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Public FinanceInstructor: John Hartman
Today: An introduction to Econ 130
Introduction to public finance
The role of government
First issue: Crashers
Current cap: 60 students Crash list
You must be on the department wait list to be considered for this class if you are not registered
I will hand out a crash list for you to fill out also No add codes distributed until next week Enrolled students get priority for seating Later option for Econ 130
This class is usually offered each fall
Before we begin…
Remember that this is a small class Ask questions if things are not clear
The syllabus is posted online See http://econ.ucsb.edu/~hartman/
For most of you, attendance is important if you want to get a good grade
If reading this size font is difficult, I urge you to sit near the front
Before we begin…
I expect you to know the following tools Calculus
Derivatives, integrals, partial derivatives Microeconomics
Econ 1, Econ 100A or 104A, Econ 100B or 104B Macroeconomics (although not as important for this public
finance class) Econ 2, Econ 101 or 105
If you are lacking on any of these skills, please make sure you are comfortable with these skills by next week
Structure of learning
Read first Lectures & problem solving in class Do more problems on your own Prepare for test
Some time in class to review Come to office hours if needed
Additional office hours will likely be offered close to tests
Reading the textbook
Main text and appendix is 560 pages Too much for a 30-hour class
Look at syllabus for reading assignments Maximum of 50 pages per week Maximum of 300 pages overall
Office hours and review sessions Office: NH 2028 Office hours:
Mondays 2:15-3:15 pm Wednesdays 9:15-10:15 am
Additional office hours before test will be in a larger classroom if demand warrants it
Tests
Three tests, as of now scheduled for: Monday, April 26 (in lecture); 65 minutes Monday, May 17 (in lecture); 65 minutes Tuesday, June 8 (final, Noon-2:30 pm); 140
minutes Some problems on tests will be similar to
what we cover in practice problems Some questions will require you to learn
material and think your way through
Extra credit
To encourage dialogue and discussion in class, each student that makes at least one intelligent question or comment during the quarter in lecture will receive one percentage point added to her or his final grade
In order to receive your extra credit, you will need to include your name when you state your question or comment
Lecture slides
I will post a subset of lecture slides on-line Usually posted 2 days to a week before lecture
On-line slides are not meant to be a replacement to lecture
Grading
If you do not miss a test: Two best tests count 40% each Lowest test counts 20% Exception: If your best test is the final, the final
will count 60% and the other two tests count 20% each
If you do miss a test, check the syllabus for details
Grading
I try to write tests so that the average score is between 60-80% (of the second best student) In other words, don’t worry if everything is not correct
Previous Econ 130 classes 20-25% A+, A, or A- 35-45% B+, B, or B- 30-35% C+, C, or C- Remaining students: D+, D, D-, or F
Some Econ 130 classes are stronger than others
Early on, I will lecture the entire time Later on many lectures will be about 50-60
minutes, followed by problem solving Most lectures will be devoted to a single topic
Some topics will require more than one lecture A few lectures will cover multiple topics
Problems
Problems have been posted on the class website for you to practice on
I will also do some problems at the end of many lectures
As we get closer to each test, I will devote some time to solving problems on the class website
Today
What is public finance? An introduction to Econ 130
What will we cover over the next 10 weeks? Introduction to public finance
The role of government Organic and mechanistic views of government Size of government Tiebout’s model
What is public finance?
Analyzing government taxation and spending Examples
Preserving the environment The roads you drive on Health care reform Social security sustainability Fairness of income distribution Taxation of income: Tax evasion versus tax
avoidance
An introduction to Econ 130 This class covers four “units,” each with three
to five lectures Unit 1: Introduction and Microeconomic tools Unit 2: Public goods, externalities, and
government Unit 3: Health care and income redistribution Unit 4: An introduction to taxation
Unit 1 (begins today)
Introduction and Microeconomic tools Chapter 1: Introduction to public finance and
government Most of Chapter 2: Empirical tools Part of Chapter 3: Economic theory tools Most of Chapter 8: Cost-benefit tools Part of Chapter 22: The Tiebout model
Unit 2
Public goods, externalities, and government Chapter 4: Public goods Chapter 5: Externalities Chapter 6: Government and political economy Chapter 7 & the end of Chapter 8: Government
spending on education
Unit 3
Health care and income redistribution Chapter 9: Problems of insurance in the health
care market Chapter 10: Government’s role in health care Most of Chapter 11: The structure of Social
Security; stresses caused by the baby boom generation
Most of Chapter 12: Conceptual issues of income redistribution
Most of Chapter 13: Programs for the poor
Unit 4
Primary and secondary effects of taxes Most of Chapter 14: Taxation and partial
equilibrium Part of Chapter 15: Excess burden Part of Chapter 16: Tax evasion & tax avoidance Other taxation topics from Chapters 17 and 18
Basic structure of the United States personal income tax Rate structure of the United States personal income tax Marriage neutrality of taxes Behavioral issues with taxation
Before moving on…
If you think that you are weak on your Microeconomics skills, you should read the Appendix at the end of the book or look at an intermediate Microeconomics textbook
Introduction to public finance This class is meant to cover public finance to
students that have no direct background in the topic Some knowledge on public goods and externalities is
useful, but not required Three topics will be covered today
What is studied in a public finance class? What kinds of views do people have about public finance? Tiebout’s model
Government will be addressed more in later lectures Size of government will be covered in the next lecture Growth of government will be covered in week 4
Public finance
Public finance, as defined by R/G (p. 2) “The field of economics that analyzes government
taxation and spending policies” Public finance, as described by Former
Czech Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus (From R/G, p. 2) “Public finance is nothing else than a
sophisticated discussion of the relationship between the individual and the state”
Public finance
We will study topics in which many argue that government intervention is justified Public goods and markets with externalities Subsidized education Health care reform Social Security Income redistribution
Public _____
There are at least two other terms that mean the same thing as public finance Public sector economics Public economics
Although I may use the three terms interchangeably to mean the same thing, I will usually use the term “public finance”
What views do people have?
Different people have different views about public finance Organic view of government Mechanistic view of government
Organic view of government
Government treats an entire society as a natural organism Each individual is part of the organism The government is the heart
Although individual goals differ, some goals are naturally needed for the societal organism
Mechanistic view of government Government is needed for individuals to
pursue their individual goals “Invisible hand” (Adam Smith)
Efficient markets under certain sets of conditions Property rights and lack of violence needed to have
efficient markets
How much government beyond this is debatable Libertarian: Small government Social democrats: Larger government needed
What this class does
Some analysis is done on a society-wide scale Social costs and benefits Cost-benefit analysis on a nationwide scale
Other topics talk about individual analysis Voting theory Individual income taxes
Determining what is “good”
What is “good” to one person may be viewed as bad as others
Let’s do an activity to illustrate this Everyone starts by standing up I will show a statement Stay standing if you agree with the statement Sit down if you disagree with the statement
There is no “right” answer to any question Time to stand up
Statement 1
I believe that reckless driving should be stopped through government actions (such as the use of police) Remember: Stay standing if you agree, sit down
if you disagree
Statement 3
I believe that each baby needs to be securely buckled into a car seat while riding in a car, to be enforced by the government
Statement 4
I believe that each person in a moving car needs a seat belt on, to be enforced by the government
Statement 6
I believe the government has a right to regulate when each person can use the roads, and the route they take, in order to control traffic patterns
Statement 7
I believe that the government has a right to prevent pilots of commercial aircraft from using a cell phone while actively flying
Statement 8
I believe that the government has a right to prevent train drivers from sending text messages while driving the train
Statement 9
I believe that the government has a right to prevent car drivers from sending text messages while driving the train
Statement 10
I believe that the government has a right to prevent car drivers from making calls on a cell phone while driving
Statement 11
I believe that the government should charge a 70% tax rate on all income I earn in my lifetime
Does everyone agree?
No Different people have different opinions about
what the government should do Experts often disagree about what
government should do We will often assume that the experts in other
disciplines have gotten costs and benefits right
How do we figure out what is “best?” Models can help However, no model perfectly describes the
real world Example: The Tiebout model
Communities and the Tiebout model Many communities form in order to provide a
wide array of benefits to the community members Sometimes these communities are in the form of
private clubs Other communities incorporate into cities
Charles Tiebout, in 1956 published a paper arguing that people shop for the city to meet their tastes for city-offered amenities
The Tiebout model
People rarely leave the US due to government policy
Mobility in the US due to government policy is substantial
Tiebout makes many assumptions in his model Not a perfect description of the real world Gives a good idea of how people decide what
community to live in
Tiebout’s assumptions
Government activities generate no externalities Individuals are completely mobile People have perfect information with respect to each
community’s public services and taxes There are enough different communities so that each
individual can find one with public services meeting her demands
The cost per unit of public services is constant so that if the quantity of public services doubles, the total cost also doubles
Public services are financed by a proportional property tax Communities can enact exclusionary zoning laws—statutes
that prohibit certain uses of land
Advantages with the Tiebout model Tailoring outputs to local taxes
Each person or family lives in a community they like One size does not fit all Tastes and preferences differ from person to person
Fostering intergovernmental competition People in government generally want people to
live in their community
Advantages with the Tiebout model Experimentation and innovation in locally
provided goods and services States and cities can try new programs These studies often result in statistical studies by
economists The analyzed results lead to good information for
governments throughout the nation
Main disadvantage of the Tiebout model Not an exact description of the real world
Moving costs No one city is a perfect match for someone’s most
desired preference Some parents send their kids to private school,
despite the availability of public schools
Other issues with the Tiebout model Externalities
Both negative and positive Many public goods are not at the local level
Scale economies in provision of public goods Per-person cost often decreases as the number of
users increases Inefficient tax systems
Different states and cities often compete to get large businesses to locate in their area
Scale economies in tax collection
Summary: Introduction to public finance Many topics studied in public finance
Topics related to government intervention Tax-related topics
Different viewpoints about government Organic view
Society is an organism Mechanistic view
Government used to reach individual goals
Tiebout model: Find a community that is a good fit for the amenities that you want
The rest of this week…
For Wednesday Read the syllabus, Chapter 1, and pages 18-28
and 506-512 Wednesday’s lecture
Expected value Marginal analysis Empirical tools in microeconomics
Some ground rules at the end of lecture I will always try to be done by 3:15 pm In return, I expect your attention until the final
slide If you must leave early:
Please do so no later than 3:05 pm Sit near an exit Leave quickly and quietly
Example of final slide
Some ground rules at the end of lecture After many of the lectures
Problem solving Your questions (especially near test time) Review of old test questions
You are welcome to leave after lecture is finished if I do problems Please do so quickly and quietly
With the remaining time today… Issues with crashers
Any crashers not on the list? Any administrative issues Other questions