc,ab;

RKb;RKan;eT eTaHCac,ab;rdæb,evNI c,ab;kic©snüa c,ab;RTBüsm,tþi c,ab; nignitiviFIRBhµTNÐ

c,ab;GMBItulakar c,ab;sþIBIPsþútag b¤c,ab;kagar. elIsBIenHeTot sßab½ndUcCa nKr)al

nigtulakar sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgy:agtwgrwgBIEpñkneya)ay EdlmankarKaMRTeday

kMlaMgT½B.

karRKb;RKgEpñkneya)aymkelItulakar nigkardak;TNÐkmµminsmRsb )anCMruj

eGayUNTACRBagc,ab;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgtulakarc,ab;nignItiviFIRBhµTNÐEdlGacGnuvtþ

)anenAkm<úCakñúgkMLúgeBlGnþrkal ¬c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþkal¦. c,ab;enHRtUv)anGnum½teday

]tþmRkumRbwkSaCati enAéf¶ TI 10 ExkBaØa qñaM 1992. c,ab;enH KWCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;EdlKYr

eRbIR)as;edaytulakarnigbriFansnþisuxnanakñúgkMLúgeBlGnþrkal.c,ab;enHk¾)ansgát;F¶n;

eTAelI {ÉkraCüPaBrbs;tulakar nig)anrYmbBa©ÚlnUvbBaØtþiBak;B½n§TaMgGs;énlixitubkrN_

3emIl]TahrN_http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/untac.html

CMBUk 1


17


GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§mnusSmkkñúgc,ab;Catirbs;km<úCa} (HornoringHumanRights–AliceH

Henkin)

UNTAC )ancat;Tukc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal faCaviFankarbeNþaHGasnñmYy

EdlGacnwgCMnYsvijy:agqab;rh½sedayc,ab;CaGciéRnþmYy4.GaNtþirbs;UNTAC)anqøúH

eGayeXIjnUv {tMrUvkarCabnÞan;énkarbBa¢ak;c,as;las; dl;RKb;KN³bkSkm<úCaTaMgGs; GMBI

c,ab;EdlRtUvEtGnuvtþCaTUeTA enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa nigGMBInItiviFItulakarEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;

edIm,IeFVIeGayR)akdfa c,ab;enHRtUv)anGnuvtþRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBx<s;enAkñúgdMNak;kal

Gnþrkal5}

sBVéf¶enH c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalenHenAEtCamUldæanRKwH sMrab;c,ab;RBhµTNÐPaK

eRcInenAkm<úCarYmTaMgxsþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþpgEdr.c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalRtUv)an

begáIteLIgedayRbjab;Rbjal; ehIyrMBwgfanwgRtUvCMnYsedayc,ab;fµI bnÞab;BIrdæFmµnuBaØ

RtUv)anbegáIt nigbnÞab;BIkic©RbCMusPaelIkTImYy. b:uEnþeRkay BIrdæFmµnuBaØRtUv)anbegáIt

Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkc,ab;enHenAEtRtUv)aneKeRbIenAeLIy.GñkRBagc,ab;enHRbEhlCa

nwgmankarsMerccitþepSgBIenH ebIsinCaeKdwgfa c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalenH RtUv)anbnþ

eRbIR)as;rhUtmkdl;stvtSr_TI21.

4>ehtuEdleFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn_maRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

køayeTACabBaðaecaTmYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

PaBTn;exSayénRbB½n§c,ab; GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;min)anRtwmRtUv dUcCa

maRtasþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ énRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkal )aneFVIeGaymankarrujra

kñúgkarvinieyaK nigb:HBal;dl;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;RbeTs. karsÞabsÞg;BIPaBRbkYt

RbECg rbs;evTikaesdækic©BiPBelakqñaM 2006 )aneGaycMNat;fñak;km<úCa elx 103

kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 125 Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarGegát6 . ehIyr)aykarN_rbs;FanaKa

BiPBelak BIkareFVIGaCIvkmµ qñaM2008 (Doing Business 2008) k¾)an[cMNat;fñak;Tab

4RkumRbwkSaesdækic©nigsgÁmkic©5emIl]TahrN_http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/untac.html6snÞsSn_PaBRbkYtRbECgBiPBelakTheGlobalCompetitivenessIndex(GCI)erobcMeLIgsMrab;

evTikaesdækic©BiPBelakedaysaRsþacarüXavierSala-IMartineénsaklviTüal½ykULMúb‘ÍnigEdl)an

e)aHBumÖpSayelIkdMbUgenAqñaM2004.snÞsSn_enHRtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayEp¥kelIktþa12énPaBRbkYtRbECg

EdlrYmman³sßab½nehdæarcnasm<½n§m:aRkUesdækic©esßrPaBsuxPaBnigkarGb;rMbzmkarGb;rMnigkarbNþúHbNþal

kMritx<s;TIpSal¥RbsiT§PaBnigTinñpll¥TIpSakargarPaBTMenIbénTIpSahirBaØvtßúkarrIkcMerInxagbec©kviTüa

TMhMTIpSaPaBTMenIbnigkarécñRbDitxagGaCIvkmµ.

CMBUk 1



18

sMrab;km<úCaEdr Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBgayRsYlkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµ. r)aykarN_enH)aneGay

cMNat;fñak;km<úCa elx 145 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 178 Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarsÞabsÞg;7.

edayGñkvinieyaKCaeRcIn sÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarvinieyaKTunenAkm<úVCa BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nig

karvinieyaK rYmcMENk)anRtwmEtmYyEpñktUc énskmµPaBesdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa ehIyva

epþateTAelIEtvis½ykat;edresvakmµsMNg;nigeTscrN_Etb:ueNÑaH.

karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )aneFVIeGayxatbg;

dl;esdækic©km<úCa. naeBlfµIenH RksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl )anecjesckþI

ENnaMrYmmYy TTYlsÁal;fa karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

KWCabBaðamYy enAeBlEdleyIgKiteTAdl;karkarBarsiT§iRbCaBlrdæ edIm,I[cUlrYmkñúgkar

GPivDÆn_esdækic©Cati nigGMBIkarbegáInTMnukcitþrbs;saFarN³Cn nigGñkvinieyaK mkelIRbB½n§

tulakar nigc,ab;rbs;km<úCa8. fVIebIeKBi)akeFVIkarsnñidæanCaTUeTAmYy ecjBIlT§plén

karsmÖasn_ nigGegát EdlGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess)aneFVIkþI tYelxsrubénkarxatbg;

»kasvinieyaKenAkm<úCa mankRmitx<s;Nas;. eyIg)ansYreTAmCÄdæanBak;B½n§ nigGaCIvkr

TaMgLayfa {etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelakGñk)ane)aHbg;ecal edaysarEthaniP½y

énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmantémøb:unµan? karbUksrubTwkR)ak;EdlGaCIvkr 7 nak;

)aneqøIybgðajfa kar)at;bg;»kasvinieyaKmanRbmaNBI 3lan eTAdl; 12>1lan

duløarGaemrik.9

karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGaceFVIeGayvinieyaKin

breTsmankarsÞak;esÞIrcitþkñúgkarvinieyaK edayehtufaeK)armÖGMBIlT§PaBénkareRbIR)as;

bTRBhµTNÐRbqaMgnwgBYkeK sMrab;krNIvivaTkic©snüa b¤k¾edaysarbMNgBüa)aTNamYy.

Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMshKmn_GaCIvkmµ)anraykarN_fabTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþRtUv)an

eRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvedIm,IbgçMeGayBlrdæcMNayluyeTAeGayedImecaTnigfavivaTkic©snüa

samBaØ² CaerOy²RtUv)ancat;TukCakrNIRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ edaysar

EtkarGnuvtþn_ b¤karyl;min)anRtwmRtUvGMBIbBaØtþic,ab;enH. kþI)armÖrbs;EpñkÉkCnenH KWCa

kar)armÖRtwmRtUv eRBaHfabuKÁlEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþPaKeRcIn

GacnwgRtUvXat;xøÜn ehIyRbsinebIrkeXIjfamankMhus GacnwgRtUvkat;eTaseGayCab;

Bn§naKar. naeBlknøgmk GaCJaFrtulakareRbIR)as;c,ab;RBhµTNÐsþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþI

Tukcitþ min)anRtwmRtUvsMrab;krNIkic©snüaminEmnRBhµTNÐ nigkrNIrdæb,evNI epSg²eTot

7r)aykarN_GMBIkareFVIGaCIvkmµqñaM2008(DoingBusiness2008)FnaKarBiPBelak20078sUmemIl]bsm½n§79sUmemIl]bsm½n§4

CMBUk 1


19


EdlKYrEtRtUv)anedaHRsayeRkamc,ab;rdæb,evNI CaCagc,ab;RBhµTNÐ. karGnuvtþn_Edl

ERbkøayerOgkþIrdæb,evNIeTACaerOgkþIRBhµTNÐKWCabBaðacm,gmYykñúgcMeNambBaðaFM²CaeRcIn

énkarGnuvtþn_maRta sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkal rbs;tulakar.

karEvkEjk[eXIjPaBxusKña rvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjBIkarxkxanmin)anbMeBj

krNIykic© nigvivaTEdlekItecjBIkarRbRBwtþEdlmanFatupSM énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

enAEtCabBaðaEdlRtUvbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;las;. karRsaybMPøWGMBIc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nigkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgénkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enHGacnwgrYm

cMENky:agFMeFg kñúgkarbegáInCMenOcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaK nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_eRcInsMrab;

esdækic©©TaMgmUl.

{kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvénbBaØtþisþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anCH\T§iBlGviC¢man

eTAelIGaCIvkmµ. va)anbg¥ak; GñkvinieyaKmineGaymkbNþak;TunvinieyaKenAkm<úCa.

vivaTBaNiC¢kmµGacekIteLIgenARKb;kEnøgkñúgBiPBelak b:uEnþCaTUeTAeKcat;Tukvafa

CabTelµIsrdæb,evNI. enAeBlEdlvinieyaKindwgfa enAkm<úCa vivaTBaNiC¢kmµsamBaØ

GacnwgRtUv)anERbkøayeTACa bTelµIsRBhµTNÐ)anedaygayenaH BYkeKmincUlmk

vinieyaKenAkm<úCaeT edIm,IeCosvaghaniP½yénkarcab;dak;Bn§naKar. CalT§pl

KWkm<úCaxatbg;edaysarviniieyaKine)aHbg;»kasvinieyaK.}

elakBrettonG.Sciaroni,

shRbFanRkumkargarEpñknItikmµBn§darnigGPi)alkic©¥

énevTikarrdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCn

CMBUk 1

21


1>FatupSMrbs;bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

bTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 46 én{c,ab;RBhµTNÐ

Gnþrkal} Edl)anRBageLIgedayGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa (UNTAC)

nigGnum½tedayRkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;enAéf¶TI10ExkBaØaqñaM1992KWCaRKwHénc,ab;RBhµTNÐ

d¾sMxan;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. maRta 46 énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal )ankMNt;niymn½yén

bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþfa³

CaGkusl maRta 46 CamaRtaEvg sµúKsµaj nigmanRbkareRcIn. maRtaenH

Bi)akyl;)anNas; ebIsinCaeKmin)anGanedayRbugRby½tñ. emFavIkm<úCamYycMnYnEdl

eyIg)anCYbsmÖas)ant¥ÚjEt¥rfa PasaenAkñúgmaRtaenH ¬TaMgGtßbTCaPasaGg;eKøs TaMgCa

PasaExµr¦bNþaleGaymankaryl;RcLMnigrYmcMENkeFVIeGaymanbBaðaecaTTak;TgnwgerOg

kþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eKeXIjmanehtuplmYycMnYn cMeBaHPaBBi)akyl;énGtßbTenH. TImYy Pasa

énmaRtaenH )anEp¥kelImaRta 408 énc,ab;RBhµTNÐ)araMgqñaM 1810 EdlsµúKsµaj

nigBi)akyl;dUcKñaenHEdr. enARbeTs)araMg eK)anbþÚrc,ab;RBhµTNÐqñaM 1810 enHrYcehIy

10kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkniBn§r)aykarN_CaPasaGg;eKøs³:eKmineXIjmankarbkERbpøÚvkarCaPasaGg;eKøs

énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkaleT.Éksarc,ab;pøÚvkarEtmYyKt;énc,ab;enHKWGtßbTCaPasaExµr.karbkERbEdl

eRbIenATIenHCakarbkERbedayUNTACnige)aHBum<pSayedaykariyal½ysñgkarCan;x<s;xagsiT§imnusSenA

km<úCaenAkñúg{c,ab;CaFrmanmYycMnYnenARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa}¬2001¦.GñkepSg²eTot)anbkERbmaRta

46xus²BIKñabnþicbnþÜc.]TahrN_RkumRbwkSaGñkc,ab;bkERbGtßbTenHepSgBIenHenAkñúgTRmg;EdlpSay

enAelIeKhTMB½rrbs;eK.}

bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

CMBUk 2

10



22

ehIyPasaenAkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐ)araMgbc©úb,nñ manPaBgayyl;CagmunCaeRcIn. eKmin)an

dwgc,as;eTfa ehtuGVI)anCam®nþITaMgLay énGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa

(UNTAC) Edl)anRBagc,ab;enH )aneRCIserIsykmkeRbInUvPasad¾sµúKsµaj ecjBIc,ab;

RBhµTNÐ)araMgcas;dUcenHb:uEnþvanwgmanGtßRbeyaCn_eRcInebIGtßbTc,ab;enHRtUv)anEksRmYl

edIm,IbegáInPaBc,as;las;rbs;va. TIBIr eyagtamsmþIrbs;GtItbuKÁlik UNTAC mYycMnYn

CadMbUgeK)anRBagc,ab;enHCaPasa)araMgbnÞab;mkeKbkERbvaCaPasaGg;eKøs ehIyCabBa©b;

eTIbbkERbmkCaPasaExµr. niyayeGayxøI GtßbTCaPasaExµr KWCakarbkERbecjBI

karbkERb. edayehtuenHehIy eTIbemFavI nigbBaØvnþExµrmYycMnYn )ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa

GtßbTCaPasaExµrmanlkçN³RcbUkRcbl;.

fVIebImanPaBsµúKsµaj nigCYnkalmanPasaRcbUkRcbl;enAkñúgmaRta 46 enHkþI

bTelµIsCak;EsþgénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ manPaBsamBaØxøaMgNas;. eKGacbMEbk

bTelµIsCaFatupSMsMPar³ nigFatupSMEpñksti. FatupSMsMPar³ sMedAeTAelIGMeBICak;Esþg

TaMgLay EdlCnRtUveKbþwgBIbTelµIs¬CnCab;ecaT¦ RtUvRbRBwtþ edIm,ICab;eTasBIbTrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ. FatupSMEpñksti sMedAelIectnacg;RbRBwtþFatupSMsMPar³TaMgLayenaH.

CaerOy²FatupSMEpñkstiCaktþasMxan;CageKbg¥s;.tamBitbTelµIsRBhµTNÐCaeRcInmanFatu

pSMsMPar³dUc²Kña ehIyeKGacEjkvaeGayxusBIKña)an Ettamry³ectnarbs;CnCab;ecaT

b:ueNÑaH.

Ca]TahrN_ eyagtamc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal mnusSXatedayectna nigmnusS

XatedayGectna manFatupSMsMPar³dUcKñaebHbiT KWkarsmøab;mnusS. ebIsinCakarsmøab;

eFVIeLIgedayKitTukCamun ¬manectnasmøab;¦ ]RkidækmµenaH KWCamnusSXatedayectna.

mnusSXatedayectnaRtUvTTYleTasCab;Bn§naKarBIR)aMbIeTAdb;R)aMqñaM.ebIsinCamnusSXat

ekIteLIgedaysar {kareFVsRbEhs karRbmaT karminRbugRby½tñ b¤kareføaHeFøay min

eKarBtambTbBa¢anana} enaHvaCamnusSXatedayGectna. mnusSXatedayGectna

RtUvTTYleTasCab;Bn§naKarBI mYyqñaM eTAbIqñaM Etb:ueNÑaH. karsmøab;mnusSedayécdnü

TaMgRsug EdlCaXatkmµekIteLIgedayKµanectnasmøab; b¤KµankareFVsRbEhsNamYy

BIsMNak;Gñksmøab; minEmnCa]RkidækmµesaHeLIy. tamkarbgðaj Ca]TahrN_TaMgenH

FatupSMEpñksti EdlnaMeGaymankarRbRBwtþGMeBICasMPar³ CaerOy² KWCaGñkkMNt;GtßiPaB

nigTm¶n;eTasénbTelµIs.

CMBUk 2


23


2>FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ

fVIebIPasaénmaRta 46 manPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgkþI eKeXIjmanFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²

énbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþcMnYnbIKW³

1> RTBü¬rYmTaMgRTBüGrUbI¦RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYl

xusRtUv

2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvijb¤mYy


3> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMRTBütamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg


eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIFatupSMnImYy² dUcxageRkam. karBiPakSaenH minEmnCakarviPaK

bec©keTsEpñkc,ab;eT. pÞúyeTAvij karBiPakSaenHepþateTAelIFatupSMsMxan;²énbTelµIsEt

bu:eNÑaHehIyeKBnül;bkRsayvatamrebobmYyEdlc,as;las;nigGacyl;)any:aggay.

GñkGaneKaledArbs;eyIgKW shKmn_GaCIvkmµ Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

r)aykarN_enH min)anBiPakSasMNYrEpñkc,ab;Bi)ak²CabgÁÜrmYycMnYn EdlGacelceLIg

enAkñúgerOgkþImYycMnYntUcenaHeT. karviPaKbec©keTsc,ab;EbbenH RtUv)aneFVIeLIg nig

pSBVpSayrYcehIyedayelakkuy namEdlCaemFavIsBa¢atikm<úCad¾l,ImYyrUbehIyeyIg

)anbBa©ÚlkarviPaKenH eTAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 5 sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTaMgLayNa Edlcg;

TTYl)anB½t’mankan;EtlMGiteTAeTot.

2>1 RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv

FatupSMsMPar³TImYyKW RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYl

xusRtUv. ktþaFatupSMsMPar³ caM)ac;TImYyenHmanenAkñúgPasafa {RTBü R)ak;kas TMnij

b¤ÉksarNamYyEdlmanb¤EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic©b¤karedaHbnÞúkEdleKRbKl;eGaymkxøÜn

kñúglkçN³CakarCYl Cakardak;dMkl;Tuk CaGaNtþi CakareGayx©IeRbI b¤CaR)ak;kéRm

sRmab;kargarman b¤KµanR)ak;ebovtS >>>}. PasaenHsµúKsµaj b:uEnþ enAkñúgerOgkþICaeRcIn

{RTBü R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar NamYyEdlman b¤EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic© b¤karedaHbnÞúk}

GacniyayeLIgvijy:agsamBaØfaCa{RTBü}.

EpñkbnþénXøaenHbBa¢ak;fa RTBüenaHRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaT

{CakarCYl Cakardak;dMkl;Tuk CaGaNtþi CakareGayx©IeRbI b¤CaR)ak;kéRmsRmab;kargar

manb¤KµanR)ak;ebovtS>>>}.PasaenHTMngCamincaM)ac;eLIy.va)anBiBN’nakic©snüaxusKña

CMBUk 2



24

cMnYnR)aMmYyRbePTEdleKGacbegáIteLIgtamry³karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéTTTYlxusRtUv.

kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéT TMngCanwgniyaydl;TRmg;NamYy

énkic©snüaTaMgR)aMmYyEbb tamry³karkat;yl; b¤mYyedayCak;lak;. kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn

bBaðasMxan;KW etIeK)anRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTb¤Gt; minEmnRbePTkic©snüaEdleK

)anbegáIteLIgrvagCnCab;ecaTnigm©as;RTBüeLIy.ehtudUecñHehIykarniyayGMBIFatupSMén

bTelµIsenH kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn eKGacnwgniyayeLIgvijfa³ RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;

eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv.11

2>2 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;

RTBüvij b¤mYyeRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYy EdleK)ankMNt;

Cak;lak;

FatupSMenHbgáb;enAkñúgPasafa {>>>eday)ansnüafasgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤

eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy >>>}. c,as;Nas;fa FatupSMenHGaRs½ynwgGtßiPaB

énFatupSMTImYy. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþ RbKl;RTBüeGayTTYlxusRtUv munnwg

eKGacsnüafa {sgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy.} Pasa

enHBiBN’naGMBITegVIbIy:ag EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafa nwgeFVIcMeBaHRTBüenaH. TImYy

CnCab;ecaTGacsnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHvij.karN_enHBiBN’naBIsßanPaBEdlCnCab;ecaT

)anx©Irbs;GVImYy dUcCa rfynþ ehIy)ansnüafanwgRbKl;rbs;enaHsgeTAm©as;vij. CnCab;

ecaTkan;kab;RTBüedayRsbc,ab; eRBaHm©as;RTBü )anRbKl;vaeTAeGayrUbeKedaysµ½RKcitþ

b:uEnþeK)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;rbs;enaHfa nwgRbKl;sgvij. RbkarenH)ankMhitsiT§irbs;eK

elIRTBüenaH. eKminGaclk;va b¤RbKl;vaCabnþeGayeTAnrNaeTot)aneT. eKRtUvEtRbKl;

RTBüenaHsgm©as;vij.

Baküfa {esñIRbKl;eGayeKvij} niyaysMedAsßanPaB EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneK

TukcitþRbKl;RTBüeGay Et)ansnüapþl;»kaseGaym©as;RTBü TTYl)anRTBüenaHvij

muneBl EdlCnCab;ecaTcat;EcgkarGVImYyelIRTBüenaH. ]TahrN_ CnCab;ecaTGacCYl

eRKOgcRkksikmµmYyeRKOg sRmab;ry³eBlbIqñaM. m©as;RTBü nigCnCab;ecaT)anRBmeRBog

Kñafa m©as;RTBümansiT§iTijeRKOgcRkenaHvij kñúgtémømYyEdl)anRBmeRBogKña enAeBlcb;

ry³eBlkMNt;bIqñaMenaH.ebIsinCam©as;RTBümincg;TijykeRKOgcRkenaHvijeTeTIbCnCab;

ecaTmansiT§ilk;vaeTAeGayGñkEdlh‘anéføx<s;CageK. enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdleKarBtam

11GacmanerOgkþImYycMnYnEdlCaGtßiPaBénbTelµIssþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþBitCaGaRs½yelIRbePT

NamYyénkic©snüaEdl)anbegáIteLIgrvagCnCab;ecaTnigm©as;RTBüEmn.enHCaRbFanbTd¾lM)akmYy

nigmanlkçN³bec©keTsehIybBaØvnkm<úCa)anviPaKrYcehIy.Ca]TahrN_GtßbTrbs;elakkuy nam

eRkamcMNgeCIgfa{karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ}¬EdleyIg)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúg]bsm<½n§5¦)anBiPakSa

BIbBaðaenHy:agli¥tl¥n;.

CMBUk 2


25


RbB½n§c,ab;Gg;eKøs (Common law) eKGacBiBN’nakrNIenH faCakarGacyk)an

RTBüEdlCakmµvtßúén {siT§iman»kasTijmuneK}. cMNucsMxan;enaHKW CnCab;ecaT)an

snüacMeBaHm©as;RTBüfaeKkMhitsiT§irbs;eKkñúgkarcat;EcgelIRTBüenaH.eKminGaclk;RTBü

enaH)antamcitþedaymin)anesñIpþl;vaeTAeGaym©as;rbs;vijmuneKenaHeT.

EbbEpnTIbI EdlFatupSMenHRtUvbMeBjKW tamry³karsnüafanwgeRbIR)as;RTBü

enaH tamkarRBmeRBogKña. CafµImþgTot cMNucsMxan;enATIenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaH

m©as;rbs;fa Tb;sáat;xøÜnÉgmineGaycat;TukRTBüenaH dUcCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. krNICaKMrUKW

krNInieyaCitmñak; EdlRtUv)annieyaCkTukcitþRbKl;R)ak;eGaykan; sRmab;bMeBjeKaledA

kMNt;mYy. ]TahrN_ nieyaCitenaHRtUv)annieyaCk RbKl;R)ak;eGayykeTAdak;epJIenA

FnaKar eBalKW)anTTYlRTBüsRmab;eRbIR)as;tamkarkMNt;mYy. eKkan;kab;vaRsbc,ab;

b:uEnþeKkan;kab;vasRmab;EteKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Etb:ueNÑaH KWykR)ak;enaHeTAFnaKar

ehIydak;epJIvaenATIenaH. eK)aneFVIkarsnüay:agCak;lak; b¤tamkarkat;yl; ehIyRbkar

enaH)ankMhitlT§PaBrbs;eK mineGaycat;TukR)ak;enaH faCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. cMNucsMxan;

sRmab;EpñkTaMgbIénFatupSMenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;RTBü Edldak;kMhit

dl;siT§irbs;eK kñúgkarcat;EcgkarelIRTBüenaH. karrMelaPedayectnaelIkarsnüaenH

KWCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

2>3 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at; b¤éKbnøMRTBüeK

FatupSMenHekIteLIg enAeBlEdlCnCab;ecaTeføaHeFøay min)aneFVItamkarsnüa

Tak;TgnwgRTBü. vaekItecjBIPasafa {CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;¬RTBü¦ eFVIeGay

xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;>>>} RTBü12

. RbkarenHTak;Tg

nwgkareføaHeFøay eKarBmin)antamkarsnüakñúgFatupSMTIBIr. ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaT)ansnüa

sgRTBüvij enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgsgvavij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa esñIRbKl;eGayvij

enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgesñIRbKl;vaeGayvij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa nwgeRbIR)as;vasRmab;

eKaledAkMNt;NamYyenaH eKRtUvEtxMRbwgeRbIR)as;vaeGayRtUvtameKaledAenaH.karéKbnøM

GacekIteLIgtamviFICaeRcIn b:uEnþrUbPaBTUeTAbMputGacCakarbMpøajRTBü karlk;RTBüeTA

eGayCnTIbI karrkSavaTuk nigbdiesFminRBmRbKl;eGayvij b¤mYyeRbIvatameKaledA

epSg²eTot EdlxusBIeKaledAeRKagTukdUcEdl)anRBmeRBogKña. Ca]TahrN_ karéKbnøM

12Baküfa{m©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;}RtUveKeRbIenAkñúgc,ab;enHCaCMnYseGayBaküfa

{m©as;RTBü}EdlgayRsYleRbICagenHedIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;fakarrMelaPescelIkþITukcitþGacRbRBwtþ

elICnNamñak;EdlCaGñkkan;kab;RTBüenaHedayRsbc,ab;eTaHbIGñkenaHminEmnCam©as;BitR)akdk¾eday.

kñúgkrNICaeRcInPaBxusKñaenHminmann½yGVIeTBIeRBaHGñkEdlRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv

KWCam©as;BitR)akd.

CMBUk 2



26

RTBüGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlnrNamñak;)anx©Im:UtUBImitþPkþi rYclk;m:UtUenaHeTAeGaybuKÁl

TIbI. dUcKñaenH vaGacekIteLIg kñúgsßanPaBEdlnieyaCitmñak;)anTTYlR)ak; sRmab;ykeTA

TijeRKOgeRbIR)as;sRmab;kariyal½y EteKEbrCaykR)ak;enaHeTAcak;El,gPñal;)al;Tat;

eTAvij. kñúgkrNITaMgBIrenH skmµPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT)anTb;sáat;BYkeK mineGayeFVItam

karsnüa)aneLIy.

FatupSMenH k¾tRmUveGaymankarxUcxatdl;m©as;RTBüsm,tiþpgEdr. karEdl

CnCab;ecaT)aneføaHeFøay min)anbMeBjtamkic©snüa vaminRKb;RKan;eT. pÞúyeTAvij

kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtekItecjBIkaréKbnøM b¤karcat;EcgelIRTBü pÞúyBIplRbeyaCn_

rbs;m©as;RTBüenaH. mü:ageTot kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtmanlkçN³fa m©as;rbs;minGacTTYl

RTBü)anmkvijeLIy. Ca]TahrN_ ebIsinCa®sþImñak;)anCYlrfynþmYy sRmab;ry³eBl

mYys)þah_ ehIy)ansgvavijyWtCagkarsnüamYyéf¶ enaHKat;min)anéKbnøMykrfynþ

enaHeT. vaCakarBitfa Kat;minGacbMeBjtamlkçxNÐkMNt;d¾Cak;lak;énkarsnüa)anEmn

b:uEnþskmµPaBrbs;Kat;min)aneFVIeGayxUcplRbeyaCn_;m©as;RTBü edaysarrfynþenaHeT.

®sþIenaH GacRtUvbg;éføCYlrfynþ mYyéf¶EfmeTot b:uEnþeyagtamGtßn½y énmaRta 46

Kat;min)an{éKbnøMb¤bM)at;eGayxUcRbeyaCn_}elIrfynþenaHeT.k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHbursmñak;Edl

CYlRtak;T½rsRmab;ry³eBlmYys)þah_edIm,IdwkdIenAkñúgPUmikrrbs;Kat;ehIy)anlk;Rtak;T½r

enaH eTAeGayPaKITIbI BitCa)anéKbnøMRtak;T½renaHEmn eRBaHm©as;RTBüminGacTTYl)anRtak;

T½renaHBICnCab;ecaTmkvijeLIy.

3>FatupSMEpñksti-ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

Cnmñak;GacCab;eTasedaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþebICnenaHminEmnRtUv

RbRBwtþRtwmEtGMeBICasMPar³ dUc)anBiBN’naxagelIenHeT eKRtUvEteFVIGMeBIenaHedayectna

eTotpg. vaCakarminRKb;RKan;eT ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaTRbRBwtþEtGMeBICasMPar³TaMgLayEdl

BiBN’naxagelI.eKGacbgðajBIsßanPaBenHedayeRbI]TahrN_gay²BIrdUcteTA³

bursmñak;x©IR)ak;500duløarBIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat;edIm,IykeTAdaMeBat.Kat;)ansnüafa

nwgykR)ak;enaHeTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)ansnüafanwgsgR)ak;enaHvij

kñúgry³eBl R)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pleBat)an. Kat;)andaMeBat b:uEnþ

maneRKaHraMgs¶Üty:agGaRkk;bNþaleGayeBatrbs;Kat;gab;Gs;.Kat;minGaceFVIGVIedIm,I

Tb;sáat;sßanPaBenaH)aneLIy.Kat;minGacsgR)ak;dl;GñkCitxagrbs;Kat;vij)aneT.

bursmñak;x©IR)ak; 500 duløar BIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat; edayR)ab;eKfa Kat;manbMNgeRbIva

edIm,IdaMeBat. Kat;)ansnüafanwgykR)ak;enaH eTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)an

•

•

CMBUk 2


27


snüafa nwgsgR)ak;enaHvij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pl

eBat)an. b:uEnþ Kat;KµanbMNgdaMeBatBitR)akdeLIy. Kat;EbrCamanbMNgykR)ak;

enaH ehIypøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBj. enAeBlEdlKat;eTAx©IR)ak;eK Kat;)andwgxøÜnÉgfa

Kat;minRbugsgR)ak;enaH eTAeGayGñkCitxagKat;vij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeTotenaH

eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©I)anR)ak;Kat;)anpøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBjnigeKcxøÜn)at;.

eKeXIjc,as;Nas;fa eKminKYrcat;TukmnusSTaMgBIrnak;enHdUcKñaeT. bursmñak;Ca

CnelµIs Ébursmñak;eTot CaCnrgeRKaHedayCYbnwgsMNagGaRkk;. b:uEnþbursTaMgBIrnak;

)anRbRBwtþFatupSMsMPar³énbTelµIsrMelaPesckþITukcitþdUcKña. bursTaMgBIrnak;RtUv)aneKTuk

citþRbKl;RTBümYycMnYneGay. TaMgBIrnak; )ansnüafa nwgsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij.

kñúgkrNITaMgBIrmanehtukarN_mYyekIteLIgcMeBaHRTBüenaHEdlraraMgmineGayeKGacsgva

eTAm©as;edImvij)an.

RbkarxusKñaKW ectnarbs;bursTaMgBIrnak;. burskñúg]TahrN_TImYy KµanbMNgeKc

evsBIkarsgbMNuleT.Kat;)andaMeBatnigxMeFVIGVI²RKb;y:agedIm,IbMeBjkrNIykic©rbs;Kat;

eGay)an. k¾b:uEnþ eRKaHraMgs¶Üt)ansmøab;pldMNaMrbs;Kat; ehIyenaHminEmnCakMhusrbs;

Kat;pÞal;eT.burskñúg]TahrN_TIBIrmanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs.Kat;)ankuhkGñkCitxagKat;

GMBImUlehtuénkarcg;x©IR)ak; ehIyenAeBlEdlKat;ykR)ak;enaH Kat;KµanbMNgsgvavij

eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©IR)ak;)anKat;eKcxøÜnedayykR)ak;enaHeTACamYy.enHCaskçIPaB

d¾RKb;RKan;EdlbgðajfaKat;manbMNgRbRBwtþbTelµIs.

ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþ. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBI

xus.vaminGacCakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.RbkarenHmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;tamry³kar

eRbIBakü{éKbnøM}enAkñúgGtßbTénmaRta46.éKbnøMmann½yfaykGVImYyEtk¾mann½ypgEdrfa

karykenaHRbRBwtþeTAtampøÚvxusb¤edayTuc©rit.rdæmRnIþRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl

)aneFVIkarsnñidæandUcKñaenHEdrenAkñúg {esckþIENnaMrYm} fµI²enHrbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 8 ExsIha

qñaM2005 sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. fVIebIkEnøgxøHkñúgGtßbTénesckþIENnaMrYmenH

manPaBRcbUkRcbl;kþI esckIþENnaMenHkt;sMKal;fa CnCab;ecaTRtUvEtman {bMNgGaRkk;}

b¤RtUv{ekgRbv½Ba©b¤éKbnøM}ykRTBüEdleK)anTukcitþRbKl;eGay.enAkñúgkarsmÖasn_mYy

CamYyRBHraCGaCJaGmtulakarraCFanIPñMeBjmñak; elak)anepþateTAelIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs

faCaFatupSMd¾sMxan;mYyedIm,IGacseRmcfaetIRtUvdak;b¤minRtUvdak;bNþwgRBhµTNÐ.tulakar

kMBUlk¾)anTTYlsÁal;Edrfa ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsKWCaFatupSMmYyénbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ ehIy

CMBUk 2



28

enAkñúgqñaM 2002 eK)anedaHElg®sþImñak;BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH edaysarmUlehtufa Kµan

PsþútagbBa¢ak;ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsenaH.13

4>RkmRBhµTNÐfµI

c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalnwgRtUvCMnYsedayRkmRBhµTNÐfµIkñúgqñaM2007.maRta46

nwgRtUvQb;eRbI ehIymaRtafµIsþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ nwgcUlmkCMnYs. maRtafµIsþIBI

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ¬edaysnµtfavaminrgkarpøas;bþÚrNamYymuneBlRbkaseGayeRbI

enHeT¦nwgmanPaBgayyl;CagmaRtaEdlmannaeBlbc©úb,nñenH³

karrMelaPesckþITukcitþekIteLIg enAeBlEdleyagtambuernicä½yénGñkÉeTot Cnmñak;

)anéKbnøMmUlniFi RTBümantémø b¤RTBüNamYy EdleK)anRbKl;eGayTTYlxusRtUv

ehIyCnenaH)anyl;RBmTTYlvtßúenaH eTAtamlkçxNÐénkarsgvij RbKl;eGayvij

b¤eRbIR)as;vatamrebobkMNt;mYy.

maRtafµIEdlEcgBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nwgminxusKñaxøaMg BImaRtaEdlsßitenA

CaFrmansBVéf¶enHb:unµaneT. vabnþepþateTAelIFatupSMsMPar³TaMgbIdUcKña nigbBa©ÚlFatu

pSMEpñkstidUcKña. RbkarsMxan;CageKKW eK)anlubecalBakümYycMnYn Edl)anbgábBaða

dUcEdl)anbkRsaymaRta 46. ]TahrN_ maRtaénc,ab;RBhµTNÐfµI Elgmanniyaydl;

RbePTCak;lak;énkic©snüa EdleK)anbegáIteLIgedaykarTukcitþRbKl;RTBüeTAeGayGñk

déTb¤kareyageTAelIedImecaTEdlCam©as;CaGñkmanRTBüb¤CaGñkkan;kab;RTBüeTotehIy.

karpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH pþl;RbeyaCn_eRcIn nigeFVIeGayc,ab;enHmanPaBgayyl; niggayGnuvtþ

Cagmun.

13sUmemIlEkv tam/CaedImecaTTl;nwgQun éN sYr CacugecaT¬tulakarkMBUlénkm<úCa/erOgkþIRBhµTNÐ

elx62/cuHéf¶TI4-kBaØa-2001.salRkmelx4cuHéf¶TI9-mkra-2002¦.

CMBUk 2

31


1>karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

KWCabBaðaecaTmYy

shKmn_GaCIvkmµ )anRBYy)armÖGMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv nUvmaRtasIþBIkarrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ. CaTUeTA karRsavRCavEdlGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess )anyl;RsbCamYy

CMhrrbs;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eKeXIjfabBaðaecaTrbs;karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanTMhMtUc

b:uEnþCabBaðaFMsRmab;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ. fVIebIsßitiBMumanlkçN³CatMNagkþI sßitiTaMgenaHqøúH

bBa©aMgBIRbePTénbBaða nigéføcMNayBak;B½n§nwgerOgkþIénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. kñúgsßiti

enaH minRtwmEtmancMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþd¾eRcIn enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjeT b:uEnþ

Tinñn½ysßitik¾)ancg¥úlbgðajfakarbþwgecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anbegáItsm<aF

d¾FMeTAelICnCab;ecaTedaysareKGacXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaTmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI)any:aggay.14

erOgkþIenAPñMeBjRbmaN 8/2° CaerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ ¬sUmemIltarag 2

én]bsm<½n§ 6¦. fVIebIeKminGackMNt;)anfa kñúgcMeNamerOgkIþTaMgenH manerOgkIþcMnYn

b:unµanEdlCaerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþkþI vaBitCamancMnYneRcIn

ebIeyagtamGgÁehtufa erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mancMnYnRbmaNCitBak;kNþal

éncMnYnerOgkþIecarkmµnigkarbgárbYssñam.

kñúgcMeNamerOgkþIsrubcMnYn 34 enAkñúgTinñn½yBIbNþajpSayB½t’man EdlmanB½t’mansþI

BIkareRbIdIkaXat;xøÜn ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 3¦ eK)anecjdIkaXat;xøÜnCnCab;ecaTenAkñúg

erOgkþI33¬eBalKW97°¦.

kñúgcMeNamerOgkþIsrubcMnYn 31 enAkñúgTinñn½yBIbNþajpSayB½t’man EdlmanB½t’mansþI

BIkarXMuxøÜn munkarCMnMuCMrH ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 3¦ eK)anXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaTenAkñúgerOgkþI

29¬eBalKW94°¦.

edImecaTenAkñúgerOgkþIcMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNamerOgkþIsrubcMnYn 36 enAkñúgTinñn½yBIbNþaj

pSayB½t’man)anTamTarsMNgCMgWcitþelIsBI100000duløarGaemrik.

•

•

•

•

14Tinñn½ypþl;edayRksYgyutþiFm’.

karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv énmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaP elIesckþITukcitþ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

CMBUk 3



32

esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl)anTTYlsÁal;fakarGnuvtþn_

c,ab;RBhµTNÐTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAkñúgtulakarminTan;manPaBRtUvKñaeLIy

ehIy)anbBa¢a {tulakarextþ-Rkug nigkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJaTaMgGs; eGayykcitþTukdak;

nigykeKalKMnitTaMgLayEdlmanEcgenAkñúg maRta 46 mkKitBicarNa.} CaBiess

esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;c,as;fa PaBxusKñarvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjmkBIkar

xkxanmin)anbMeBjtamkatBVkic©énkic©snüa nigvivaTEdlekItecjmk skmµPaBEdlCa

FatupSMénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAEtCabBaðaEdleKRtUvbkRsaybMPøW.

eKeXIjfaTaMgraCrdæaPi)alTaMgshKmn_GaCIvkmµRBYy)armÖdUcKñaGMBIPaBminRtwm

RtUvénbNþakrNI rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. fVIebIbc©úb,nñenH eyIgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;

eGay)anc,as;GMBITMhMénbBaðakþIeKeXIjc,as;faTaMgraCrdæaPi)alTaMgshKmn_GaCIvkmµ)an

TTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;énbBaðaecaTenHnigfavaCH\T§iBlGviC¢manmkelIesdækic©km<úCa.

2>karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ³

mUlehtunigrebobRbRBwtþeTArbs;va

k> vivaTkic©snüaGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþ

esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl TTYlsÁal;fa

knøgmkenH GaCJaFryutþiFm’)anGnuvtþminRtwmRtUv nUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ cMeBaH

vivaTkic©snüa nigvivaTrdæb,evNIepSg²eTotEdleKKYredaHRsayeTAtam nItiviFIénc,ab;

rdæb,evNICaCagtamc,ab;RBhµTNÐ.

PaBxusKñarvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjmkBIkarxkxanmin)anbMeBjtamkatBVkic©

énkic©snüa nigvivaTEdlekItecjmkBIskmµPaBEdlCaFatuén karrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþenAEtCabBaðaEdleKRtUvbkRsaybMPøW.15

elIsBIenH esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa eKminKYreRbIRbkarTaMgLay

rbs;bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAkñúgkrNIerOgkþIEdlKµanFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIs

rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.

eTaHbIGñkTTYlRTBüTuk xkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;eK edayRbkarNamYy

k¾eday edayKitrYmTaMgkarsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij karxkxanenaH minEmnCa

GMeBIéKbnøMykb¤karlYcykEdlCakmµvtßúénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.16

15esckþIENnaMkargarrYmelx2cuHéf¶TI8sIha2005rbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl16esckþIENnaMkargarrYmelx2cuHéf¶TI8sIha2005rbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl

CMBUk 3


33


k¾b:uEnþ shKmn_GaCIvkmµ nigPaKIBak;B½n§ÉeTot² )ansMEdgkar)armÖfa maRtaén

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ minEmnsuT§EtRtUveKGnuvtþedayRtwmRtUv nigRsbeTAtam

esckþIENnaMrYmenaHeLIy. kart¥ÚjEt¥rCaRbcaMCageKmYy KWeK)ancat;TukvivaTkic©snüa

samBaØ² faCakrNIRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eRBaHeKminyklkçxNÐ Edl

RTBüRtUvEt)aneKRbKl;[CnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

EdlCaFatupSMmYy énbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmkGnuvtþtameLIy. Gµkpþl;smÖasn_

esÞIrEtRKb;rUb EdlCaGaCIvkr b¤emFavI CaCnkm<úCa b¤CnbreTs )anniyayt¥ÚjEt¥rGMBI

bBaðaenH.17

GµkeqøIyGegátTaMg11nak;¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§4¦)anbBa¢ak;fakarGnuvtþn_

RtwmRtUvnUvmaRtaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUv)anRbRBwtþeTA {esÞIrEtminEdlesaH} b¤

}mþgmáal}.

vivaTkic©snüaPaKeRcIn minGacRtUvbþwgecaTfaCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy

eRBaHvivaTkic©snüaKµan FatupSMsMPar³ nigFatupSMEpñksti rbs;bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþeT. Ca]TahrN_ karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþTamTaredImecaTRtUvEtTukcitþRbKl;

RTBürbs;xøÜneGayeTACnCab;ecaTCYyemIlEf ehIyCnCab;ecaT)ansnüaRbKl;sgRTBü

enaHmkvij b¤mYyeRbIvaeTAtameKaledAkMNt;d¾Cak;lak;NamYy. mankic©snüaEtmYy

cMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH EdlkñúgenaHPaKImYyTukcitþRbKl;GVImYy ehIyPaKImYyeTotRtUvRbKl;vasg

mkvij. kic©snüa lk; Tij TMnijEdlCaTRmg;TUeTAbMputénkic©snüa minGackøayeTACa

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIyeRBaHkñúgenaHKµanPaKINamYy)anTukcitþRbKl;RTBüxøÜneGay

PaKImYyeTotTTYlxusRtUvehIyRTBüenaHRtUvEtRbKl;sgmkm©as;edImvijenaHeLIy.

eTaHbImankic©snüaCab;Tak;TgnwgkarRbKl;RTBüBitEmnkþI kareføaHeFøayrbs;PaKI

mYy kñúgkarbMeBjcitþPaKImçageTot k¾enAEtminGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaTbTRBhµTNÐ

CasV½yRbvtþi)aneLIy. braC½yénkic©snüamYy GacbgáeGaymankarbwþgTamTarCm¶Wcitþ

tamnitiviFIrdæb,evNI bu:EnþminGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckIþTukcitþeT

luHNaEtmanPsþútagbBa¢ak;fa karmin)anbMeBjtamkic©snüaekIteLIgedaysarbMNgTuc©rit

rbs;CnCab;ecaT. braC½yénGaCIvkmµ b¤karxatbg;RTBüEtmYymux minEmnCaPsþútagpÞal;

énectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐeLIy.RtUvEtmanPsþútagfaCnCab;ecaT)anTTYlykRTBü

enaHedaycitþb:unb:glYcb¤éKbnøM.l.

eK)ancgRkgkrNIsikSacMnYnR)aM edIm,IbkRsaybgðajBIRbePTepSg²énbBaðaecaT

EdleFVIeGayshKmn_ GaCIvkmµRBYy)armÖ Tak;TgnwgbTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþI

17CabEnßmelIkarTTYlsÁal;bBaðaecaTenHenAkñúgesckþIENnaMrYmsþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþbBaðaenH

k¾mankarTTYlsÁal;BIsMNak;bBaØav½nþc,ab;km<úCaEdr.kñúgcMeNamenaHelakkuy nam )ansresrvKÁmYy

TaMgmUlénGtßbTsþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedIm,IBnül;BIehtufakarxkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©kic©snüab¤

karcrcakic©snüaminEmnCakrNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedaysV½yRbvtþienaHeLIy¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§5¦.

CMBUk 3



34

Tukcitþ ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ 2¦. krNIsikSa 1 2 nig 3 RtUveKcgRkgeLIg edayEp¥k

elIkarsmÖasn_CamYybuKÁl EdlbþwgecaTeKGMBIbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nigemFavI

EdlkarBarmnusSenAkñúgkþIEbbenH. krNIsikSa 4 nig 5 Ep¥kelIesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar

enAkñúgerOgkþIBak;B½n§nwgbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

krNIsikSa 1 nig 3 KWCa]TahrN_énrebobEdlvivaTkic©snüasamBaØ² )ankøay

eTACabNþwgTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ18

. enAkñúgkrNIsikSa 1 elak K

CaGñkrMelaPelIkic©snüa edaysarmin)anpÁt;pÁg;TMnij tamkarRBmeRBogKña. b:uEnþ

eK)anbþwgecaTelakkBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAeBlEdlelakbdiesFminRBmbg;R)ak;

tamkic©snüa. vaCakarc,as;Nas;fa erOgenHminGacCaerOgkþIénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ

enaHeT eRBaHelak K minEdl)anTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGayeTAelak k eT ehIyelak

k k¾min)anéKbnøMGVIBIelak K Edr. pÞúyeTAvij eKeXIjfa KWelak K eTAvijeT Edl)an

rMelaPkic©snüalk;TMnij. erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH eFVIeGayelak

k xatbg;R)ak;Gs; 60 000 duløa Cab;Bn§naKarGs;BIrbIs)þah_ RBmTaMg)at;bg;kitþiys

nigGaCIvkmµGs;CaeRcIn.

krNIsikSa 3 k¾minGacCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdr eRBaHedImecaTminEdl

)anTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeTAeGayRkumh‘un h eLIy ehIyk¾KµanPsþútagNamYybBa¢ak;fa

Rkumh‘un h )anéKbnøMGVImYYyEdr. tamBiteTA vak¾minEmnCakarrMelaPkic©snüaEdr.

kic©snüarvagedImecaTnigcugecaTKWCakic©snüasRmab;ry³eBlkMNt;mYyehIyvaRtUvrsay

edayxøÜnÉgenAeBlcb;ry³eBlenaH.karbþwgecaTTMngCaekIteLIgedaysarEtedImecaTman

bMNgcg;raraMgmineGayRkumh‘unhGacrkGñkEckcayepSgeTotsRmab;lk;kMuBüÚT½rrbs;eK.

TIbMputedImecaT)anTTYleCaKC½yÉRkumh‘unh)andkxøÜnecjBITIpSarkm<úCaTaMgRsug.

x> éføQñÜleRkApøÚvkarTMngCaedIrtYrnaTIy:agsMxan; kñúgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUv én

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

etIsßanPaBenAkñúgkrNIsikSa 1 nig 3 EdlminCab;Tak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþesaHenHGackøayeTACakarecaTRbkan;bTRBhµTNÐtamrebobNa?GñkEdleyIg

)ansmÖasCaeRcIn )anTmøak;kMhusTak;TgnwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

eTAelIbuKÁlTaMgLay EdlBüayamTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar. GñkEdl eyIg)ansmÖasmYy

cMnYn)anbgðajfa eKGacsUk):an;RBHraCGaCJa eGayebIkerOgkþIRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþ RbqaMgTl;nwgédKU b¤KURbECgGaCIvkmµNamñak;)an. Gñkpþl;smÖasmñak;EdlCa

emFavIkm<úCa)aneBalfaR)ak;QñÜlenHGacmanTMhMtictYcRbmaNCa1000duløasRmab;erOg

18krNIsikSaTaMgenHEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_rbs;mnusSBitR)akd.k¾b:uEnþB½t’manEdlGackMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;

buKÁlenAkñúgerOgr:avTaMgenHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚredIm,IbiT)aMgGtþsBaØaNBitrbs;GñkcUlrYm.

CMBUk 3


35


kþItUcbgÁÜr ehIyvaGacx<s;eRcInCagenH ebIsinCaerOgkIþenaHCab;Tak;TgnwgTMhMTwkR)ak;sMNg

eRcIn.GñkeqøIyGegátR)aMbYnnak;kñúgcMeNamdb;nak;)anniyayfabNþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþRtUveKbþwgedayminRtwmRtUv{mþgmáal}{Cajwkjy}b¤{esÞIrEtCanic©kal}.GñkeqøIy

GegátR)aMbInak;kñúgcMeNamdb;mYynak;¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§4¦)anniyayfa{esÞIrEtCanic©kal}

éføQñÜleRkApøÚvkarEtgEtCH\T§iBleTAelI erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ cMENkÉGñkeqøIy

GegátbInak;eTotniyayfaéføQñÜleRkApøÚvkarCH\T§iBleTAelIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

{Cajwkjab;}.

ehtuGVI)anCaedImecaTcg;sUk)a:n; edIm,IbþwgecaTGñkÉeTot BIbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ?

eKEtgniyayCaerOy²fa eK)aneRbIbNþwgminRtwmRtUvénkrNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVICa

]bkrN_téføKña edIm,IedaHRsaybBa©b;vivaTGaCIvkmµ. enAeBlEdlkarTamTarR)ak;sMNg

énkarrMelaPkic©snüa tambNþwgénnItiviFIIrdæb,evNI GacnwgmanPaBsµúKsµaj nigRtUvcMNay

eBlGs;eRcIn BakübNþwgBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )andak;sm<aFy:agFMsem,Im

Pøam²eTAelICnCab;ecaTCMrujeGayeKedaHRsayvivaTEdlman.

enAkñúgerOgkþIesÞIrEtTaMgGs; BIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eKEtgecjdIkaXMu;

xøÜncugecaT. esckþIsnñidæanenH mankarKaMRTedayB½t’manenAkñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþaj

pSayB½t’mannana ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 3¦. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mñak;)anniyayfa vaCaTMlab;

TUeTAsRmab;nKr)alkñúgkarcab;XMumnusSenAl¶acéf¶suRkehIyXMuxøÜnCnenaHrhUtdl;éf¶GgÁar

b¤éf¶BuFéns)þah_bnÞab;.CabEnßmelIenaHCnCab;ecaTRtUveKdak;sm<aFenAnwgkEnøgbgçMeGay

sgR)ak;EdleKecaTfa)anéKbnøMyk.]TahrN_enAkñúgkrNIsikSa1eK)anR)ab;elakkfa

elakGacnwgRtUveKedaHElgebIsinCaelaksgR)ak;cMnYn80000duløaEdleK)anecaTfa

elak)anéKbnøMyk. eKeXIjfa CYnkalCnCab;ecaTGacRtUveKXMuxøÜn kñúgry³eBlEvgCag

karGnuBaØatrbs;c,ab;km<úCa kñúgeKalbMNgTamTareGayCnCab;ecaTsgR)ak;EdleKecaT

faelak)anéKbnøMykkan;EteRcIn nigedIm,IedaHRsaybBa©b;erOgkþImuneBlEdlCnCab;ecaT

bgðajxøÜnenAmuxtulakar.

ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaTbdiesFminRBmbg;R)ak;eKnwgbBa¢ÚnCnenaHeTAkan;ecARkmesIub

Gegát ehIyecARkmenaH nwgbBa¢ak;GMBIkarecaTRbkan;dMbUg GMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgLay)anEføgfa enAkñúgerOgkþIIIesÞIrEtTaMgGs; eK)anXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaT

munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI19

. mUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’man ¬]bsm<½n§ 3¦ manB½t’manRtUvKña

CamYynwgesckþIsnñidæanenH edaykñúgcMeNam 31 erOgkþI man 29 krNI ¬RtUvCa 94°¦

19pÞúyBIB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIGñkpþl;smÖasn_nigmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’mansmaCikTaMgLayén

GgÁecARkm)anEføgfaGRtaénkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ{mankMritTabEmnETn}.

BYkeK)aneGayeyabl;falT§plTaMgLaykñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIKuNPaBén

sarB½t’manenAkm<úCa.

CMBUk 3



36

EdlnaMeTAdl;karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI. ry³eBlEdlmnusSTaMgLayRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMu

CMrHkþIERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg.eyagtammUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manGñkxøHRtUvCab;XMu

munkarCMnMuCMrHkþIGs;rab;ExÉGñkxøHeTotEdlGacedaHRsaybg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn)anRtUvCab;XMuEt

kñúgrvagBIrbIéf¶b:ueNÑaH.

karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI CaRbPBFMCageKénkardak;sm<aF eTAelICnCab;ecaT.

GñkCMnYjTaMgLayEdl)anpþl;smÖasn_ )anyl;RsbKñafa karCab;XMukñúgBn§naKar edaysar

EtvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ KWCaGVIEdleKcg;eKceGayput eTaHRtUvcMNayGs;b:unµank¾eday. enAkñúg

krNIsikSa 1 KWedaysarkaremIleXIjfa xøÜnRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIrab;s)þah_ b¤rab;Ex

enHehIyEdl)anCMrujeGayelakksuxcitþbg;R)ak;Gs;40/000duløaedIm,I)anenAeRkAXMu.

dUcKñaenHEdr enAkñúgkrNIsikSa 3 karKMramcab;xøÜn nigXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI )anraraMgmin

eGaybuKÁlikRkumh‘unhcUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeTaHbIkñúgdMeNIreTscrN_k¾minh‘anmkEdr.

GñkeqøIyGegátcMnYnR)aMmYykñúgcMNamR)aMbI)anniyayfaBYkeK{)armÖxøaMgNas;}GMBIyfaPUt

faRtUvCab;XMuxøÜnmYyry³ enAkñúgBn§naKaredaysarerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. Gñkpþl;

smÖasn_ nigGñkeqøIyGegátPaKeRcIn k¾)anyl;RsbKñaEdrfa BYkeK)armÖxøaMgNas;GMBI

karxatbg;R)ak;b¤GaCIvkmµnigkar)at;bg;kitþiysEdlGacnwgekIteLIg.

eRkayBIRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrH CnCab;ecaTmansiT§ibþwgtv:a eTAecARkmesIubGegát

sMueGayeKedaHElgxøÜn. ebIsinCabNþwgtv:aenaH RtUveKbdiesF CnCab;ecaTmansiT§ibþwg

saTukçGMBIkarseRmcenaH eTAtulakar]T§rN_. k¾b:uEnþ dMeNIrkarenHGacmandMeNIryWt

nigKµankarFanafaCnCab;ecaTnwgRtUveKedaHElgenaHeLIy.cenøaHeBlenaHCnCab;ecaTRtUv

enACab;XMuCabnþ.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYn)ancg¥úlbgðajfaeKGacbg;R)ak;edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnBI

karXMuxøÜnmunCMnMuCMrHkþI)an.eKGacehAR)ak;EdleKbg;enaHfaCa{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}b:uEnþtamkarBit

vaCaéføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar edIm,IeGay)anrYcxøÜnBIkarXMuxøÜn. eKmansMNagticNas;kñúgkar

TTYl)anR)ak;enaHmkvij eTaHbICaCnCab;ecaTQñHkþI edayRtUveKelIkElgBIkarecaTRbkan;

k¾eday.

Gñkpþl;smÖasn_PaKeRcIn)anyl;RsbKñafacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvcMNayedIm,I)anrYc

BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI manTMhMxus²Kña edayGaRs½yeTAtamcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlCakmµvtßú

énbNþwg. kalNaedImecaTbþwgTamTarkan;EteRcIn enaHcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlcaM)ac;RtUvbg;edIm,I

)anrYcxøÜnBIBn§naKark¾kan;EteRcInEdr.Gñkpþl;smÖasmñak;)anEføgfa eKRtUvcayGs;y:agtic

20000duløa.enAkñúgkrNIsikSa1elakk)anbg;R)ak;eGayeKGs;40000duløab¤esµI

nwgBak;kNþalénTwkR)ak; EdleKecaTfaKat;)anéKbnøM. erOgkþIcMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNamerOgkþI

CMBUk 3

20Ca]TahrN_®sIþenAkñúgGgÁehtu4BitCa)anecjputBIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIeRkayBI)anbþwgtv:aCabnþbnÞab;

rhUtdl;tulakarkMBUl.Kat;)anCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrHGs;ry³eBl8ExkñúgeBldMeNIrkarbNþwgsaTukçenaH.


37


36 enAkñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’man EdlRsg;ecjBIbNþasarB½t’mankm<úCa

sMNgCMgWcitþEdlGñkedImecaT)anbþwgTamTar manelIsBI 100 000 duløa. ebIsinCaman

karbg;R)ak;FanaxøÜnecjeRkAkarXMuxøÜn R)ak;FanaxøÜnenAkñúgerOgkþInImYy² mancMnYndl;eTA

rab;muWnduløa.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYn)ancg¥úlbgðajfaenAeBlEdleK)anbg;{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}

rYcehIybNþwgecaTRbkan;TaMgLayRtUvedImecaTdkElgbþwgvijb¤mYyRtUvecARkmbdiesFmin

cat;karb¤mYyskmµPaBTaMgLayTak;TgnwgerOgkþIRtUvbBa©b;Etmþg.

Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgLay)ancg¥úlbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþPaKeRcIn RtUveKbBa©b;tamry³karbg;R)ak;tamrUbPaBepSg² munmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI

eRBaHmanmnusSticNas; Edlcg;RbfuynwgeRKaHfñak; edayRtUveKrkeXIjfaxøÜnmaneTas

nigRtUveKkat;eTaseGayCab;Bn§naKar. karN_enHGacbkRsay PaBcMELkCak;EsþgmYy

énB½t’manEdleKRbmUlBIsarB½t’mankm<úCaTaMgLayeBalKWeKeXIjmanbNþwgGMBIkarrMelaP

esckþITukçcitþy:ageRcIn elIsBIcMnYnkþIEdleK)anCMnMuCMrH. fVIebImanmUlehtuCaeRcInTak;Tg

nwg)atuPUtenHedayrYmmanTaMgFmµCatiKµanlkçN³CatMNagrbs;sMNakpgEdreKk¾eXIjman

PaBRtUvKñaCamYynwgsMdIrbs;Gñk pþl;smÖasn_TaMgLayfa erOgkþITak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþPaKeRcInEtgRtUveKedaHRsaybBa©b;munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI.

K> RbB½n§yutiþFm’GaceFVIkar)anl¥

enAeBlEdlCaerOy²eKeXIjfamaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKGnuvtþ

xuseKk¾eXIjEdrfa erOgkþITaMgLayEdlCab;Tak;TgnwgRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ehIybBaðaluymin

cUlmkBak;B½n§eTenaH erOgkþIenaH )anRbRBwtþeTAFmµtaCagenH. Ca]TahrN_ krNIsikSaTI

2 KWCa]TahrN_BIrebobEdlRbB½n§enHRtUveFVIkar. erOgkþI)ancab;epþImecjdMeNIry:agGaRkk;

edayGñkRsI T RtUveKbþwgecaTedayminRtwmRtUv BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eK)anTukcitþ

RbKl;RTBüeGayKat; ehIyKat;)ansnüafasgvij EtKat;BitCaminGacsgvij)anEmn.

k¾b:uEnþ Kat;)an)at;ExSkenaHedayGectna. Kat;min)anykvaeTAbBa©aM lk; b¤bdiesFmin

TTYlsÁal;faKat;)anx©IBIeKeLIy. edayehtuenH Kat;KµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs EdlcaM)ac;

sRmab;karecaTRbkan;BIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy. Kat;RtUveKcab;XMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH

kþIGs;ry³eBlBIrEx EdlCakarN_mYyminsmfacaM)ac;eLIy. k¾b:uEnþ emFavIrbs;Kat;man

lT§PaBFanaKat;eGayenAeRkAXMuedaymin)ac;bg;R)ak;eGaytulakareLIy.emFavIrbs;Kat;

)anCECkEvkEjkCamYytulakar RbkbedayeCaKC½yfa GgÁehtuénerOgkþIenHbgðajfa

GñkRsI T KµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐNamYyeT. ecARkmesIubGegát)anyl;RBm

tamnig)anrMsayerOgkþIenaH.eRkayBI)ancab;epþImy:agGaRkk;eKseRmc)anlT§plRtwmRtUv

edayGñkRsITmin)anbg;R)ak;QñÜl{minpøÚvkar}NamYyeLIy.

CMBUk 3

39


eKminGacTTYl)anCasaFarN³ nUvB½t’mansßitiénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT

ehIykarN_enHeFVIeGayeKCYbkarlM)ak kñúgkarKNnacMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

Edl)anekItmankñúgmYyqñaM² enAkm<úCa. eyagtamTinñn½yEdlRksYgyutþiFm’)anpþl;CUn

GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiesssRmab;erobcMr)aykarN_enHeKeXIjfacMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþkñúgmYyqñaM²Gacmanrab;ry¬sUmemIltarag1]bsm½<n§6¦21

.KµanmeFüa)ayNa

mYyGac):an;sµaneGay)anCak;lak;fa kñúgcMeNamerOgkþITaMgenaH manb:unµanPaKryCaerOgkþI

minRtwmRtUvenaHeT.GñkeqøIyGegátR)aMbYnnak;kñúgcMeNamdb;nak;)anniyayGMBIPaBjwkjab;

énbNþwgBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKbþwgedayminRtwmRtUv faekItman {mþgmáal}

{Cajwkjy} b¤{esÞIrEtCanic©kal} ehIyGñkpþl;smÖasn_PaKeRcIn )anyl;RsbKñafa erOgkþI

minRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ KWCabBaðaecaTTUeTA. b:uEnþ edaysarkarGegát

nigkarsmÖasn_TaMgenaH KµanlkçN³CatMNageT enaHkarrkeXIjenHminGacniyaycMeBaH

RKb;erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)aneLIy. eTaHy:agNak¾eday vaBitCaKYreGayPJak;ep¥Il

xøHEdrcMeBaHtYelxfa 8/2° énerOgkþITaMgGs;enAPñMeBj CaerOgkIþBak;B½n§nwgkarrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþ.eKeXIjfaerOgkþIecarkmµb¤bgárbYssñamedayectnamanRbmaNCaBak;kNþal

énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ ¬sUmemIltarag 2 én]bsm<½n§ 6¦. CabBa©b; B½t’man

EdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enHbgðajfabBaðaenHmanTMhMtUcEtmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH

shKmn_ GaCIvkmµ eTaHbICaeyIgKµanmeFüa)aysRmab;):an;sµaneGay)anCak;lak; GMBIcMnYn

erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdleK)anbþwgkñúgmYyqñaM²k¾eday.

B½t’manEdleyIg)anRbmUlsRmab;r)aykarN_enH KµanlkçN³CatMNageT. kar

Gegát nigsmÖasn_TaMgenH TMngCasuT§Etel¥óg edaysarbBaðaeRCIserIsxøÜnÉgkñúgcMeNam

GñkeqøIytb. edayehtuenH KµanmeFüa)ayNamYy sRmab;eFVIcMeNalecjBIlT§plén

karsmÖasn_ b¤Gegát eTArktYelxTUeTAmYysIþBI\T§iBlrbs;erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmk

elIesdækic©km<úCaeT.k¾b:uEnþkarrkeXIjTaMgenHGacCYy)anBIry:ag.TImYyvaGacCYykMNt;

erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCa xatbg;Gs;rab;landuløar

CMBUk 4

21kñúgmYyqñaM²tulakarraCFanIPñMeBjTTYlerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCamFümcMnYnCag200krNIb:uEnþ

eKeXIjfaPñMeBjCaRbPBFMCageKénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAkmçúCa.



40

RbePTénéføcMNay EdlCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

ehIyTIBIr eKGaceRbIvaedIm,I):an;sµanéføcMNaysRmab;buKÁl nigRkumh‘unTaMgLay EdleyIg

)ansmÖasb¤)anGegát.

eKeXIjfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ GacCH\T§iBlmkelI

esdækic©km<úCa tamrebobepSg²mYycMnYn. karcMNayCak;EsþgCageK KWkarcMNaypÞal;

EdlrYmmanéføQñÜlemFavI éføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar EdlCab;Tak;TgnwgkarRtUveKbþwgBIbTrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ. erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmYycMnYnRtUveKbegáIteLIg edIm,ITTYl)an

éføcMNaypÞal;TaMgenaH. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mñak;)anniyayfa éføcMNayticbMputEdlRtUvbg;

edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnecjmkenAeRkAXMuKW 20000 duløa ÉGñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYneTotniyayfa

éføcMNayenHmancMnYneRcInEtvaGaRs½yelITwkR)ak;EdleK)anbþwgTamTareGaysg.enAkñúg

krNIsRmab;sikSa1elakk)ancMNayGs;40000duløa edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnenAeRkAXMunig

20000 duløaeTot eTAelIéføQñÜlemFavI. GñkeqøIyGegátdb;nak; )aneqøIyÉkPaBKñafa

éføcMNaybNþalmkBIRtUveKbþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþsßitenAcenøaHBI5000eTA50000

duløa. fVIebIeKminGacKNnaéføcMNayCamFüm sRmab;erOgkIþminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþenAkm<úCa eGay)anCak;lak;ecjBITinñn½yenH)ankþI skçIPaBCakardMNalt²Kña

bgðajfaéføcMNaykñúgerOgkþInImYy²GacmanTMhMBIrab;Ban;eTArab;mWunduløa.

RbePTbnÞab;énéføcMNay KWkarxat;bg;GaCIvkmµ EdlbNþalmkBIRtUveKbþwgBI

bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eBalKWkarxatbg;GaCIvkmµ edayRtUvcMNayeBlevlaenAkñúg

Bn§naKar nigkarxUckitþiys.l. CafµImþgeTot eKminGackMNt;TMhMCak;lak;énTwkR)ak;enH

)aneT. karGegátmin)ansYreGayGñkeqøIyEbgEckdac;BIKña nUvéføcMNaypÞal; éføtulakar

nigkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkarepSg² nigkarxatbg;karrksIu EdlbNþalmkBImaneKbþwgeT

ehIyKµanGñkpþl;smÖasn_Namñak;cg;kMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;énkarxatbg;kñúgkarrksIueGayelIs

BIkarniyayfavamanTMhM{eRcInNas;}eLIy.

éføcMNayRbePTTIbITak;TgnwgkarKMramdak;BakübNþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

emFavImYycMnYnEdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy )ant¥ÚjEt¥rfa emFavIepSg²eTot EtgEtKMram

dEdl² fanwgdak;BakübNþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAeBlEdleKTamTarR)ak;kñúg

karcrcaKña nigenAeBlmanvivaTkic©snüa. eKyl;fa TaMgenHKWCakarKMrambMbiTmat;edIm,Icab;

GñkTTYlkarKMramenaHdak;Bn§naKar ebIsinCaeKminRBmbg;R)ak;eGay. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_

TaMgLay)anniyayfa esÞIrEtCanic©kal eKKµanmUldæanGVIsRmab;bþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþeT b:uEnþerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþ CakrNIEdlekIteLIgCaTUeTA Edl

CYnkalvasmlµmnwgeFVIeGayGtifiCnrbs;eKsuxcitþbg;R)ak;eGayGñkedImecaTedIm,IEtecos

vageGayputBIhaniP½yfaeKCab;Bak;B½n§nwgerOgkþIEbbenH.eKminGackMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl

eK)ancMNaykñúgmYyqñaM²edaysarEtkarKMramTaMgenaH)aneT.

CMBUk 4


41


RbePTcugeRkayénkarcMNay ehIyRbEhlCaRbePTFMCageKbg¥s; KWkarxatbg;

»kasvinieyaK. RbePTenH RKbelITMnak;TMngGaCIvkmµ EdleKGacnwgeFVIeTA)an ebIkMuEt

P½yxøacRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. GñkCMnYjesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdleyIg)an

smÖas )ancg¥úlbgðajfa BYkeK)anbdiesF»kasvinieyaKEdleK)anCYb edaysarEtP½y

xøackarecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. emFavIGaCIvkmµ nigTIRbwkSaGaCIvkmµesÞIrEt

TaMgGs; )anraykarN_fa eK)anpþl;eyabl;dl;GtifiCnrbs;BYkeK eGayeRCIserIsédKU

GaCIvkmµedayRbugRby½tñ eRBaHEtkarbþwgminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþTaMgenaH. kñúg

cMeNamcemøIyénkarGegátTaMgdb;¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§4¦mancemøIybIbgðajfaBYkeK)an

bdiesF»kasvinieyaK{Cajwkjy}ÉbIeTotniyayfa{CaerOy²}nigbIepSgTotniyayfa

{mþgmáal}.manGñkeqøIyGegátEtmñak;b:ueNÑaHEdl)anraykarN_faeKminEdlbdiesF»kas

vinieyaKNamYyedaysarEthaniP½yénkarRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.

eKminGacTajrktYelxTUeTA énkarxatbg;»kasvinieyaKTaMgLay enAkm<úCa

ecjBIlT§plénkarGegát nigsmÖasn_Edl)aneFVIenHeT. b:uEnþ karsrubTwkR)ak;EdlGñk

eqøIyGegátcMnYnR)aMBIrnak; )anraykarN_tbeTAnwgsMNYrfa {etI»kasvinieyaKnanaEdl

elak-Gñk )anbdiesFedaysarhaniP½yénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mantémøb:unµan?

)anbgðajBIlMdab;énkarxatbg;karvinieyaK sRmab;buKÁlTaMgR)aMBIrnak;Edl)aneqøIyGegát

enHfava manTMhMcenøaHBI 3lan eTA 12/1lan duløa. eK)anbUksrublT§plTaMgenaH

enAkñúgtaragxageRkam.eK)ansYrGñkpþl;smÖasn_nUvsMNYrdEdlenHehIyTMhMTwkR)ak;srub

énkare)aHbg;ecal»kasvinieyaKmancMnYnelIsBI5landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM².srubcUlKñaeTA

tYelxenH tageGaykarxatbg;»kasvinieyaK kñúgcMeNammnusS nigRkumh‘uncMnYnticCag

12.eTaHbICamnusSnigRkumh‘unTaMgenaHGactageGayRkumGñkEdlbdiesF»kasGaCIvkmµ

eRcInCageK karrkeXIjnanaenAEtbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

eFVIeGaykm<úCaxatbg;karvinieyaKGs;CaeRcInlannigGacdl;rab;siblanduløarkñúgmYyqñaM².

CMBUk 4



42

etIelak-Gñkyl;fa RtUvcMNay Gs;b:unµankñúgkrNIEdlRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ?

etIelak-GñkFøab;)anbdiesF »kasvinieyaK edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ jwkjab;y:agNa?

etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk Føab;)anbdiesF edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ mantémøb:unµan?

1 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa

2 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa

3 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; KµancemøIy

4 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy

5 5000-50000duløa minEdlesaH KµancemøIy

6 ticCag5000duløa mþgmáal ticCag50000duløa

7 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa

8 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy

9 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa

10 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 500000-1landuløa

11 KµancemøIy KµancemøIy ticCa500000duløa

srub = 3 000 000 - 12 100 000 duløa

B½t’manenAkñúgtaragenHTTYl)anmkBIkarGegátKµanPaBécdnüénGaCIvkmµkm<úCa.

karxatbg;»kasvinieyaK edaysarerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelI esckþITukcitþ

CMBUk 4

45


Gnusasn_

kat;bnßykarGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUvnUverOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

nig\T§iBlrbs;vamkelIesdækic©km<úCa

eyIg)anBiPakSaCamYyGñkpþl;smÖasn_nigTTYl)ansMeNImYycMnYnGMBIynþkarepSg²

sRmab;kat;bnßy \T§iBlénerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eRkABIenH

karGegát)ansYrGñkeqøIyGegátGMBIkMENTRmg;mYycMnYnEdlKYrman.karGegátk¾manTukcenøaH

cMhTMenrBIrkEnøgEdr sRmab;eGayGñkeqøIyGacsresrGnusasn_pÞal;rbs;eK ehIyGñkeqøIy

mYycMnYnBitCa)ansresrGnusasn_nanacUlEmn.eK)anvaytémøelIeyabl;nigkarBiPakSa

TaMgenaH edayeyagtamB½t’manTaMgLayEdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enH ehIyeK

TTYl)anlT§plCaGnusasn_nana sRmab;kat;bnßy\T§iBlénerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþmkelIesdækic©km<úCadUcteTA

Gnum½tesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐ Tak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

esckþIRBagc,ab;RBhµTNÐTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckIþTukcitþ manlkçN³RbesIr

Cagc,ab;EdlenACaFrmansBVéf¶enHy:ageRcIn.varkSaFatupSMsñÚlsMxan;²enAdEdledayeRbI

Pasagayyl;Cag dUecñHvaRbEhlCaGaceFVIeGaymankaryl;RcLMticCagmun. eKKYrEt

Gnum½tesckIþRBagc,ab;enH eGay)anqab;tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an edayrkSaBaküeBcn_tam

TRmg;EdlmannaeBlbc©úb,nñenH.

epþatkarykcitþTukdak; eTAelIFatupSMsþIBIkarTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGay

GñkdéT TTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþ bTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

viFImYysRmab;kat;bnßy\T§iBlGaRkk;énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþKWRtUvepþatkar

cab;GarmµN_eTAelI FatupSMsþIBIkarTukcitþRbKl;GVImYy nigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ.

enAkñúgerOgkþIEdleKecaTedayminRtwmRtUv PaKeRcIn CnCab;ecaTminRtUv)an edImecaTTukcitþ

RbKl;RTBüGVImYyeGayeT ehIyk¾RbEhlCaKµanPsþútagénectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

Gnusasn_ nigesckþIsnñidæan

CMBUk 5



46

EdreT.tamBiteTAtamkarbgðajrbs;krNIsikSa1nig3eKEfmTaMgGaceXIjmanPsþútagfa

KWedImecaTeTEdl)aneføaHeFøaymin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn. edayehtuenHtamry³kar

TamTary:agtwgEtgeGaymanPsþútagc,as;las; BIkar)anTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñkdéT

TTYlxusRtUv nigBIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarkMNt;

nigkareCosvagerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ.

ecjesckþIENnaMrYmfµImYy EdltRmUveGayecARkmecjsalRkmTak;Tgnwg

krNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ BiPakSay:agc,as;las;BIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;

FatupSMnImYy² énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ

esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkar sþIBIrebobsresreyabl;rbs;tulakar GacCYyeGay

manPaBRtwmRtUv nigtmøaPaBkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH)an RBmTaMgCYyFanafa

m®nþItulakarTaMgLay nwgelIkykFatupSM énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐnImYy² mkedaHRsay

edayELkBIKña nigy:agRtwmRtUv munnwgrkeXIjfamaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarEbbenH RtUvEtbBa©ak;fa salRkmnImYy²rbs;tulakar RtUvman

karBiPakSaedayELk²BIKña GMBIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ.

kareFVIrebobenH naMeGayeKeXIjc,as; faetIeKmanPsþútagsRmab;FatupSMNamYy b¤FatupSM

TMagGs;Edr b¤Gt;. karBiPakSay:agc,as;las; GMBIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²

énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ edaymansresrCalaylkçGkSr enAkñúgeyabl;rbs;tulakarCMnMuCMrHkþI

k¾GacCYybnßybBaðaTak;TgnwgbNþwgsaTukç RBmTaMgCYysRmalTm¶n;kargar rbs;tulakar

fñak;x<s;pgEdr.

pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;ecARkm GMBIFatupSMnanaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

CaBiesskar)anRbKl;GVImYy eGayGñkdéTTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþ

bTelµIs

GñkeqøIyGegátPaKeRcIneCOfa karbNþúHbNþaldl;nKr)al nigecARkm GMBIerOg

kþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacpþl;lT§plCakar {EklMGsßankarN_d¾FMmYy}.kareRbIBaküenA

kñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþgayeFVIeGayeKyl;RcLMehIykarbNþúHbNþalbEnßm

Gacpþl;plReyaCn_mYycMnYn. ebIsinCaeKRtUvpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßm enaHvaKYrEtepþat

eTAelIkartRmUveGaymanPsþútagsRmab;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsCaBiesskar)anRbKl;GVI

mYyeGayeKnigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsehIyKYrpþl;karbNþúHbNþalenaHP¢ab;CamYynwgkarecj

esckþIENnaMrYmfµIdUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI.

CMBUk 5


47


e)aHBum<pSaysalRkmTaMgGs;énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

kare)aHBum<pSaysalRkménerOgkþIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacCYyeGayeKepþat

karcab;GarmµN_eTAelIFatupSM sþIBIkarRbKl;GVImYyGayeKTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþ

bTelµIseRBaHvaGnuBaØateGayeKGacBinitüBic©½yelIkarTajehtuplEdlenABIeRkaykarecj

salRkm. kgVHlT§PaBTTYlB½t’manGMBIsalRkmrbs;tulakarenAkm<úCa )aneFVIeGayeKCYb

karlM)akkñúgkartamBinitüemIlfa etIFatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐman Psþútag

c,as;las;Edrb¤eT.

sRmbsRmYlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sgÁmsIuvil nigbNþaj

pSayB½t’manTaMgLay edIm,IBinitüBic½©y elIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

Gnusasn_enH ekItecjBIeyabl;rbs;Gñkpþl;smÖasn_ cMeBaHesckþIENnaMrYmsþIBI

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdlecjrYmKñaedayrdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl

kalBIEx sIha 2005. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mñak; EdlCaemFavIsBa¢atikm<úCa )anniyayfa

cab;taMgBIkarecjesckþIENnaMrYmmk elakemIleXIjsßanPaBmandMeNIrl¥RbesIrCagmun

eRBaHbuKÁliktulakareCOfa skmµPaBTaMgLayrbs;eK kMBugsßiteRkamkarvaytémøeday

raCrdæaPi)al. karN_enHmann½yl¥ ehIynaMeGayeKemIleXIjfa karBinitüBic½©yy:ag

ditdl;Cagmun elIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nwgGacmanRbeyaCn_eRcIn. manviFICaeRcIn

sRmab;eFVIeGayseRmckargarenH)an kñúgenaH mankartamdanditdl;CagmunedayRksYg

yutþiFm’ b¤]tþmRkumRbwkSaGgÁecARkmelIkrNIbMBannanaEdlGacekItman. sgÁmsIuvil nig

bNþajpSayB½t’manTaMgLay k¾GacedIrtYmYypgEdr kñúgkarrMelceGayeXIj nignaMeGay

saFarNCncab;GarmµN_ cMeBaHerOgkþIIminRtwmRtUvTaMgLayEdlGacekItman. eKeXIjman

tRmUvkareGaymankic©shkarKñaRbesIrCagmun rvagEpñkÉkCn sgÁmsIuvil bNþajpSay

B½t’mannigraCrdæaPi)aledIm,IeFVIkic©karenH.

edayTTYlsÁal;nUvtRmUvkartamXøaMemIlerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAéf¶TI 2

Ex tula qñaM 2006 rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ )anecjlixitbgÁab;karmYy eTAkan;tulakar

nigRBHraCGaCJaTaMgLay edaybBa¢ak;fa eKminTan;GnuvtþmaRtaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

)anRtwmRtUveTnigfacab;BIeBlenHteTAeKRtUvEtCUndMNwgdl;RksYgyutþiFm’GMBIerOgkþIrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþEdleKbþwgecaTeTAelIvinieyaKinTaMgLay.

CMBUk 5



48

begáItynþkarsRmab;karraykarN_CaGnamik BIbuKÁliktulakar b¤nKr)al

NaEdlTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar

CaTUeTA Gnusasn_enHTak;TgnwgKMnitsþIBIkartamXøaMemIlditdl;Cagmun elIerOgkþI

rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. Gñkkan;GMNacTaMgLay RbEhlCaminsUvTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar

eToteT ebIsinCaeKdwgfa CnCab;ecaTGacraykarN_BIBYkeK dl;nrNamñak;EdlGacnwgmk

GegátemIledayeyagtamesckþIraykarN_enaH.edayehtuenHvaGacnwgmanRbeyaCn_Nas;

ebIsinCamanynþkarGnamik nigÉkraCü sRmab;eGaybuKÁl b¤Rkumh‘unTaMgLay raykarN_

GMBIGñkkan;GMNacEdlRbRBwtþminRtwmRtUv. cMNucd¾c,as;mYyecjBIkarraykarN_enHKW drab

NaeKmin)anTTYlkarFanaBIPaBGnamikTaMgRsugeTenaH buKÁlTaMgLaynwgminraykarN_GMBI

krNIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvNamYydl;nrNamñak;eT.

kat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI edayecjesckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkar

mYy EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;las; GMBIkrNIEdlRtUveRbIkarXMuxøÚnmun

karCMnMuCMrHkþI

Gñkpþl;smÖasn_PaKeRcIn nigGñkeqøIyGegátTaMgGs;eCOfa karkat;bnßykarXMuxøÜn

munCMnMuCMrHkþI enAkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ GacCYyEklMGsßanPaBeGay)anl¥RbesIr

Cagmun. GñkeqøIyGegátEdleK)anEbgEckCabIRkumesµI²Kña yl;eXIjfakardak;kMrit

EbbenH GacCYyEklMGsßanPaBeGayRbesIrCagmun bnþicbnþÜc eRcInbgÁÜr nigeRcInxøaMg.

karKMramXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI KWCaRbPBénkardak;sm<aFeGayGaCIvkrbg;R)ak; enAkñúgerOg

kþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. edayehtuenH eKeXIjmanehtuplsmRsbfa

karkat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI Gacnwgkat;bnßy\T§iBlGaRkk;énkarbþwgecaTmin

RtwmRtUv.karN_enHk¾GacRtUvKñapgEdrCamYynwgc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalEdlEcgfaeKRtUveRbI

karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI EtenAeBlNaEdleKmanehtupl nigtRmuyc,as;las;fa CnCab;

ecaTRbugnwgrt;eKcxøÜn.

eKGacGnuvtþGnusasn_enH)an tamry³esckþIENnaMkargarCalaylkçGkSrdl;;

GgÁecARkmEdlBnül;bkRsayy:aglMGitGMBIktþaTaMgLaysRmab;vaytémøkñúgkarkMNt;fa

etICnCab;ecaTGacrt;eKcxøÜn b¤eT. ]TahrN_ GñkTaMgLayEdlmansm<½n§y:ageRcInCamYy

nwgRbeTskm<úCa ¬RKYsarpÞal;xøÜn RTBüsm,tþi GaCIvkmµ.l.¦ GacelIkElgecj)an

BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI kñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. edaysnµtfa CnCab;ecaT

Gacrt;eKcxøÜn esckþIENnaMkargarenaHKYrEtkMNt; GMBIlkçxNÐEdleKGacGnuvtþkarFanaxøÜn

enAeRkAXMu)an nigkMNt;rebobKNnacMnYnTwkR)ak;sRmab;FanaxøÜnnaH RBmTaMgynþkarsRmab;

eGayCnCab;ecaTGacTTYl)anR)ak;FanaxøÜnrbs;eKmkvij.

CMBUk 5


49


esckþIsnñidæan

eKsgÇwmfa Gnusasn_TaMgLayEdlmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH nwgrYmcMENk

kat;bnßy\T§iBlénkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mkelIesdækic©

km<úCa Edl)aneFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCa xatbg;y:ageRcIn. karsikSaEdlKN³kmµaFikar

Biess)aneFVIenH )anbBa¢ak;fa karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv nUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

eFVIeGayxUcxatdl;karGPivDÆesdækic©Cati RBmTaMgeFVI[saFarNCn nigGñkvinieyaK)at;bg;

esckþITukcitþcMeBaHRbB½n§tulakar nigRbB½n§c,ab;km<úCa. karsikSaRsavRCavbgðajfa

mankaryl;eXIjCaTUeTAkñúgcMeNammCÄdæanBak;B½n§ TaMgCnkm<úCa TaMgCnbreTsfa maRta

énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKykeTAGnuvtþxusCaerOy² ehIyRbkarenHbgáeGay

esdækic©km<úCaxatbg;y:ageRcIn. erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGay

RbeTskm<úCaxatbg;karvinieyaKEdlmantémørab;landuløar b¤Gacdl;eTArab;siblanduløar

kñúgmYyqñaM².CamYynwgkarRBYy)armÖrbs;rdæaPi)alnigEpñkÉkCnGMBIkarxatbg;d¾eRcInEdl

bNaþlmkBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ \LÚvenHvaCaeBlevlad¾smRsb

bMput kñúgkarbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa eKBitCaGacGnuvtþRbkarTaMgLayénmaRta 46 )any:ag

RtwmRtUvehIykarN_enHnwgeFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCaGacrIklUtlas;)anl¥RbesIr.

CMBUk 5

51


1>esckþIepþIm

r)aykarN_enHEp¥kelIB½t’manEdl)anmkBIRbPBcMnYnbYn³

karsmÖasn_CamYymCÄdæanBak;B½n§

B½t’manTTYl)anmkBIRksYgyutþiFm’

karBinitüemIlB½t’manTak;TgnwgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdleKGac

TTYl)anCasaFarN³nig

karGegátmtieyabl;rbs;GaCIvkmµ.

2>karsmÖasn_CamYymCÄdæanBak;B½n§

eyIg)ansmÖasCamYymCÄdæanBak;B½n§epSg² cMnYn 18 nak; edayrYmTaMgCnCati

Exµrpg CnbreTspg kñúgenaHman³ GaCIvkr emFavIBaNiC¢kmµ emFavIkarBarbTelµIs

RBhµTNÐ TIRbwkSaGaCIvkmµ Gñkts‘UmtixagsiT§imnusS GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigsmaCikén

GgÁkartulakar. kñúgenaH k¾manpgEdrnUvkarsmÖasn_CamYybuKÁl EdlFøab;CYbRbTHnwgerOg

kþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ emFavIEdlFøab;karBarCnCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nig

GaCIvkrTaMgLayEdlRBYy)armÖBIrebobEdleKGnuvtþmaRtaénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ.

3>karBinitüemIlB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIRksYgyutþiFm’

RksYgyutþiFm’)anpþl;CUnKN³kmµaFikarBiess nUvTinñn½ysßitiGMBIcMnYnsrubénerOg

kþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eK)ansegçbB½t’manTaMgenaH enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 4. RksYgBitCa

xitxMpþl;B½t’man sRmab;karRsavRCavenHeTAtamlT§PaB k¾b:uEnþ eRkABITinñn½yEdleK)an

pþl;eGayRksYg)anrkSaTuknUvB½t’manmYycMnYneTot.bc©úb,nñenHtulakarmin)ane)aHBum<pSay

nUvsalRkmseRmcénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeTehIyeKk¾minGacTTYl)anCasaFarN³

EdrnUvB½t’man GMBIcMnYnerOgkþIénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdleK)anbþwgkñúgmYyqñaM²

PaBjwkjab;énkarXMuxøÜnmuneBlCMnMuCMrHkþI PaKryénerOgkþIEdlnaMeGaymankardak;eTas

ry³eBlmFüménkarkat;eTaseGayCab;Bn§naKarb¤TMhMTwkR)ak;mFüménkarsgCMgWcitþ.

•

•

•

•

viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav

]bsm<½n§ 1]bs

m<½n§ 1



52

eyIgTTYl)anc,ab;cmøgénsalRkmmYycMnYntUc EdleKminGacTTYl)anBIRksYg

yutþiFm’ BIRbPBKYreGayTukcitþ)anepSgeTot dUcCaemFavIEdlmankMNt;RtaBIerOgkþIEdleK

)ancUlrYm.

4>karBinitüemIlr)aykarN_rbs;sarB½t’mannigB½t’manEdl

TTYl)anCasaFarN³

fVIebImanB½t’mantictYcGMBIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdleKGacTTYl)anCa

saFarN³kþI RkumGñkRsavRCav)anBinitüemIly:agl¥itl¥n; elIsarB½t’mankm<úCaFM²mYycMnYn

kñúgry³eBlCag 4 qñaM edIm,IRbmUlcgRkgr)aykarN_GMBIerOgkþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

rbs;bNþajpSayB½t’manTaMgenaH.sarB½t’manEdleyIg)anBinitüemIlenaHKW³The Phnom

Penh Post, The Business Press, The Mirror, Development WeeklynigrsµIkm<úCa.

eyIg)anRsavRCavrkB½t’manenH enAkñúgsarB½t’mannImYy² sRmab;ry³eBlBI qñaM 2002

mkTl;nwgqñaM 2005. Tinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manTaMgenH man)andak;P¢ab;enAkñúg

]bsm<½n§ 3. erOgkþITaMgenH tageGayEtmYyPaKéncMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdl

)anekIteLIgEtb:ueNÑaH. erOgkþITaMgLay Edl)ancUleTAkñúgTMB½rsarB½t’manBitCaRtUv)aneK

eRCIserIs edaysareKyl;eXIjfa vaCaB½t’manEdlmnusSCaeRcIncab;GarmµN_. ehtudUc

enHehIy eKminGaccat;Tukvafa CalT§plénkarsmÖasn_edayécdnü énerOgkþIrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)aneLIy.

CabEnßmeTAelIr)aykarN_sarB½t’man eKTTYl)anB½t’manmYyPaK Tak;TgnwgerOg

kþIrMelaPesckþITukcitþ cMnYn 20 BImCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm EdleKRbmUl)ankñúgeBltam

BinitüemIlkarCMnMuCMrHkþI enAkñúgtulakarkm<úCa EdlCaEpñkmYyénKMeragXøaMemIltulakarrbs;

GgÁkarenH.eyIgk¾)anbBa©ÚlB½t’manTaMgenHeTAkñúgTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manEdr.

5>karGegátmtieyabl;rbs;GaCIvkmµ

CabEnßmeTAelIRbPBB½t’manxagelI eK)aneFVIkarGegátedayKµanlkçN³écdnü elI

mtiGaCIvkmµ eday)ansYrGaCIvkrTaMgLay eGayeqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrTak;Tgnwgkaryl;eXIj

rbs;BYkeKGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eyIg)anEbgEcksMNYrGegátenaHeTAsmaKmGaCIvkmµmYycMnYn rYmmanTaMgGaCIvkmµ

km<úCa nigbreTs sMxan;²mYycMnYn. mancemøIyeqøIytbcMnYndb;mYy ehIyeyIg)an

segçblT§plTaMgenaHenAkñúg]bsm<½n§4.KYrkt;sMKal;faedaysarkarGegátenHmanTMhMtUc

]bsm<½n§ 1


53


nigKµanlkçN³écdnükarrkeXIjTaMgLayminGacbgðajfamanPaBRtwmRtUvl¥tamn½ysßiti

eLIy.CaBiesskareRCIserIsGñkeqøIyGegátedayxøÜnÉgGaceFVIeGaycemøIymanPaBel¥óg

ehIyPaBel¥ógenHkan;EtmanTMhMFMeLIgebIGñkeqøIysMNYrmankaryl;eXIEdlmanTMenarxøaMg

eTArkGVImYy Bak;B½n§nwgerOgkIþrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH ¬eTaHEbbviC¢mankþI EbbGviC¢mankþI¦

eRcInEtcg;eqøIyCag.k¾b:uEnþlT§plénkarGegátRtUvKñaCamYynwglT§plénkarsmÖasn_.

]bsm<½n§

1

55


krNIsikSaTI1

elakkCaGaCIvkrExµrmñak;Edl)ancuHkic©snüamYyCamYyelakKkñúgqñaM2000.

kic©snüaenaHeFVIeLIgsRmab;karTijeRKOgcRknigrUbFatusMNg;témø80000duløa.elak

K )anpÁt;pÁg;TMnijmYycMnYn b:uEnþTMnijTaMgenaHminRsbtamlkçxNÐpÁt;pÁg;EdlEcgenAkñúg

kic©snüaeTdUcenHelakkbdiesFminTTYlTMnijniglubkic©snüaecal.elakKTamTar

eGaybg;R)ak;tamkic©snüaEtelakkbdiesF.

BIrbIs)þah_eRkaymk eK)anekaHGeBa¢Ijelak k eTAkan;TIsñak;karnKr)al

enAl¶acéf¶suRkmYy. eKmin)anR)ab;elak GMBImUlehtuénkarekaHGeBa¢IjeGayeTAkan;

TIsñak;karnKr)alenHeT. eBlelakeTAdl; eK)ancab;xøÜnelak nigXMuxøÜnelakenATIsñak;

karnKr)alGs; 72 em:ag. eK)anecaTelakBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ cMeBaHkarminRBm

bg;R)ak;eTAeGayelakKeTAtamkic©snüa.elak)anTamTarrkemFavIEteK)anR)ab;elakfa

elakminGacTTYl)aneT. eK)anR)ab;elakCaeRcIndgfa elakGacrYcxøÜnBIkarXMuXaMg)an

ebIsinCa elakyl;RBmbg;R)ak;eGayb:UlIs 80000 duløa ¬cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdleKbþwgecaTBI

{karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ}CamYyelakK¦.elak)anbdiesF.

enAéf¶c½nÞbnÞab;mkeK)annaMxøÜnelakeTAkan;tulakarEdlenATIenaHelakRtUveKecaT

Rbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ ehIyeK)anbBa¢ÚnelakeTAkan;TIXMuXaMg munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI

enABn§naKaréRBsr. elak)anCab;XMuenAéRBsr Gs;BIrbIs)þah_ kñúgeBlEdlemFavIrbs;

elakcat;EcgFanaxøÜnelakecjBImnÞIrXuMXaMg.TIbBa©b;elakGacFanaxøÜnecjBIBn§naKar)an

edaysar)anbg;R)ak;40000duløaeTAeGaytulakar.

kñúgeBlCMnMuCMrHkþI elak K nigemFavIrbs;elak min)anbgðajxøÜneLIy. emFavI

rbs;elakk)anbgðajsakSInigÉksarnanaEdlbBa¢ak;faelakKmin)anbMeBjkrNIykic©Ca

PaKIkic©snüarbs;xøÜneTnigfaeK)anlubecalkic©snüay:agRtwmRtUv.eTaHCamanPsþútagenHkþI

karCMnMuCMrHkþI)anrkeXIjfa elak K maneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nig)andak;eTas

elakeGayCab;Bn§naKarbIqñaM.elak)anbþwgsarTukçcMeBaHsalRkmenHeTAsala]T§rN_Edl

)anseRmcecjsalRkmb®Ba©asBIsalRkmrbs;saladMbUgniglubecalkarecaTRbkan;.

krNIsikSa

]bsm<½n§ 2]bs

m<½n§ 2



56

elakminEdlGacTTYl)anR)ak;Edlelak)anbg;FanaxøÜn 40000 duløaenaHmkvij

eT ehIy)ancMNayGs; 20000 duløa CabEnßmeToteTAelIéføQñÜlemFavI. elakk¾)an

)at;bg;kitþiysGs;CaeRcInEdr ehIyGaCIvkmµrbs;elak)anrgkarxUcxatkñúgeBlEdlelak

Cab;XMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI. \LÚvenH elakRby½tñRbEygxøaMgNas; kñúgkarcuHhtßelxaelI

kic©snüanana nig)anbdiesFecal»kasvinieyaKCaeRcIn edaysarEtmanhaniP½yénkar

rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eK)ancgRkgkrNIsikSaenHeLIg edayEp¥kelIkarsmÖasn_ CamYybuKÁlmYycMnYn

Edl)anpþl;B½t’man RbEhlKñaGMBIkarFøab;rgkarecaTRbkan; BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

EdlekItecjmkBIvivaTkic©snüa.eyIg)anbþÚrB½t’manGMBIGtþsBaØaNsamICneTAtamsMNUmBr

rbs;Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgenaH.

]bsm<½n§ 2


57


krNIsikSaTI2

kñúgqñaM 2000 GñkRsI T )anx©IExSkmasBIGñkCitxag KWGñkRsI K edIm,IBak;

eTAcUlrYmBiFIGaBah_BiBah_rbs;bgb¥Ún. enAkñúgGaBah_BiBah_enaH TMBk;ExSk)anrebIk

ehIyExSkrbUtRCuH)at;.eRkayeBlcb;BiFIGaBah_BiBah_eTIbGñkRsIT)andwgfaRCuH)at;ExSk.

Kat;)anRtLb;eTArkvijEtrkmineXIjeLIy.

enAeBlGñkRsI K sYrrkExSkmkvij GñkRsI T )anesñIsMueBlxøHeTotedIm,Irkva.

mYyb¤BIrs)þah_eRkaymkGñkRsIK)ansYrrkmþgeTot.eBlenaHGñkRsIT)ansarPaBfa

Kat;)anRCuHva)at;nigesñIsMueBlevlasRmab;bg;CasMNgtamtémøøExSkEdlesµInwgR)ak;100

duløa.k¾b:uEnþGñkRsITCaGñkRknigminGacrkR)ak;)an100duløaedIm,IsgGñkRsIK)aneT.

CabBa©b;GñkRsIK)at;bg;esckþIGt;Fµt;nig)anbþwgGñkRsITBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eK)ancab;xøÜnGñkRsI T ykeTAkan;tulakarraCFanIPñMeBj nigecaTRbkan;Kat;

BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ rYcXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI. eK)ancat;emFavImñak; BIGgÁkarminEmn

rdæaPi)al EdlEsVgrkkarsMuFanaxøÜnKat;ecjeRkAXMu. ecARkmesIubGegát)anbdiesFesckþI

esñIsMuFanaxøÜn. emFavIrbs;Kat;)anbþwgsaTukç GMBIkarbdiesFkarFanaxøÜn eTAsala]T§rN_

ehIysala]T§rN_)anyl;RBmpþl;eGay. eKmin)anTamTareGayKat;bg;R)ak;edIm,IFanaxøÜn

eLIy. GñkRsIT )anCab;XMuenABn§naKarRbmaNCaBIrEx munnwgRtUv)ansala]T§rN_pþl;kar

FanaeGayenAeRkAXMu.

eRkayBITTYl)ankarFanaxøÜnenAeRkAXMu emFavIrbs;Kat; )ansakl,gTMlak;ecal

karRbkan;bTRBhµTNÐ. emFavI)andak;sMeNIsMueTAecARkmesIubGegát edayBnül;fa GñkRsI

TminGacnwgmaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)aneTeRBaHKat;KµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs

RBhµTNÐeLIy. Kat;min)anéKbnøMykExSkeT KWKat;RCuHva)at;. eRkABIenaH Kat;min

)ansakl,geKcevsBIkrNIkic©rbs;xøÜn cMeBaHGñkRsI K eLIy b:uEnþedaysarKat;RkIRkeBk

eTIbminGacsgéføExSkEdl)an)at;enaH)an. RBHraCGaCJa nigGñkRsI K min)anCMTas;nwg

sMeNIsMuenaHeT. TIbBa©b; eK)anTMlak;ecalkarecaTRbkan;bTRBhµTNÐ ehIyGñkRsI T

nigGñkRsIK)anedaHRsayerOgkþIrdæb,evNIenaHenAeRkAtulakar.

eKcgRkgkrNIsikSaenHeLIg edayEp¥kelIkarsmÖasn_ CamYyemFavIExµrmYycMnYn

EdlFøab;karBarGñkEdl RtUveKecaTRbkan;GMBIkarx©I ehIybnÞab;mkminGacsgRTBüTaMgenaH

eGaym©as;eKvij)an. eyIg)anbþÚrB½t’manGMBI GtþsBaØaNsamICn eTAtamsMNUmBrrbs;Gñk

pþl;smÖasn_.

]bsm<½n§

2



58

krNIsikSaTI3

kñúgqñaM2001Rkumh‘unhmkBIsigðburI)ancuHkic©snüamYyCamYyRkumh‘undEdlCa

Rkumh‘unkm<úCa edIm,InaMcUlkMuBüÚT½r. Rkumh‘un d yl;RBmTijTMnijTaMgenaH niglk;vaenAkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa.kic©snüaRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgsRmab;ry³eBlmYyqñaM.enAcugqñaMTImYyRkumh‘un

hmineBjcitþnwgkargarrbs;Rkumh‘und eT.Rkumh‘undmin)annaMcUlkMuBüÚT½reRcIntamcMnYn

EdlRkumh‘unsigðburI )anrMBwgTukeLIy. Rkumh‘un h )anseRmccitþminbnþkic©snüaCafµIeT.

eRkABIenaHeK)anseRmccitþEsVgrkRkumh‘unmYyeToteGaynaMcUleRKOgkMuBüÚT½rrbs;eK.

enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unh )anCUnB½t’mandl;Rkumh‘un d faeKKµanbMNgbnþkic©snüa

Rsab;EtRkumh‘un d )anbþwgRkumh‘un h BIbTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.

eKk¾)anbþwgbuKÁlmYycMnYn CanieyaCiténRkumh‘unh pgEdr edaykñúgenHmanTaMgGñkcat;kar

TUeTApg. eK)anecjdIkatamcab;xøÜn Gñkcat;karTUeTACnCatisigðburImñak;. eKminGaccab;Gñk

cat;karTUeTAenaH)aneT eRBaHKat;minenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EtdIkaenaH)anraraMgy:agman

RbsiT§PaBmineGayKat;cUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)aneToteLIy.

dIkacab;xøÜnTaMgenaH k¾)anraraMgmineGayRkumh‘un h EsVgrkRkumh‘unepSgeTot

edIm,Ilk;eRKOgkMuBüÚT½r enAkm<úCa)anEdr. edaymincg;eGaynaykRbtibtþirbs;xøÜnRbQmmux

nwgkarCab;Bn§naKarnigkarxatbg;kitþiysdl;Rkumh‘unRkumh‘unh)anbg;R)ak;eGayRkumh‘un

d edIm,IeGayeKTMlak;ecalkarecaTRbkan;. eK)anbg;R)ak;muneBlmankarCMnMuCMrH ehIy

TIbBa©b;karecaTRbkan;enaH RtUveKrMsayecal. k¾b:uEnþ Rkumh‘un h )andkxøÜnTaMg

RsugecjBIkm<úCa nigmineFVIGaCIvkmµenATIenHCabnþeTAeToteLIy. muneBlcakecjBIkm<úCa

Rkumh‘unenHFøab;eFVIGaCIvkmµmantémørab;EsnduløakñúgmYyqñaM.

eK)ancgRkgGgÁehtuenHeLIg edayEp¥kelIkarsmÖasn_CamYybuKÁlmYycMnYn Edl

)anpþl;B½t’manRbhak;RbEhlKña GMBIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdlekItecjBIbraC½y

rbs;kic©snüalk;-TijTMnij. eyIg)anbþÚrB½t’man GMBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;samICn eTAtam

sMNUmBrrbs;Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgenaH.

]bsm<½n§ 2


59


krNIsikSaTI4

elak Ekv tam )anTijdImYyLÚt_enAPñMeBj. elak)anesñI®sþImñak;eQµaH

GñkRsI Qun éNsYr eGayenAcaMrkSadIenaH. enAExmIna qñaM 2001 elak)andwgfa

®sþIenaH)anCYldIrbs;elakeTAeGayQµÜjlk;eRKOgcRkmñak;edaymin)anesñIsMukarGnuBaØatBI

elakeLIy. elak)anbþwgGñkRsIQun éNsYr BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ ehIyeK)an

cab;xøÜn®sþIenaHenAéf¶TI25Ex]sPaqñaM2001nigXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH.

GñkRsIQun)anesñIsMurYcxøÜnenAeRkAXMumunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIenaHedIm,IGacemIlEfkUntUc²

rbs;Kat;bInak;EtRtUvecARkmesIubGegátbdiesF.GñkRsI)anbþwgsaTukçeTAsala]T§rN_Edl

)anbdiesFsMeNIsMuenAeRkAXMuenaHdUcKñaEdr. CabnþmkeTot GñkRsI)anbþwgsaTukçBIkarXMuxøÜn

munkarCMnMuCMrHenaHeTAtulakarkMBUlEdl)anTTYlbNþwgrbs;GñkRsIenAExkBaØaqñaM2001.

enAkñúgkarCMnMuCMrH]T§rN_ tulakarkMBUl)anTTYlesckþIEføgkarBIPaKITaMgBIr KWCnCab;ecaT

nigedImecaT. GñkRsI Qun CaCnCab;ecaT )anCECkEvkEjkfa GñkRsIeCOfa elak

Ekv tam )aneGaydIenaHeTAKat; ehIyKat;mansiT§iCYldIeGayeK eRBaHvaCarbs;Kat;.

GñkRsI)ansarPaBfa Kat;)aneFVIxus b:uEnþKat;KµanectnaykdImYy cMerokNa BIelak Ekv

tam eLIy. edayehtuenH GñkRsIKµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIRBhµTNÐ EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;

ecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy. GñkRsIesñIsMuenAeRkAXMu edIm,IEfTaMkUn²rbs;

Kat;. tulakarkMBUl k¾)ansþab;esckþIraykarN_BIecARkmraykarN_ nigsþab;Gnusasn_rbs;

GñktMNagkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJapgEdr.

enAéf¶TI09 Exmkra qñaM2002 tulakarkMBUl)ankat;kþIfa dIenaHBitCakmµsiT§irbs;

elakEkvtamEmnb:uEnþeKKYredaHElgGñkRsIQuneGayenAeRkAkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI

edaysarmUlehtuBIr³ 1¦ GñkRsIKµan ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIRBhµTNÐeT eRBaHGñkRsIyl;fa

dIenaHCarbs;Kat; nig 2¦ Kat;)anCab;XMuyUrNas;mkehIy ¬mkTl;eBlenaH Kat;)an

Cab;XMuGs;R)aMbIExehIy¦. bnÞab;mktulakarkMBUl )anbBa¢ÚnerOgkþIenaHeTAkan;tulakar

raCFanIPñMeBjvijedIm,IGacCMnMuCMrHeTAtamGgÁehturbs;va.

GgÁehtuenHénerOgkþIenH )anmkBIsalRkmtulakarkMBUlsþIBIIerOgkþI Ekv tam

Tl;nwgQunéNsYr¬kþIRBhµTNÐelx62cuHéf¶4ExkBaØaqñaM2001/salRkmelx4

cuHéf¶9ExmkraqñaM2002¦.

]bsm<½n§

2



60

krNIsikSaTI5

kñúgExemsa1992elakb‘unRs‘un)ancUlCaédKUCamYyelakxugePOedIm,IdMeLIg

m:asIunplitePøIgGKÁisnI kñúgPUmimYyenAextþkMBg;cam. BYkeKmñak;² )anvinieyaKnUvcMENk

PaKh‘unCaTwkR)ak;esµIKña edIm,ITijm:asIunplitePøIgGKÁisnI nigsg;GKardak;m:asIunenH.

édKUmñak;² mankUnesarmYysRmab;cUlGKar. bIExeRkaymk édKUTaMgBIreQøaHTas;ETgKña.

elakxugePOcg;lk;PaKh‘unrbs;elakeTAeGayPaKITIbIÉelakb‘unRs‘unmincg;eGayKat;

lk;PaKh‘unrbs;Kat;eT.BYkKat;minGacRsuHRsYlKña)aneTehIyTIbBa©b;BYkKat;sseRmcbiT

m:asIunePøIg nigmineRbIva. k¾b:uEnþ elak b‘un )anbnþeRbIvaedaylYclak; edIm,IrkcMNUl

sRmab;xøÜnKat;pÞal;. mYyry³eRkaymk elakb‘un )anesñIeGayRbBn§rbs;xøÜneTAsYrRbBn§

rbs; elak xug faetInagGacsMux©IkUnesar rbs;elak xug sRmab;cUlGKardak;m:asIun

)anEdrb¤eT. karN_enH eFVIeGayelak b‘un mankUnesarTaMgBIr cMENkÉelak xug Kµan

kUnesaresaH.bnÞab;mkelakb‘un)anlk;m:asIunePøIgenaHeTAeGayPaKITIbI.

elak xug )anbþwg ehIyelak b‘un RtUveKecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

enAkñúgExmInaqñaM1994.elakb‘unmanemFavIehIy)anCECkEvkEjkfaelakKµaneTaseT

eRBaHkarlk;m:asIunePøIgKWCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüaCamYyelakxugsRmab;rMsayGaCIvkmµrbs;

BYkKat;Edl)anEcgfaelakb‘unGacTTYl)anm:asIunePøIgÉelakxugGacTTYl)anGKardak;

m:asIun nigdIEdlvasßitenABIelI. edayEp¥k elIPsþútagEdleK)anbgðajenAkñúgkarCMnMuCMrHkþI

tulakar)anbdiesFesckþIraykarN_rbs;elakb‘un.

tulakar)ansseRmcfaeKeXIjmanPsþútagRKb;RKan;GMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

rbs;elakb‘un.CaBiesstulakar)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa³1¦elak)aneRbIRbBn§rbs;elak

edIm,ITTYl)ankUnesar rbs;elak xug kñúgbMNgRKb;RKgelIm:asIunePøIgEtmñak;Ég nig

2¦elak)anlk;m:asIunePøIgedaylYclak;eTAeGayPaKITIbIedayminR)ab;elakxug.tulakar

kat;esckþIfaelakb‘un{)anRbRBwtþedayectna}kñúgeBlEdlelak)anéKbnøMm:asIunePøIgenaH.

tulakar)ankat;eTaselak eGayCab;Bn§naKarry³eBlmYyqñaM nigsalRkmBüÜreTasBIrqñaM

RBmTaMg)anbBa¢aeGaybg;sMNgCMgWcitþeTAeGayelakxugsRmab;karxatbg;PaKh‘unén

m:asIunePøIg.

GgÁehtuénerOgkþIenH Ep¥kelIsalRkmrbs;tulakarextþkMBg;cam kñúgerOgkþIelak

xugePOTl;nwgelakb‘unRs‘un¬sMNMuÉksarRBhµTNÐelx47cuHéf¶TI25ExmkraqñaM

1994/salRkmelx41cuHéf¶TI12Ex]sPaqñaM1994¦.

]bsm<½n§ 2

63


cMnYnerOgkþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn

erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34

erOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 33

PaKryénerOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 97%

cMnYnerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn

erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34

erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 32

PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 94%

kaviPaKTinñn½yBIbNþajpSayB½t’man

cMnYnerOgkþIEdlerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜn munmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI

erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manelIkarXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 31

erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 29

PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 94%

r)aykarN_)anmkBIbNþajpSayB½t’man

]bsm<½n§ 3]bs

m<½n§ 3

65


kaviPaKlT§plénkarGegát

sMNYrTI 1³ etItulakarvinicä½yeTasBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’b¤eT?

RtwmRtUvCanic© 0

RtwmRtUv 0

eBlxøHRtwmRtUv 5

minEdlRtWmRtUveT 6

cemøIysrub 11

sMNYrTI 2³ etIbNwþgRBhµTNÐminRtwmRtUv énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeLIg jwkjybu:NÑa ?

esIÞrEtCanic©kal 2

jwkjy 4

mþgmáal 3

minEdlesaH 1

cemøIysrub 10

sMNYrTI 3³ etIkarsUk)a:n;Gacb:HBal;dl;lT§plénerOgkIþrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )anEdr b¤eT?

b:HBal;esIÞrEtCanic©kal 8

b:HBal;Cajwkjy 3

b:HBal;mþgmáal 0

minEdlb:HBal;esaH 0

cemøIysrub 11

lT§plénkarGegát

]bsm<½n§ 4]bs

m<½n§ 4



66

sMNYrTI 4³ etIhaniyP½yxageRkamenH CH\TæiBldl;elak-Gñkb:uNÑaEdr?

)at;bg;R)ak; )at;bg;ekri_þeQµaH Cab;Bn§naKar

CH\TæiBlxøaMg 8 7 6

CH\TæiBl 2 1 0

CH\TæiBltictYc 0 0 1

Gt;CH\TæiBlGVIesaH 0 1 1

cemøIysrub 10 9 8

sMNYrTI 5³ etIelak-GñkKitfa RtUvcMNayR)ak;Gs;b:unµanenAeBlRtUveKbwþgecaTBI bTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþþ?

ticCag5000duløa 1

cenøaHBI5000duløa–50000duløa 9



eRcInCag500000duløa 0

cemøIysrub 10

sMNYrTI 6³ etIelak-Gñk bdiesF»kasvinieyaK edaysarEthaniP½yénkarbþwg ecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelI esckþITukcitþ jwkjab;bu:NÑa?

jwkjab;Nas; 3

jwkjab; 3

mþgmáal 3

minFøab; 1

cemøIysrub 10

]bsm<½n§ 4


67


sMNYrTI 7³ etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk)anbdiesF edaysarEthaniP½yén karbþwgecaTBIbTelIµs rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mantémøKitCaTwkR)ak; bu:nµanEdr?

eRcInCag50000duløa 2




cenøaHBI1landuløa–5landuløa 2

eRcInCag5landuløa 0

cemøIysrub 7

sMNYrTI 8³ cMeBaHTsSn³pÞal;rbs;elak-Gñk etIkarpøas;bþÚrxageRkamenH GacCYyEkERbsßanPaB eGay)anl¥ RbesIreLIg kñúgkMritNaEdr?

hVwkhVWn nig

bMBak;bMb:n

bEnßm

dl;nKr)al

hVwkhVWnnig

bMBak;bMb:n

bEnßm

dl;ecARkm

kat;bnßy

karXMuxøÜn

munkarCMnuM

CMrHkIþ

lubbM)at;ecal

eTasCab;Bn§

FnaKarsRmab;

erOgkþIrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ

begáIttulakar

BaNiC¢kmµBiess

mYysRmab;edaH

RsayerOgkþIrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ

RbesIrxøaMg 5 6 4 1 6

RbesIrmFüm 2 2 2 2 2

RbesIr 1 1 3 2 1

minRbesIrGIVeT 1 0 0 3 0

cemøIysrub 9 9 9 8 9

]bsm<½n§

4

69


k>esckþIepþIm

bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþKWCabTelµIsmYy kñúgbNþabTelµIsCaeRcIneTotRbqaMgnwg

RTBüsm,tþi. bTelµIsRbqaMgnwgRTBüsm,tþiEdleKdwgCaTUeTAKWkarlYc. lkçN³sMxan;én

karlYcKW Tak;TgnwgkardkhUtykrbs;BIGñkNamñak; EdlsßitenAkñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;CnenaH

edIm,I[CnenaH)at;bg;GMNackan;kab;rbs;enaHCaGciéRnþy_.karxusKñaénbTrMelaPelIesckþI

TukcitþBIkarlYcKWfaenAkñúgkarlYcCnelµIsminmankarkan;kab;edayRsbc,ab;eTcMENkÉenA

kñúgbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCnelµIsmankarkan;kab;rbs;Rsbc,ab;CaeRsc edaymankar

RBmeRBogBIm©as;eTotpg. CnelµIsrMelaPelIkarRBmeRBogenH edaybnøMdkhUtykRTBü

rbs;m©as;mkeFVICarbs;xøÜn b¤CenøósRTBüenaHeTA[GñkNamñak;eTot. ebIniyayCaPasa

samBaØbTrMelaPTaMgBIrenHKWRsedogKñaedaysareKalbMNgénGMeBIRbRBwtþmandUcKñaKWeFVI[

m©as;)at;bg;sm,tþirbs;xøÜn.

edaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanBakü{rMelaP}nig{Tukcitþ}enAkñúgCIvit

Cak;EsþgeKEtgEtyl;fa karEdlkUnbMNuleFVI[m©as;bMNul {xkcitþ} b¤{)at;bg;karTukcitþ}

edaysarkarmin)anbMeBjtambMNgcitþBIsMNak;kUnbMNulcMeBaHm©as;bMNulKWkarsgbMNul

tamkarsnüadUecñHm©as;bMNulEtgEtecaTkUnbMNulfa)an{rMelaPesckþITukcitþ}.niyay[

gayyl; krNIEbbenHCakarrMelaPelIkarsnüa minEmnelIesckþITukcitþeT. bTrMelaP

esckþITukcitþRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgkarlYc.

bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

edayelak kuy nam

karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab; énmaRtasþIGMBI karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

]bsm<½n§ 5]bs

m<½n§ 5



70

x>viPaKGMBIrcnasm<½n§XøaRbeyaK nigs½BÞenAkñúgmaRta 46 sþIBI

karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobrvagmaRta408énRkmRBhµTNÐcas;rbs;RbeTs)araMgnigmaRta

46sþIBIkarrMelaPelITMnukcitþkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalrbs;ExµreKGacsnñidæan)anfac,ab;Exµr

sþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ RtUv)ancmøgBIc,ab;)araMgenHesÞIrEtTaMgGs;. karenHBitCadUecñH

eRBaHfac,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalenHRtUv)anRBagedayGñkCMnajkar)araMgEdrenAkñúgqñaM1992.

EtenAqñaM 1994 )araMg)anGnum½tRkmRBhµTNÐfµI ehIy\LÚvenHGñkCMnajkarc,ab;)araMgk¾

)anmkCYyRBagRkmRBhµTNÐ[ExµrmþgeTot. ebIeyIgemIlGtßbTRBagénRkmRBhµTNÐExµr

maRta404 ¬sþIBIkarrMelaPelITMnukcitþ¦ eyIgeXIjfamþgenHeTot eyIg)ancmøgBImaRtafµI

314-1rbs;)araMgsþIBIbTelµIsdUcKñaenH.

karbkERbBIGtßbTBIPasabreTs mkCaPasaExµrEtgEtmanbBaða taMgBIvaküs½BÞ

(vocabulary) rhUtdl;vaküsm<½n§ (syntax). ]TahrN_ enAkñúgmaRta 46 énc,ab;RBhµTNÐ

Gnþrkal Bakü)araMg représenter RtUv)anERbmkCaPasaExµrfa {tMNag} EdlBakükñúgn½y

énc,ab;enH eKKYrERbfa {bgðaj} vijeTIbsmRsbnwgGtßn½yrbs;vaBaküxøHeTot dUcCa

possesseurnig détenteur CaedImKWCaBaküBi)aknwgrkBaküExµrmkdak; eRBaHvaRsedog²Kña.

mü:agvijeTot eyIgeXIjeTotfa edaysarExµreyIgmineRbIek,ós1 kMhuskñúgkarvayGkSr

edaymin)andkXøaeFVI[ eKGanRcLMn½yrbs;Xøa dUcmanbgðajenAxageRkam. edaysar

karbkERb nigvaküsm<½n§manbBaðaxøHpg karRKan;EtGanGtßbTc,ab; edaymin)anyl;dl;

eKalbMNgnigsµartIrbs;c,ab;GaceFVI[eyIgyl;c,ab;enaHxusR)ascakq¶ayBIn½yBitR)akd

rbs;va.

sUmGanmaRta46énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalmanesckþIdUcteTAenHEdleyIgcmøg[

RtUvTaMgRsugtamlkçN³énkarsresredIm³

1EteTaHCay:agNakþIxJúM)aneXIjmankareRbIek,ósCaerOy²enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIExµrqñaM1959.¬sUmemIlCa

]TarhrN_Rtg;cab;BImaRta366eLIgeTA¦.

]bsm<½n§ 5


71


eyIgsegáteXIjfa karmin)andkXøab¤karmineRbIGaytni)at (preposition) edIm,I

bMEbk[dac;rvag {Gñkkan;kab;} nig{RTBüsm,tþi} Gac[GñkGanyl;RcLMfa karéKbnøM

b¤karéKbM)at; eFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_ m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi.2

karBitmaRtaenHcg;niyayGMBIkaréKbnøMnUvRTBüsm,tþi R)ak;kasTMnijb¤Éksar¬EdlEcg

GMBIkatBVkic© b¤EdlmanEcgBIkaredaHbnÞúk¦ KWminEmnéKbnøMGñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþieT.

cMeBaHGñkEdlRtUvéKbnøMenaHKWm©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;.Bakü{m©as;kmµsiT§i}

esµInwgBakü)araMgfa propriétaire EdlCaGñkmankmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;edIm,IeRbIR)as; TTYlpl

cat;Ecg ¬dUcCalk; eFVIGMeNayCaedIm¦. eyagtamlMdab;BaküEdleRbIkñúgGtßbTCaPasa

)araMgBakü{m©as;TIkEnøg}RbEhlCaERbmkBIBakü)araMgpossesseursnigBakü{Gñkkan;kab;}

ERbmkBI détenteur eRBaHkñúgGtßbT)araMgeKdak;tamlMdab; propriétaires, possesseurs

nig détenteurs. BaküTaMgBIrenH ebIERbCaBaküsamBaØesÞIrEtmann½yfakan;kab;dUcKña

b:uEnþmansßanPaBKtiyutþxusKñaxøH.3m©as;kmµsiT§imandUcCam©as;rfynþEdlmanlixitkmµsiT§i

RtwmRtUv. Possesseurs mandUcCaGñkEdlmanrfynþ EtminTan;)ancuHbBa¢IkmµsiT§i b¤ePaKIdI

cMENkÉdétenteursmandUcCaGñkCYlpÞHeKenAGñkTTYlvtßúEdleKdMkl;TukCamYyb¤GñkTTYl

rbs;eKTuklk;CaedIm. edIm,IPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH cab;BIcMNucenHeTA

ebIGñkGaneXIjBakü{m©as;rbs;}b¤{m©as;vtßúBaküenHsMedAdl;mnusSRbePTNamYyénRbePT

TaMgbIKWpropriétaires,possesseursnigdétenteurs.

tmkeTotsYrfa etIeKRbKl;[tamrebobNa?. cemøIy eyIgeXIjfa RTBüsm,tþi

R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar RtUv)anRbKl;mk[GñkEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITuk

citþCarebobCYl[Carebobdak;tMkl;TukCaGaNtþiCakar[x©IRbKl;[edIm,IbMeBjkargarGVI

mYy¬EdlCnenaHeFVIykkMérkþIb¤minykkMérkþI¦.

cugbMput CnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTRtUvRbKl;[m©as;eKvij b¤faRtUveRbIR)as;va[RtUvtam

eKaledAEdlm©as;cg;[eRbI.kñúgenHEdreyIgeXIjmanBakü{eFVICatMNag}.eyIgnwgBinitü

enAxageRkayfaetIBaküenHmann½ydUcemþc.

edIm,I[gayyl;eKKYrbMEbkXøaepSg²enAkñúgmaRta46tamrebobdUcteTAenH

2BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.

eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeT

b:uEnþGñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.

3BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.

eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeTb:uEnþ

GñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.

]bsm<½n§

5



72

1> CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤

Gñkkan;kab;nUv³

k> RTBüsm,tþi

x> R)ak;kas

K> TMnijb¤

X> RKb;ÉksarEdlmanb¤Ecg

X1>katBVkic©b¤

X2>karedaHbnÞúk

2> EdleKRbKl;[mkxøÜn

k> kñúglkçN³Ca³

k1> karCYl

k2> kardMkl;Tuk

k3> GaNtþi

k4>kar[x©IeRbI

x> edIm,IkargarmanebovtSb¤KµanebovtS

3>EdlRtUvRbKl;[eKvij b¤eFVICatMNag4b¤sMrab;eRbIR)as;b¤CamuxkarmankMNt;

4> RtUvmaneTasmCÄwmBIbTrMelaPelITMnukcitþ ehIyRtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;KukBI 1qñaM eTA

5qñaM.

tamkarbMEbkGtßbTénmaRta 46 enHeyIgeXIjfa maRtaenHmanrcnasm<½n§

dUcteTAenH³

1> GMeBIéKbnøM b¤ bM)at; nigbc©½yénGMeBIenH ¬karxUcxatRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;vtßúRtUv

rgedaysarGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¦

2> vtßúb¤kmµvtßúénGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¬dUcCaRTBüsm,tþiR)ak;kas.l.¦

3> karpÞúkpþak;vtßú b¤kmµvtßúenHenACamYynwgCnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIGMeBIéKbnøM b¤bM)at;

RBmTaMglkçx½NÐnigeKalbMNgénkarpÞúkpþak;enH ¬dUcCa pÞúkpþak;CaebobCYl[

CakardMkl;Cakar[x©ICaedIm¦

4> lkçx½NÐmYyEdlbBa¢ak;fam©as;vtßúb¤kmµvtßúminmanbMNge)aHbg;kmµsiT§i b¤ pl

RbeyaCn_elIvtßú b¤kmµvtßúrbs;xøÜn edaykMNt;fa RtUvEtRbKl; b¤bgðajvtßúenaH

mkxøÜnvijtameBlkMNt;Camunb¤tamkarcg;)anb¤cg;eXIjrbs;BIsMNak;m©as;

5> EpñkcugeRkayKWkarkMNt;kMriteTasdl;CnEdléKbnøMb¤bM)at;vtßúenaH.

4BaküenHKYrdak;fa{bgðajeLIgvij}.

]bsm<½n§ 5


73


K>FatupSMénbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

K>1 FatupSMsMPar³

FatupSMxagGMeBIKWsMedAdl;karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;.karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;enHnwgekIt

maneLIgenAeBlNaEdlm©as;vtßú ElgGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜnelIvtßúenaH bnÞab;BIkarRbRBwtþ

e)akbnøMBIsMNak;GñkEdleK)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúenaHenACamYy.

karéKbnøM b¤karbM)at;enAkñúgbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mankarxusKñaBIkarlYc

Rtg;RbkarEdlfa enAkñúgkarlYc m©as;vtßúmin)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúCamYyGñklYceT. cMENkÉenAkñúg

bTelµIselIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ m©as;vtßú)anTukdak;vtßúCamYyCnCab;ecaT tamry³

karRBmeRBogKñamYy. karRBmeRBogenHbegáIt)anCakic©snüamYy dUcCakic©snüaCYlrfynþ

[GtifiCnmñak;eTAdwkTMnijCaedIm. kic©snüaenH)anbegáItTMnak;TMngmYyrvagm©as;rbs; nig

GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs; EdlGñkTTYlrbs;mankrNIykic©cMbgmYyehAfa {krNIykic©bMeBj

TMnukcitþ} EdlPasaGg;eKøsehAfa “fiduciary duty” . GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs;RtUvbMeBj

krNIykic©rkSasuT§citþrbs;xøÜnkarCaTITukcitþrbs;GñkRbKl;nigPaBeTogRtg;minevocevrcMeBaH

GñkRbKl;. karéKbnøM b¤ karbM)at; nwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlNaGñkEdlTTYlTukdak;vtßú)an

elµIselIkrNIykic©enH.

dUecñH kalNaeKniyayGMBIbTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ cMNucmundMbUgbg¥s;EdlRtUv

ecaTsYrenaHKWfa etIGñkTaMgBIr)anbegáItTMnak;TMngkic©snüaEdrb¤eT. enAkñúgmaRtaén

bTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ eK)anerobrab;kic©snüa b¤TMnak;TMngcMnYn 5 KW kic©snüaCYl

kic©snüadak;dMkl;Tuk GaNtþi kic©snüa [x©IeRbI nigkic©snüakargar.5 karEdleyIgmindak;

GaNtþiCakic©snüaenATIenH BIeRBaHGaNtþienHGacekIteLIgBIkic©snüab¤ BIGMNactulakarb¤

GMNacc,ab;.eyIgnwgBiPakSabBaðaenHenAEpñkxageRkayeTot.

K>2 FatupSMxagpøÚvsti

dUcKñanwgbTelµIsRBhµTNÐdéTeTotEdrbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþtRmUv[manectna

edIm,IRbRBwtþkaréKbM)at;.ectnaenHKWCaectnabnøM(fraudulentintent).ectnabnøMGacsnñidæan

ecjBIkarminesµaHRtg;cMeBaHGñkRbKl;. ]TahrN_ CagmasEdlTTYlPar³eFVIExSk ehIy

EbrCakat;ykduMmasxøH rYcehIybBa©Úlelah³epSgedIm,IbRgÁb;Tm¶n;edImvij. ebICagmasKµan

ehtuplGVIBnül; eRkABIcg;ykduMmasxøHeFVICarbs;xøÜneTenaH enAeBlenHGsuT§citþBitCa)an

ekIteLIg.

pÞúyeTAvij bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþminGacekIteLIg)aneT ebIeKminGac

bgðajfaCnCab;ecaTmanectnabnøM.]TahrN_ elakcan; enAPñMeBjTTYlR)ak;BImitþP½Rkþ

5RkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgfµInigesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐfµIrbs;Exµrmin)anrayBIRbePTénkic©snüaEdlCakmµvtßúénc,ab;sþIBI

bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.

]bsm<½n§

5



74

rbs;xøÜnKWelakvasna enAextþ)at;dMbgedIm,ITukbg;éføsala[kUnelakvasna eron

enAPñMeBjedayelakvasnayl;RBm[elakcan;kat;ykR)ak;5PaKryedIm,IeRbIR)as;

pÞal;xøÜn. enAeBlEdlmanmnusSmñak;mksuMcgkar edaysnüa[cugkarx<s;KYrsm elak

can;k¾RBmcgkar[edayKitfanwgeFVI[TwkR)ak;vasna)anekIneRcInbnþic.EteRkaymk

Gñkx©IR)ak;enaHeKc)at;minRBmsg. kñúgkrNIenH elakcan; hak;dUcCaminmanectnanwgbnøM

eFVI[mitþrbs;xøÜnxUcxateT.Ety:agNakþIelakcan;enAEtTTYlxusRtUvsgsMNgrdæb,evNI

edaysarKat;rMelaPelIxkic©snüaEdltRmUv[Kat;Tukdak;R)ak;enaHedIm,Ibg;éføsala.

pÞúyeTAvijebI elak can; ykR)ak;EdlepJITukenaHeTAelgEl,gsuIsgehIycaj;

minGacbg;éføsala[kUnelakvasna)anKat;TMngCamanectnabnøMeRBaHKat;KYrEt)andwgfa

eRKaHénkarcaj;El,gmankMritesÞIrEtmYyryPaKrysMrab;GñkelgEl,gTUeTA. GsuT§citþrbs;

cugecaTGacRtUv snñidæanecjBIkal³eTs³CuMvijGMeBIrbs;eK EdlmnusSTUeTAGacRbmaNTuk

)anfaGMeBIenaHnwgnaMmknUvlT§pleFVI[xUcxatdl;m©as;rbs;.

K>3 Büsnkmµ

eTaHbIFatupSMxagelIRtUv)anrkeXIjkþI EtebIplénkaréKbnøMminnaM[mankarxUcxat

dl;m©as;rbs;eTenaHbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþk¾minGacekIteLIg)anEdr.BüsnkmµekIteLIg

kalNam©as;vtßú)at;bg;b¤minGaceRbIR)as;siT§irbs;xøÜneTAelIvtßúEdlRbKl;eTA[cugecaT.

k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIdl;eBlRbKl;vtßúeTAm©as;edImvij EtcugecaTmankaryWty:av

kñúgkarRbKl;vtßúenaH k¾minEmnmann½ydac;xatcugecaT )anRbRBwtþbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

Edr.karrgeRKaH)at;bg;vtßúrbs;m©as;RtUvelcecjBIlT§plénectnabnøMBit²rbs;cugecaT.

X> vtßúb¤kmµvtßúénbTrMelaP

maRta46énbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGnuvtþ)anelIvtßúEdl)anerobrab;kñúgmaRtaenH

dUcCaRTBüsm,tþiR)ak;kasTMnijnigÉksarEdlmanb¤EcgGMBIkatBVkic©b¤karedaHbnÞúk.6

X>1 RTBüsm,tþi

eKmindwgc,as;fa BaküfaRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgmaRtaenH rab;bBa©ÚlclnRTBünig

GclnRTBü b¤y:agNaenaHeT. edaysarc,ab;enHRtUv)ancmøgecjBIc,ab;RBhµTNÐ)araMg

6RkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgfµInigesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐfµIrbs;Exµrmin)anraykñúglkçN³mankMritGMBIvtßúEdlsßit

kñúgrgVg;EdnGnuvtþénc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþdUcmuneToteTedayRKan;Etrab;bBa©Úl{mUlniFitémø

b¤RTBüsm,tþiGVImYy}.sUmemIlmaRta314-1énRkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgnigmaRta404énesckþIRBagRkm

RBhµTNÐExµr.

]bsm<½n§ 5


75


eKKYrBinitüemIlbJsKl;énBaküenH.RTBüsm,tþienAkñúgmaRta46EdlCaPasa)araMgKWBakü

“Biens” . enAkñúg saldIkarbs;salavinicä½y)araMgelx6295 cuHéf¶TI10 tula2001

Ecgfa {bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacTak;TgEtnwg mUlniFi témø b¤RTBüsm,tþiepSg²

elIkElgEtGclnRTBüecj}. tulakarenHbnþenAcugbBa©b;énsaldIkafa {sala]T§rN_

EdlpþnÞakareRbIR)as;edayrMelaPnUv GclnvtßúmYy edaysarEtkarminRbKl;kUnesaedIm,I[

eKGacecjcUlkñúgGclnvtßúenaH)an KWminyl;BIGtßn½ynigEdnGnuvtþénGtßbTc,ab;Edl

bBa¢ak;xagelI}.7

cMeBaHRbeTs)araMgehtuplEdlfabTrMelaPenHminGnuvtþelIGclnvtßúKWedaysar

m©as;GacykRTBürbs;xøÜnvij)anedaysareKmansiT§itamykvij (droit de suite)8 .

ehtuplenHGacfasmehtusmpl edaysarRbeTsenHmanRbB½n§kt;RtakmµsiT§i nigRbvtþi

énkarepÞr b¤pøas;bþÚrkmµsiT§i RtwmRtUvnigCak;lak; kmµsiT§ielIGclnvtßúmanesßrPaBnigman

ynþkarkarBarhµWgm:at; EdlkarbM)at;b¤bEgVrminGacnwgeFVI)anedayKµankaryl;RBmBIm©as;.

cMENkÉclnvtßúvijBuMMmankarkarBardUcGclnvtßúeT elIkElgEtm©as;manlixitkmµsiT§i

CaPsþútag.

enARbeTsGaemrik rdæxøHCaBiessenArdæGUkøahUm:a tulakar]T§rN_RBhµTNÐén rdæ

enH)anbkRsayRTBüsm,tþiEdlEcgenAkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐénrdæenHfaCaclnRTBü eTaHbI

enAkñúgc,ab;eKBuM)anEcgfaclnRTBükþI. tulakarrdæxøH nigGñkniBn§c,ab;xøHyl;fa karéKbnøM

Gacrab;bBa©Úl GclnRTBüEdr b:uEnþk¾mantulakar nigGñkniBn§xøHeTotEdlyl;fa bTelµIs

enHRKbdNþb;EtelIclnRTBüb:ueNÑaH. tulakar]T§rN_RBhµTNÐ rdæGUkøahUm:a )ansnñidæanfa

bTelµIséKbnøMmanedImkMeNItBIbTelµIslYc. bTelµIslYc EdlRKbdNþb;Etclnvtßú

ehIymanFatupSMmYyKW {karhUtykeTA)at;} nUv {vtßúEdlCnelµIsminmanePaK³Rsbc,ab;}

enaHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa c,ab;sþIBIkarlYcminGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHkaréKbnøMvtßú EdlenAkñúgenaH

CnelµIsmanePaK³Rsbc,ab;. dUecñHbTelµIssþIBIkaréKbnøM RKan;EtbEnßmcenøaHRbehag

EdlmanenAc,ab;Tak;TgnwgbTelµIslYcb:ueNÑaH edaybEnßmFatupSMén {kardkhUtvtßúGñkdéT

EdlsßitenAkñúgkarkan;kab;Rsbc,ab;rbs;CnelµIs}.9

ebIGnuvtþehtuplxagelImkRbeTsExµrvij KWc,ab;sþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

pþnÞaeTasEteTAelIkarRbRBwtþelIclnvtßúCaCagGclnvtßúenaHenARbeTsExµrGacmanKuNvibtþi

eRcInedaysarm©as;GclnvtßúPaKeRcInKµanlixitkmµsiT§isMrab;sMKal;kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;rbs;xøÜn

ehIyBuMTan;manRbB½n§kt;RtamaMTaMEdlCakargaykñúgkaréKbnøMb¤bEgVkmµsiT§iGñkdéT.

7http://lexinter.net/JPTXT/bien_quelconque.htm,9]sPa2003.8Françoise SIBAUD, De L’Abus de Confiance; <http://lexilis.free.fr/notesjur/note55.htm>9eyabl;rbs;KN³kmµaFikar, www.okcca.net/datafiles/legal/oklahoma/ouji/criminal/OUJI-CR%205-21.html

]bsm<½n§

5



76

]TahrN_énRTBüsm,tþimandUcCarfynþEdleKTuk[CagCYsCuleRKOgGlgáaEdl

dak;bBa©aMyanCMniHEdlepJIenATIpSar.l.

X>2 R)ak;kas nig TMnij

R)ak;kas nigTMnijKWCavtßúEdlgay[niymn½yCageK. ]TahrN_ R)ak;Edl K

Nenyükrkan;kab;R)ak;EdlepJITuknwgGñkNamñak; TMnijEdlTTYldwkCBa¢ÚnedayRkumh‘un

dwknaMTMnijEdlepJITukkñúgXøaMg.l.

nwgekItmankaréKbnøMkalNaCnNamñak;ykR)ak;EdleK)anRbKl;edIm,I[eFVIkic©kar

GVImYymkeFVICarbs;xøÜn. dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHKNenyükrEdlRKb;RKgR)ak;sMrab;bMerIkarrbs;

Rkumh‘un Et)andkykR)ak;enaHeTAcayCaRbeyaCn_xøÜnÉg. TMnijmYycMnYnRtUv)anéKbnøMEdr

kalNaRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)andkykBIkugeTIn½rnUvrbs;EdleKCYl[dwk.

g>TMnak;TMngkic©snüarvagm©as;vtßúnigGñkTTYl

maRta 46 énbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RKbdNþb;EtelIRbePTénkic©snüamYy

cMnYnb:ueNÑaH KWkic©snüaCYl kic©snüadMkl;Tuk GaNtþi kic©snüa[x©IeRbI nigkic©snüakargar.

munnwgBicarNaeTAdl;cMNuc faetImankaréKbnøM b¤KµanenaH eKRtUvkMNt;faetImanTMnak;TMng

kic©snüarvagm©as;vtßúnigGñkTTYlEdrb¤eTeRBaHbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþekItecjBIkarelµIs

elIxénkic©snüaEdl)anerobrab;xagedImenH. mansMNYrecaTsYrfa ebIkic©snüaenaHKµan

suBlPaB etItulakarenAEtGacbnþerOgkþIGaCJaénbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anb¤y:agNa.

tamkrNIyutþisaRsþ)araMg GsuBlPaBénkic©snüa minGacCaykmkeFVICamUldæansMrab;raraMg

min[dMeNIrkarénbNþwgGaCJaénbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.]TahrN_ebImankic©snüarvag

PaKImçagEdl CaGnItiCnedIm,IepJITukrbs; rYcehIyPaKImçageTotEdlCanItiCn)anéKbM)at;

rbs;epJIenaHeTA PaKInItiCnenaHminGacelIkehtuplfa edaysarkic©snüaenHKµansuBlPaB

eRBaHeFVIeLIgCamYyPaKIminRKb;Gayu dUecñHeKKµanTMnak;TMngkic©snüarvagKñanigKña)aneT.

dMeNIrkarbNþwgGaCJaenAEtRbRBwtþdEdl eTaHbIkic©snüaenHmanb¤KµansuBlPaBkþI. karsMxan;

KWfa etIxénkic©snüamanbBa¢ak;CaBiessGMBIkarRbKl;vtßú ehIyetIRtUvcat;EcgvtßúenaHtam

rebobNanigRtUvRbKl;RtLb;vijenAeBlNa. xTaMgenHEdlbegáIt katBVkic©rbs;GñkTTYl

cMeBaHm©as;.mü:agvijeToteKminGacelIkBIGnItüanukUlPaB¬PaBminRsbc,ab;¦énkic©snüa

edIm,IbdiesFTMnak;TMngkic©snüa)aneT [EtkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;cugecaT cMeBaHm©as;vtßú

minEmnekItmkBIkarelµIselIkic©snüa b:uEnþekItmkkarRbRBwtþbTelµIs ¬rMelaPelIesckþITuk

citþ¦EdlmanFatupSMRKb;RKan;sMrab;dak;bnÞúkelIcugecaT.

]bsm<½n§ 5


77


g1> kic©snüaCYl(Louage)

Rkitü-c,ab;elx38sþIBI kic©snüanigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüakñúgmaRta 100

Ecgfa {karCYl KWCakic©snüaEdl GñkCYlsnüafanwgpþl;eTAeGayGñkTTYlCYlnUvvtßúNa

mYyedIm,IeRbIR)as;CabeNþaHGasnñ edaytRmUveGayKitéføénkarCYlvtßúenaHeGayGñkCYl }.

tamniymn½yénkic©snüaRbePTenHGñkCYl(lender)enArkSasiT§ielIvtßúrbs;xøÜndEdlehIy

GñkTTYlCYl(borrower)manEtsiT§ieRbIR)as;Etb:ueNÑaH.KµankarepÞrkmµsiT§iBIGñkCYleTAGñk

TTYlCYleT.ry³eBlEdlRtUvRbKl;vtßúeTA[GñkCYlvijKWGaRs½yeTAtamxEcgkñúgkic©snüa

b:uEnþebIKµankarkMNt;eTenaHc,ab;snµt;famanRtwmEtmYyqñaMy:agyUr¬maRta101¦.vtßúEdl

GacCYl)anGacCaclnb¤Gclvtßú.

g>2 kic©snüadak;dMkl;Tuk(Dépôt)

enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüanigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüaeKehAfa{kic©snüaénkar

epJITuk}¬kñúgEpñkTI6¦.maRta89[niymn½ydUecñHfa³{kic©snüaénkarepJITukCakic©snüaEdlCn

mñak;epJIclnvtßúNamYy nwgCnNamYyeToteGayrkSaTuk eday\tykQñÜl b¤ykQñÜl

ehIyeGayRbKl;vtßúenaHeTACnEdlykmkepJIenaHvij b¤RbKl;eGayCnNaEdlGñkepJIR)ab;

eQµaHmky:agc,as;tameBlsnµt; b¤enAeBlEdlTarykvtßúenaHvij.} GñkTTYltMkl;Tuk

KµansiT§ieRbIR)as; b¤cat;Ecgrbs;EdldMkl;TukeT KWRKan;EtrkSaTuk[m©as;rbs;b:ueNÑaH.

]TahrN_énkic©snüaRbePTenHmandUcCakarepJIrfynþenApSarb¤enAsalaeronkarepJIeRKOg

GlgáaenAFnaKarkarepJITMnijenAkñúgpSar.l.

g>3 GaNtþi(Mandat)

GaNtþimanBIy:agKWGaNtþimYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykic©snüa.GaNtþimü:ageTot

RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGMNacc,ab;b¤edayGMNactulakar.

c,ab;sþIBIkic©snüanigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüamin)anrab;bBa©Úlkic©snüaGaNtþi

eT. b:uEnþenAkñúgesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNI manbBa©Úlkic©snüaGaNtþi. maRta 634 én

esckþIRBagenH [niymn½yfa {GaNtþi sMedAeTAelIkic©snüaNamYyEdlPaKImçag ehAfa

GaNtþiTayk RbKl;siT§iGMNac[PaKImçageTot ehAfaGaNtþiKahk eFVIkarcat;Ecgkic©kar

edIm,IGaNtþiTayk}.

tammaRtaxagelIenHPñak;garlk;\v:an;[Rkumh‘unmYyKWCaGaNtþiKahk.GñkRtYtkar

enAkñúgkardæansagsg;mYyEdlemIlkarxusRtUvCYsmux[Rkumh‘un KWCaGaNtþiKahkEdr.

GaNtþiKahk GaceFVIkarykkMér b¤minykkMér GaRs½yelIkarRBmeRBogKñaCamYyGaNtþi

Tayk.maRta637énesckþIRBagenHbMBak;{krNIykic©cat;EcgkarGaNtþiedayRbugRby½tñ

]bsm<½n§

5



78

kñúgnamCaGñkRKb;RKgsucritedayEp¥ktamGtßn½yénGaNtþi}.karrMelaPelIkrNIykic©sucrit

enHedayéKbnøM]bkrN_eFVIkarb¤mUlniFisMrab;dMeNIrbMeBjGaNtþinwgnaM[ekItmanbTrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþ.

GaNtþimü:ageTotekIteLIgedayGMNactulakarb¤c,ab;.GaNtþiEdlekIteLIgeday

GMNactulakarmandUcCa GñkGnuvtþsalRkm. GñkGnuvtþsalRkm EdléKbnøMRTBüsm,tþi

EdlRtUvrwbGUsCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;bMNul KWCa]TahrN_mYyénGaNtþiEdlbegáIteLIg

edayGMNactulakareRBaHtulakarCaGñkcat;taMg[cat;Ecgkic©karGnuvtþsalRkmtulakar.

g>4 kic©snüa[x©IeRbI(Prêtáusage)

kic©snüaRbePTenHRtUv)an[niymn½ykñúgc,ab;kic©snüaExµrbc©úb,nñkñúgmaRta 94 fa

{kareGayx©IeRbIKWKµanykkarR)ak; b¤ykQñÜlGVIeT. GñkEdleGayvtßúNamYyeTAeGayeK

x©IeRbIenAEtCakmµsiT§ikrénvtßúenaHdEdl.} maRta 96 tRmUv[Gñkx©ImankrNIykic©EfTaM

vtßúenaHdUcCam©as;énvtßúenaHEdr. eBlevlaRtUvsg elIkElgEt)ankMNt;Kña Gñk[x©IGacTar

ykrbs;vijenAeBlNak¾)an. dUecñH Gñkx©IRtUveRtomCanic©edIm,IRbKl;;rbs;eTA[m©as;vij.

kic©snüaenHxusBIkic©snüa dMkl;TukRtg;Gñkx©IGaceRbIR)as;vtßúenaHRsbtamkarRBmeRBogKña

CamYym©as;.

g>5 kic©snüakargarmanebovtS b¤KµanebovtS

kic©snüaenH GacrYmbBa©Úlkic©snüakargarRsbtamc,ab;kargar nigkic©snüa

shRKaskñuúgc,ab;kic©snüabc©úb,nñ. kic©snüaenAkñúgc,ab;kargar sMedAdl;TMnak;TMngEpñk

kargarrvagkmµkr nieyaCitnignieyaCk. k¾b:uEnþ kic©snüashRKas GnuvtþelIkargarEdl

mnusSmñak;bMeBj[mnusS mñak;eTot ¬maRta 72¦. b:uEnþkic©snüaTaMgBIry:agEdleBal

mkenHsuT§EtBak;B½n§nwgkar[éføQñÜl. kargarEdlEcgenAkñúgmaRta 46 énbTrMelaPelI

esckþITukcitþrab;bBa©ÚlkargarEdlminykéføQñÜlpgEdr. CnCab;ecaT minGacykRbkar

EdlxøÜneFVIkarminykéføQñÜl mkeFVIkaredaHsa[rYcBIkarTTYlxusRtUvBIkarecaTRbkan;BIbT

rMelaPelITMnukcitþeT RbsinCaxøÜnBitCa)anéKbnøMvtßúEdleKRbKl;mkxøÜnedIm,IbMeBjkargar.

]TahrN_ énkic©snüaRbePTenHmandUcCa karRbKl;mas[CagmaseFVIeRKOgGlgáa

nieyaCiténRkumh‘unmYyTTYlbnÞúkEfrkSaXøaMgTMnijkarTukrfynþ[eragCagCYsCul.

]bsm<½n§ 5


79


c>karGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeTAelIerOgkþIxøHEdl

kMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarExµreyIg

c>1 karxkxansgbMNultamkic©snüa

karxkxansgbMNulEtgEtekItmanenARKb;RbeTsRKb;TIkEnøg.kic©snüa[x©IR)ak;

bMNul KWCakic©snüamYyEdlepÞrkmµsiT§iBIm©as;R)ak;eTAGñkx©I. kUnbMNulmansiT§ielIrUbvtßú

EdlCasac;R)ak; cMENkÉm©as;bMNulvijmansiT§ielIrUbkUnbMNul EtKµansiT§ielIsac;R)ak;eT.

]TahrN_ m©as;bMNul mñak;[kUnbMNulmñak;x©IR)ak;cMnYn 5 laneroledIm,IeTARbkbrbrrbs;

xøÜn. enAeBlEdlR)ak;RtUv)an epÞreTA[kUnbMNulehIy kUnbMNulCam©as;elITwkR)ak;enaH.

kUnbMNulmansiT§ieBjeljelIR)ak;enaH edayKat;Gaccat;EcgGVIk¾)andUcCaTij]bkrN_

sMrab;RbkbGaCIvkmµrbs;Kat;CaedIm.m©as;bMNulKµansiT§ielIsac;R)ak;enaHeTEtKat;mansi

T§ielIkUnbMNul[bMeBjkatBVkic©sgbMNul[Kat;vij.edaysarkUnbMNulCam©as;elITwkR)ak;

km©IenaHKat;minGacRtUv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)aneTebIkalNaKat;yk

eTAcayx¢Hx¢ayb¤rksuIxatbg;Gs;.pÞúyeTAvijebIsinCadl;eBlRtUvsgehIyKat;minman

R)ak;sgbMNulkUnbMNulRtUv)ancat;Tukfa)anelµIskic©snüakm©IehIykarelµIselIikic©snüa

enHKWCabBaðardæb,evNIsuT§saF.

elIkElgEtkal³eTs³CMuvijkarcrcakic©snüaEdlbgðaj[eXIjfa kUnbMNuleRbI

l,ickl e)akR)as;edIm,I[m©as;bMNulRBm[R)ak;x©I eTIbkUnbMNulGacRtUv)anecaTRbkan;

BIbTmYyKWkarqe)ak EtminEmnbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT. b:uEnþkarenHeKRtUvsikSa[

l¥itl¥n;EfmeTotBI FatupSMénbTelµIsqe)ak. cMENkÉenAkñúgkarelµIsFmµtaelIkic©snüa

m©as;bMNulGacEsVgrk])aRs½y ¬karTamTar[CYsCuleLIgvijnUvGVIEdlxatbg;¦tamnItiviFI

rdæb,evNI.CaFmµtam©as;bMNulEdl)anxatbg;R)ak;EtgEtcg;rkmeFüa)ayNaRKb;Ebby:ag

edIm,I[kUnbMNulsgR)ak;mkxøÜnvijrYmTaMgkarsuM[b:UlIscab;kUnbMNulXuMedIm,IKMram[sgb¤

karbþwgeTAtulakar[ecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.b:uEnþebIerOgenHCaerOgkic©snüa

Fmµta m©as;bMNulnigb:UlIsGacnwgRtUv )anecaTRbkan;BIbTRBhµTNÐXuMXaMgmnusSedayxus

c,ab;.cMENkÉecARkmb¤RBHraCGaCJaGacRtUv)anCnrgeRKaHbþwgeTA]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecA

Rkm[BinitüelIPaBRbLak;RbLÚsrbs;ecARkmb¤RBHraCGaCJaebIecARkm¼RBHraCGaCJacUlrY

mkñúgkarXuMxøÜnedayKµanehtuplpøÚvc,ab;enH.

karxkxanmin)ansgbMNultameBlsnüa GacekItecjBIFnkS½y karxatbg;

edaysar eRKaHGnþrayepSg² edaysarkareFVIEpnkarGaCIvkmµmin)anl¥itl¥n; b¤k¾edaysar

kUnbMNulrbs; kUnbMNulmin)ansgbMNulmkxøÜn[Tan;eBlEdr. edIm,Iecosvagkarminsg

bMNul m©as;bMNul munnwg[kUnbMNulx©I RtUveFVIkarvaytémøCMhr\NTanrbs;kUnbMNul

]bsm<½n§

5



80

¬smtßPaBrbs;kUnbMNul edIm,IsgbMNulvij¦. enAkñúgRbeTsEdlGnuvtþesdækic©TIpSar

c,ab;karBaresrIPaBkñúgkareFVIkic©snüa edIm,IeFVI[crnþesdækic©hUreTAedayKµan]bsKÁ. ebIrdæ

cUleRCotERCkenAkñúgesrIPaBénkic©snüa dUcCakarGnuvtþedaybMBannUvc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþedaydak;Kukdl;kUn bMNulxkxankatBVkic© enaHnwgbegáIt[manPaBmineTog

(uncertainty) nigPaBminGacRbmaN )an (predictability) enAkñúgGMeBIcuHkic©snüa eRBaHeK

sÞak;esÞIrkñuúgx©IbuleRBaHkarmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic© énkic©snüanaMnwgnaM[manplvi)akxagEpñk

RBhµTNÐ EdlmnusSRKb;rUbEtgEtxøacrGaeRBaHvaTak; Tgnwgkar)at;bg;esrIPaBedaysar

TNÐkmµRBhµTNÐ.c,ab;sþIBIbTelµIselIesckþITukcitþmaneKalbMNgkarBarRTBüsm,tþirbs;

m©as;BIectnaéKbnøM minEmnedIm,Ibg¥ak;esrIPaBénkareFVIkic©snüaCaFmµtaenaHeT.PaKIEdl

cuHkic©snüaedaysµ½RKcitþ)anTTYlykhaniP½y(risk)EdlCaerOgFmµtaéndMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµ

TUeTA.

c>2 karcrcakic©snüamin)ansMerc

munnwg)andl;karcuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüamYy PaKIEtgEt)ancrcaKñaBIlkçx½NÐnig

RbkarepSg²EdlRtUvbBa©Úlkñúgkic©snüa. b:uEnþral;karcrca minEmnsuT§Et)ansMercTaMg

Gs;eT. enAcMNucNamYy PaKImçag b¤PaKITaMgBIrGace)aHbg;bMNgcuHkic©snüaCamYyKña

edaysarlkçx½NÐnigRbkarepSg²EdlesñIeLIgmin)anyl;RBmnwgKña.dUecñHminmankic©snüa

NamYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeT. PaKINamYyGacmankar{xkcitþ}BIdMeNIrkarcrca edaysarEt

kic©snüaEdleKcg;)anenaHminGac ekIteLIg)an. b:uEnþ kñúgPasamBaØkþI kñúgPasac,ab;kþI kar

{xkcitþ} nig {karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ} mann½ymindUcKñaeT. karxkcitþKWGVIEdlmindl;

karrMBwgTukrbs;eyIg.cMENkÉ{karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ}KWGVIEdlmnusSmñak;)anbnþak;bnÞúk

rbs;GVImYy[mnusSmñak;eTotEtmnusSmñak;enH)anykrbs;enaHeTAeFVIGVImYyxusBIbMNgedIm

rbs;GñkTImYyeFVI[GñkTImYyenHTTYlrgkarxUcxatBITegVI rbs;GñkTIBIr. ebIkarcrcaNamYy

GacnaMplGaRkk;dl;xøÜn edaysarkarcrcaenaHGacmin)ansMerc KµanmnusSNamñak;nwgh‘an

cUlkñúgkarcrcaenaHeT.dUecñHdMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµpgTaMgBYgnwgminGacRbRBwtþeTAekIteTeday

sarkarecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþnwgbegáIt[man {haniP½y x<s;dl;édKUcrca.

eKalkarN_énesdækic©TIpSaresrIEdlrdæFmµnuBaØExµreyIg)anelIktMekIgenaH CMruj[manesrIPa

BkñúgkareFVIkic©snüaedayminmankarP½yxøackarKMramkMEhgCayfaehtuNamYy.

c>3 karCYlTIkEnøgmYy

karCYlTIkEnøg dUcCaTIkEnøgsMrab;RbkbGaCIvkmµKWCakic©snüaEdlPaKIm©as;kEnøg

suxcitþ CYlTIkEnøgrbs;xøÜn[PaKImçageTotykeTAeRbIkarCafñÚrnwgéføQñÜl. enARbeTsExµr

eKeRcIneFVI kic©snüaedaykMNt;ry³eBlénkarCYl RBmTaMgkarbg;R)ak;dMkl;CamunxøHedIm,I

]bsm<½n§ 5


81


FanafaebIGñksuMCYl TIkEnøgQb;CYlmunry³eBlEdlkMNt;Camun m©as;TIkEnøgnwgrwbGUsyk

R)ak;dMkl;enaH.kic©snüaCYlenHKWxusBIkic©snüaCYlEdl)aneBalenAkñúgEpñkg1xagelI.

kic©snüaCYlkñúgEpñkg1enHKWPaKImñak;CYlrbs;GVImYydUcCarfynþCaedImehIyPaKImçageTot

bnøMykrfynþenaHeTA)at; EdlCa ehtueFVI[xatbg;dl;m©as;rfynþ. cMENkkñúg]TahrN_

énkarCYlTIkEnøgenATIenH KWGñksuMCYlKµan eFVIGVI[xUcxatdl;m©as;TIkEnøgeT edayRKan;

EtelµIskic©snüaQb;CYlmundl;kalkMNt;. fVIebI GñksuMCYleFVI[m©as;TIkEnøg {xkcitþ}

b¤{QWcitþ} edaysarKat;minGacrkGñkNamkCYlCMnYs EdlCaehtueFVI[ Kat;xatbg;R)ak;

éføQñÜlEdlKat;rMBwgTukcab;BIeBlGñksuMCYlQb;CYl rhUtdl;GñksuMCYlfµIcUlmkCYlCMnYs

enaHeKminGacecaTGñksuMCYlfa)anRbRBwtþbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþrbs;m©as;TIkEnøg)aneT

eRBaHfam©as;TIkEnøgenAEtmansiT§inigGMNacelITIkEnøgrbs;xøÜndEdlKµan )at;bg;eTANa.

GñksuMCYlGacrMelaPelIxEcgénkic©snüa EtkarrMelaPEbbenHKWCaCemøaHkic©snüa suT§saF

EdleKRtUvedaHRsayedaysMNgénkarxUcxatEdlekItecjBIkarrMelaPenH b:uEnþGñksuMCYl

minGacmaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.

CYnkaleTot ebIGñksuMCYleFVI[xUcxatrbs;rbrxøHenAkñúgTIkEnøgenaH enHk¾minEmnCa

kareFVI[xUcxat kñúgn½yénBüsnkmµEdlCaFatupSMmYykñúgbNþaFatupSMdéTeTot énbTrMelaP

elIesckþITukcitþEdr. kareFVI[xUcxatEbbenH KWCakarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüa (non-

contractualortortiousliability)EdlRtUvTUTat;CamYym©as;TIkEnøgedaysMNgrdæb,evNI.

q>esckþIsnñidæan

karGnuvtþc,ab;edayminRtwmRtUv minRKan;EteFVI[xUcxatdl;siT§inig esrIPaBrbs;

Blrdæ b:ueNÑaHeT EtGaceFVI[Gnþraydl;esdækic©CatieTotpg edaysarEtmnusSKµanTMnuk

citþdl;RbB½n§c,ab;mYyEdlGackarBarxøÜnrbs;eK.c,ab;sþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþkarBar

RTBüsm,tþiEdl RtUv)anmnusSk,t;ekgRbv½Ba©ykeTA. lkçN³Biessénc,ab;enHKWfa ¬1¦

m©as;RTBü)anbnÞúkbnþak; RTBürbs;xøÜnCamYymnusSmñak; ¬2¦ tamxEcgEdlmankñúgkic©snü

aNamYykñúgbNþakic©snüa5y:agxagelI¬3¦edaym©as;enAEtrkSasiT§ikmµsiT§ielIRTBüenaH

dEdl KWKµankarepÞrkmµsiT§iNamYy BIm©as;eTA[GñkTTYlRTBüenaHeT ehIyeRkayBI)ansiT§i

RtYtRtaelIRTBüenaHmk¬4¦GñkTTYlRTBük¾GnuvtþectnaGaRkk;ekgRbv½Ba©b¤cat;EcgRTBü

enaHpÞúyBIxEcgb¤karRBmeRBogKñaenAkñúgkic© snüa ¬5¦ EdlCaehtueFVI[mankarxUcxatdl;

m©as;.müa:gvijeTotkarrMelaPelIkic©snüaminEmnsuT§EtCakar{rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ}eT.

eKRtUvBinitüedayl¥itl¥n;GMBIFatupSMénbTelµIsenH.

]bsm<½n§

5

83


karviPaKB½t’manEdlTTYl)anmkBIRksYgyutþiFm’

extþ¼Rkug 2002 2003 2004 2005srubtam

extþnImYy²PaKryén cMnYnsrub

PñMeBj10 mindwg mindwg mindwg mindwg 861 71/6%

)at;dMbg 49 65 49 42 205 17/1%

RkugRBHsIhnu 27 21 29 22 99 8/2%

kMBg;cam 3 4 13 17 37 3/1%

srubcMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 1202

RbPBB½t’man³dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarEdl)ancgRkgedayGyükarGmtulakarextþ-RkugnImYy²ehIyEdl)an

pþl;eGayedayRksYgyutþiFm’enAqñaM2006.

taragTI1³ cMnYnerOgkþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAkñúgextþcMnYnbI ¬extþ)at;dMbg

RkugRBHsIhnu nigextþkMBg;cam¦ nigenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj KitBIqñaM 2002

dl; 2005

10RkugPñMeBjraykarN_EtB½t’mansrubBIqñaM2002dl;qñaM2005nigB½t’mansrubBIqñaM2000dl;qñaM

2005.taragTI1eRbIB½t’mansrubBIqñaM2002dl;qñaM2005ÉcMENktaragTI2eRbIB½t’mansrubBIqñaM2000

dl;qñaM2005.eyIgseRmccitþeFVIdUcenHedayEp¥kelIB½t’manEdl)anmkBItamextþnanaEdlraykarN_

kñúgEbbbTepSg²BIKña.

karviPaKB½t’man EdlTTYl)anmkBI RksYgyutþiFm’

]bsm<½n§ 6]bs

m<½n§ 6



84

taragTI3³ kareRbobeFobcMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ KitCaPaKryénerOgkIþ

srubenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj extþ)at;dMbg nigextþkMBg;cam/ KitBIqñaM 2000

dl; 2005

extþ¼Rkug erOgkþIrMelaP elIesckþITukcitþ

cMnYnerOgkþIsruberOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ KitCa

PaKryéncMnYnerOgkIþsrub

PñMeBj 1136 13770 8/2%

)at;dMbg 259 5059 5/1%

kMBg;cam 58 3368 1/7%

RbPBB½t’man³dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarEdl)ancgRkgedayGyükarGmtulakarextþ-RkugnImYy²ehIyEdl)anpþl;

eGayedayRksYgyutþiFm’enAqñaM2006.

bT]Rkidæ cMnYnerOgkþI srubCaPaKry

bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 1136 8/2%

GMeBIqe)ak 1167 8/5%

ecarkmµ 2159 15/7%

GMeBIbøn; 1663 12/1%

bgárbYssñamedayectna 2566 18/6%

srubcMnYnerOgkþI11 13770

RbPBB½t’man³dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarEdl)ancgRkgedayGyükarGmtulakarextþ-RkugnImYy²ehIyEdl)anpþl;

eGayedayRksYgyutþiFm’enAqñaM2006.

taragTI2³ kareRbobeFoberOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eTAnwgbT]RkidæmYycMnYn

enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj KitBIqñaM 2000 dl 2005

11tYelxenHtageGaytYelxsrubénbTelIµsenATIRkúgPñMeBjKitcab;BIqñaM2000dl;;qñaM2005edayrYmTaMg

bTelIµsRbePTepSg²eTotEdleyIgmin)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgtaragTI2.

]bsm<½n§ 6

esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl sþIGMBIbTRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ

]bsm<½n§ 7

kariyal½yenAhaNUy 63 Ly Thai To St., 3rd floor

Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: (84 4) 824 7892 Fax: (84 4) 824 7898

kariyal½yenATIRkughUCImIj Somerset Chancellor Court

21-23 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai St. 3rd floorDist.1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Tel: (84 8) 823 5266Fax: (84 8) 823 5271

kariyal½yenAPñMeBj70 Norodom Blvd., Sangkat Chey Chumnas

Phnom Penh, P.O Box 1115, CambodiaTel: (855 23) 210 922 Fax: (855 23) 215 157

kariyal½yenAevogc½nÞ 90 Phonexay Rd, P.O Box 9690

Vientiane, Lao P.D.R.Tel: (856 21) 450 017-9

Fax: (856 21) 450 020

www.mpdf.org

saCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFC) KWCaEpñkÉkCn

énRkumFnaKarBiPBelak EdlCYyCMrujeGayesdækic©

enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆnana eGaylUtlas;

RbkbedaynirnþPaB tamry³karpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;

karvinieyaKEpñkÉkCn ekogK nigEbgEckmUlFn

ÉkCn enAkñúgTIpSarhirBaØvtßúkñúgRsuk nigGnþrCati RBmTaMg

pþl;esvaRbwkSaeyabl; nig esvasRmalhaniyP½ydl;

GaCIvkmµ nigrdæaPi)alnana. enAkñúgtMbn;TenøemKgÁ

saCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati RKb;RKgkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½y

ÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) EdlCakmµviFIpþl;esva

RbwkSaeyabl; eFVIkarenAkñúg saFarNrdæRbCamanit

RbCaFibetyüLav RbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa. m©as;CMnYy

rbs;kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ

énsaCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCatirYmman GU®sþalI kaNada

shKmn_GWr:ub hVaMgLg; saCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati eGoLg;

Cb:un nUEvlehSLg; hULg; NrEvs s‘uyEGt nig sVúIs.

Date post:	02-Jun-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

Public Disclosure Authorized 23 33 elx - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 5...

Documents