Public Policy Role in Public Policy Role in Implementing Implementing
Intelligent Vehicle TechnologyIntelligent Vehicle TechnologyEric SauckEric Sauck
BSE 2009, Mechanical EngineeringBSE 2009, Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan University of Michigan
WISE Intern, SAE InternationalWISE Intern, SAE International
6 August 20086 August 2008
OverviewOverview
Definition of technologiesDefinition of technologies MotivationMotivation Capability of technologiesCapability of technologies Government roleGovernment role RecommendationsRecommendations
Intelligent Vehicle Technology?Intelligent Vehicle Technology?
Wikipedia definition: Wikipedia definition: ““electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic
devices - usually silicon micromachined components devices - usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision devices and radio transceivers to provide precision
repeatability functions”repeatability functions”
Non-traditional features that enhanceNon-traditional features that enhance SAFETYSAFETY MOBILITYMOBILITY COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS
NOT YET!NOT YET!
MotivationMotivation Traffic deathsTraffic deaths
42,000 per year42,000 per yearCost $236B in 2000Cost $236B in 2000
Traffic jamsTraffic jams+3% lane-miles, +21% VMT from 1996-2006 +3% lane-miles, +21% VMT from 1996-2006 $78B in 2005 (4.2B hours, 2.9B gallons)$78B in 2005 (4.2B hours, 2.9B gallons)
Environmental impactEnvironmental impactEfficient driving at 40-60 MPHEfficient driving at 40-60 MPHJams unnecessarily burn fuelJams unnecessarily burn fuel
Sources: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, Texas Transportation Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
In other words…In other words…
88 jumbo jets of people gone every year
In other words…In other words…
#1 cause of death for ages 2-34 in 2004#1 cause of death for ages 2-34 in 2004
Total cost is equivalent to $1000 per man, Total cost is equivalent to $1000 per man, woman, and child in the U.S. every yearwoman, and child in the U.S. every year
Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
1. Driver aids warn or intervene1. Driver aids warn or interveneBased on own vehicle’s sensorsBased on own vehicle’s sensors
Current Intelligent Vehicle TechCurrent Intelligent Vehicle Tech
Sources: Volvo, Citroën, Popular Science, Toyota, Wards Autoworld
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Blind Spot Warning (BSW) Lane Departure Warning (LDW)
Lane Keep Assist (LKA)Parking Assist
Forward Collision Warning (FCW)
1. Driver aids1. Driver aids2. V2V makes vehicle “aware”2. V2V makes vehicle “aware”
Based on other vehicles’ actionsBased on other vehicles’ actions IEEE 802.11pIEEE 802.11pACC + V2V = Cooperative ACCACC + V2V = Cooperative ACCWith 100% CACC, roads can handle 2x the trafficWith 100% CACC, roads can handle 2x the traffic
Near-term Intelligent Vehicle TechNear-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech
Source: California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways – UC Berkeley
1. Driver aids1. Driver aids2. V2V2. V2V3. VII adds more capability3. VII adds more capability
Adds roadside equipmentAdds roadside equipmentWarnings: red-light, collision, overspeedWarnings: red-light, collision, overspeedRe-routing: weather, traffic, emergenciesRe-routing: weather, traffic, emergenciesOn-board connectivityOn-board connectivityManagement and tollingManagement and tolling
Long-term Intelligent Vehicle TechLong-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech
What accidents can be affected?What accidents can be affected?Related factor and percent in fatal accidents Current
Driver aid + V2V + VII
Failure to keep in proper lane or running off road: 28.5% LDW, LKA • •
Driving too fast for conditions or speeding or racing: 21.3% • •
Under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication: 12.7% • •
Inattentive (talking, eating, etc.): 7.9% LDW, FCW
Failure to yield right of way: 7.3% BSW • •
Overcorrecting/oversteering: 4.6% (ESC)
Failure to obey traffic signs, signals, or officer: 4.2% • •
Swerving due to wind, slippery surface, vehicle/object/person: 3.7% • •
Driving in erratic, reckless, careless, or negligent manner: 3.6% • •
Vision obscured (rain, snow, glare, lights, building, trees, etc.): 2.7% ACC • •
Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Technical and Human ChallengesTechnical and Human Challenges
TechnicalTechnicalDevelop efficient algorithmsDevelop efficient algorithmsBring down cost of accurate sensorsBring down cost of accurate sensors
HumanHumanDriver role vs. vehicle role - work in Driver role vs. vehicle role - work in parallelparallelEducate drivers as technology evolvesEducate drivers as technology evolves
Government PlayersGovernment Players Dept. of TransportationDept. of Transportation
Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA)Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA)National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Dept. of DefenseDept. of Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Dept. of CommerceDept. of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
State DOTsState DOTs Local road commissionsLocal road commissions
Government Involved in DevelopmentGovernment Involved in Development
ResearchResearch Prize competitionsPrize competitions Technology transferTechnology transfer Pilot projectsPilot projects Incentives for deploymentIncentives for deployment
Federal Highway AdministrationFederal Highway Administration Researching in-vehicle vs. out-of-vehicle warningsResearching in-vehicle vs. out-of-vehicle warnings
Research and Innovative Technology AdministrationResearch and Innovative Technology Administration Grants to University Transportation Centers: $76.7M/yrGrants to University Transportation Centers: $76.7M/yr
ResearchResearch ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ››Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment
Research ›› Prize CompetitionsPrize Competitions ›› Tech TransferPilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment
DARPA Urban ChallengeDARPA Urban Challenge 60 miles, 6 hours, no driver60 miles, 6 hours, no driver Mock-urban environmentMock-urban environment Win-win for military, industry, academiaWin-win for military, industry, academia
Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Capabilities are evolvingCapabilities are evolving
20042004 (142-mile desert) (142-mile desert)→ → 0 of 15 finalists finished0 of 15 finalists finished
20052005 (132-mile desert) (132-mile desert) → → 4 of 23 finalists finished 4 of 23 finalists finished
20072007 (60-mile urban) (60-mile urban)→ → 6 of 11 finalists finished6 of 11 finalists finished
Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech TransferTech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment
Intelligent Vehicle Technology TransferIntelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer Sponsored by Depts. of Defense, Transportation, Sponsored by Depts. of Defense, Transportation,
CommerceCommerce Third IVTT in February 2008Third IVTT in February 2008 20 presentations20 presentations Networking, plenary, tour of Networking, plenary, tour of
NIST Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle LaboratoryNIST Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle Laboratory
Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot ProjectsPilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment
Phase I: Proof-of-Concept Test (11/2006 to 7/2008)Phase I: Proof-of-Concept Test (11/2006 to 7/2008) Detroit, Michigan - 57 sites VII equippedDetroit, Michigan - 57 sites VII equipped Palo Alto, California - 40 sites VII equippedPalo Alto, California - 40 sites VII equipped
Phase II: Field Test (12/2007 to 12/2009)Phase II: Field Test (12/2007 to 12/2009) Other tests in 14 states and 10+ countriesOther tests in 14 states and 10+ countries
Sources: VII Coalition, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
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Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for DeploymentIncentives for Deployment
Future options for federal government:Future options for federal government: Incentives for consumerIncentives for consumer
Retrofit existing vehiclesRetrofit existing vehiclesNew vehicle optionsNew vehicle optionsNHTSA star ratingsNHTSA star ratings
Incentives for state and local governmentsIncentives for state and local governmentsFHWA bonus or penaltiesFHWA bonus or penaltiesInterstate tollingInterstate tolling
Challenges to comeChallenges to come
Involving the automotive aftermarket Involving the automotive aftermarket Funding through public/private partnershipsFunding through public/private partnerships Safeguarding privacySafeguarding privacy
ConclusionConclusion Safety, Congestion, Efficiency = Safety, Congestion, Efficiency = national prioritiesnational priorities All levels of government and auto manufacturers are All levels of government and auto manufacturers are
sponsoring IV researchsponsoring IV research Federal government should consider toFederal government should consider to
Update NHTSA safety ratings for Update NHTSA safety ratings for preventive safetypreventive safety Subsidize vehicle Subsidize vehicle aidsaids and and V2VV2V, as in Digital TV transition, as in Digital TV transition Encourage states to adopt unified Encourage states to adopt unified VIIVII through FHWA through FHWA Pressure states to Pressure states to reinvestreinvest toll funds into highways toll funds into highways
Questions?Questions?
